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Objective: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic disease that requires comparatively more care to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. The aim of this study was to study the impact of pharmacist intervention on glycemic control of type 2 diabetes patients in a tertiary care hospital. The objectives were: To assess the parameters of glycemic control namely FBS, PPBS, and HbA1c; To provide patient education to one group of patients while other group of patients get standard care; To assess the impact of the educational intervention on blood sugar levels and HbA1c. Materials and methods: It was hospital based prospective interventional study carried out in the general medicine out-patient department of St. Philomena’s hospital, a tertiary care hospital, in Bangalore, India. The patients recruited were divided equally and randomly into control and intervention groups. Patients in the interventional group received patient informational leaflets, and education in addition to standard treatment, while the control group patients received only standard treatment. Parameters of glycemic control namely FBS, PPBS, and HbA1c of the patients were measured at baseline and at the end of the follow up period of 3 months and compared using appropriate statistical tests. Result: 50 patients having HbA1c value of >8% were included in the study. FBS, PPBS, and HbA1c values of all patients were measured at baseline and compared to the values obtained at the end of the follow up period, and was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). The difference in the baseline and follow up values between the control and intervention groups was also compared and found to be statistically significant (p< 0.05). Conclusion: It was observed from our study that pharmacist led educational intervention program for the management of type 2 diabetes had a positive impact in lowering the levels of glycemic parameter.

The retina’s phenomenological function is often considered to be well-understood: individual retinal ganglion cells are sensitive to a projection of the light stimulus movie onto a classical center-surround linear filter. Recent models elaborating on this basic framework by adding a second linear filter or spike histories, have been quite successful at predicting ganglion cell spikes for spatially uniform random stimuli, and for random stimuli varying spatially with low resolution. Fitting models for stimuli with more finely grained spatial variations becomes difficult because of the very high dimensionality of such stimuli. We present a method of reducing the dimensionality of a fine one dimensional random stimulus by using wavelets, allowing for several clean predictive linear filters to be found for each cell. For salamander retinal ganglion cells, we find in addition to the spike triggered average, 3 identifiable types of linear filters which modulate the firing of most cells. While some cells can be modeled fairly accurately, many cells are poorly captured, even with as many as 4 filters. The new linear filters we find shed some light on the nonlinearities in the retina’s integration of temporal and fine spatial information.

Background: Positive psychotherapy is one of the new approaches in psychology which is innovated for treating psychological disorders and enhancing positive emotions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the group positive psychotherapy on elevation of life satisfaction and quality of life in infertile women. Materials and Methods: In a randomized trial study, Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and clinical interview were used in a pre-test post-test control group design. After analyzing the result of the questionnaire, 36 infertile women who showed signs of mild to moderate depression were randomly placed into two following groups: control (n=18) and intervention (n=18). Before the treatment, the members of both groups answered BDI-II, Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and 12 item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). The intervention group received six sessions of group positive psychotherapy, but the treatment of the control group began six weeks after the intervention group. Results: The results showed that the life satisfaction scores of the intervention group were significantly elevated from 22.66 in pre-test to 26.13 in post-test (P

Joint degree vectors give the number of edges between vertices of degree $i$ and degree $j$ for $1\le i\le j\le n-1$ in an $n$-vertex graph. We find lower and upper bounds for the maximum number of nonzero elements in a joint degree vector as a function of $n$. This provides an upper bound on the number of estimable parameters in the exponential random graph model with bidegree-distribution as its sufficient statistics.

مقدمه: ویروس‌ آنفلوانزای پرندگان تحت تیپ 2N9H در طول دو دهه‌ی گذشته در آسیا به صورت پانزوتیک در آمده است. این ویروس، علاوه بر ایجاد بیماری در طیور پرورشی، چندین مورد ابتلای انسانی در آسیا را سبب شده است. این مطالعه به منظور بررسی‌ ارتباط فیلوژنی ژن غیر ساختمانی (NS یا Non structural) و خصوصیات رشدشان بر روی سلول‌های 549A در جدایه‌هایی در استان تهران انجام شد. روش‌ها: از میان ویروس‌های ایزوله شده در سال‌های 91-1388 ویروس آنفلوانزای 2N9H، دو ویروس که در درخت فیلوژنتیک جایگاه‌های متفاوتی با هم داشتند، انتخاب شدند و ژن NS طی واكنش RT-PCR (Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) تكثیر شد. قطعه‌ی مورد نظر هر جدایه، کلون گردید و پلاسمیدهای حاصل توالی‌یابی شدند. بروز تغییرات احتمالی در توالی‌ ژن NS جدایه‌های مورد نظر با مقایسه با جدایه‌های ثبت شده در پایگاه داده GenBank ارزیابی شد. بر اساس نتایج، رشد این دو جدایه در سلول‌های 549A بررسی شد. ارزش s3GC و مقایسه‌ی میزان جایگزینی Ka/Ks در نواحی رمز دهنده‌ی ژن بررسی شد. یافته‌ها: پردازش اولیه‌ی داده‌های فیلوژنی نشان داد كه ژن NS ویروس‌‌های ایران با همسانی 4/96 درصد به زیر دودمان 439Y و آلل A تعلق دارند. این ویروس‌ها بر اساس زمان جداسازی در دو زیر گروه زیر گروه یك شامل ویروس‌های جدا شده از طیور پرورشی طی سال‌های 2004-1998 و زیر گروه دوم ویروس‌های جدا شده طی سال‌های 11-2006 قرار گرفتند. ارزش s3GC بین 392/0-371/0 متغیر بود و میزان Ka/Ks برای زیر گروه اول 38/0 و برای زیر گروه دوم 42/0 محاسبه شد. نتیجه‌گیری: پردازش توالی اسید آمینه‌ی NS نشان می‌دهد كه این دو ایزوله، دارای توالی KSLR در محل دمین PDZ خود هستند و چندین تغییر همزمان در طول توالی اسید آمینه رخ داده ‌است. عیار دو ویروس به روش ارزیابی پلاك برآورد شد که تفاوت معنی‌داری با هم نداشتند. این داده‌ها نشان می‌دهد که دو ویروس 2N9H جدید ایران دچار تغییرات بسیار اندکی شده‌اند.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is the most common form of acute hepatitis in adults in endemic regions of Asia. In a descriptive, cross-sectional study, anti-HEV antibody was measured in patients referred to the 2 haemodialysis centres in Zanjan city, Islamic Republic of Iran. Among 93 patients with chronic renal failure, mean age 57.0 (SD 18.5) years, antibodies against HEV were positive in 25 (26.9%) patients. HEV infection was not significantly associated with sex, age, educational level, residence or water source. The rate of HEV positivity was higher in patients with1 thanor = 1 year of haemodialysis (31.3% versus 15.4%) but this was not statistically significant. None of the patients had chronic hepatitis C or HIV infection, and only 2 were suffering from chronic hepatitis B infection. Given the high prevalence of HEV in haemodialysis patients in Zanjian, more attention is needed towards HEV epidemiology, control, prevention and training in the west of the Isalamic Republic of Iran and possibly neighbouring countries.معدّل الانتشار المصلي لفيروس التهاب الكبد "ئي" بين مرضى الديال في زنجان، في جمهورية إيران الإسلاميةأحمد رضا مُبَيِّ، رامين محمدي، رحيم سروري، كيانا صادقيإن فيروس التهاب الكبد "ئي" Ε هو الأكثر شيوعاً بين أسباب التهاب الكبد الحاد بين البالغين في المناطق الموطونة به في آسيا. وقد أجرى الباحثون هذه الدراسة الوصفية المستعرضة لقياس أضداد فيروس التهاب الكبد "ئي" لدى المرضى المحوَّلين إلى مركزين للديال في مدينة زنجان في جمهورية إيران الإسلامية، وشملت الدراسة 93 مريضاً بالفشل الكلوي المزمن، بعمر وسطي 57.0 عاماً (الانحراف المعياري 18.5)، فوجدوا أن أضداد فيروس التهاب الكبد اليائي إيجابية في 25 مريضاً (26.9%) . ولم يكن هناك ارتباط يُعتَدُّ به إحصائياً بين العدوى بفيروس التهاب الكبد اليائي وبين الجنس أو العمر أو المستوى التعليمي أو مكان الإقامة أو مصدر المياه. وكان معدل إيجابية فيروس التهاب الكبد اليائي أعلى لدى المرضى الذين أمضوا فترة تزيد على العام الواحد في الديال (31.3%) مما لدى المرضى الذين أمضوا فترة عام أو أقل في الديال (15.4%)؛ إلا أن ذلك لم يكن له اعتداد إحصائي. ولم يكن لدى أحد من المرضى عدوى مزمنة بالتهاب الكبد سي أو بفيروس الإيدز، وكان اثنان منهم يعانون من العدوى بالتهاب الكبد (بي) أو البائي المزمن. ونظراً لارتفاع معدلات انتشار فيروس التهاب الكبد اليائي بين مرضى الديال في زنجان فإن الحاجة ماسّة إلى المزيد من الاهتمام بالسمات الوبائية لفيروسSéroprévalence du virus de l'hépatite E chez des patients hémodialysés dans la province de Zanjan (République islamique d'Iran).RÉSUMÉ L'infection par le virus de l'hépatite E (VHE) représente la forme la plus fréquente de l'hépatite aiguë chez l'adulte dans les régions endémiques d'Asie. Dans une étude descriptive transversale, les anticorps anti-VHE ont été mesurés chez des patients orientés vers deux centres d'hémodialyse de la ville de Zanjan (République islamique d'Iran). Sur 93 patients atteints d'une insuffisance rénale chronique, âgés en moyenne de 57,0 ans (ET 18,5), 25 patients (26,9%) étaient positifs pour les anticorps anti-VHE. L'infection par le VHE n'était pas significativement associée au sexe, à l'âge, au niveau d'études, au lieu de résidence ni à une source d'eau. Le taux de positivité pour le virus de l'hépatite E était supérieur chez les patients sous hémodialyse depuis plus d'un an, par rapport à ceux traités depuis un an ou moins (31,3% contre 15,4%), mais la différence n'était pas statistiquement significative. Aucun des patients n'était infecté par le virus de l'hépatite C chronique ou le VIH, et seulement deux patients souffraient d'une infection chronique par le virus de l'hépatite B. Étant donné la forte prévalence du VHE chez les patients hémodialysés à Zanjan, une attention accrue est requise vis-à-vis de l'épidémiologie du VHE, de la lutte, de la prévention mais aussi de la formation en la matière dans l'ouest de la République islamique d'Iran, voire éventuellement dans les pays voisins.

In this thesis we describe subclasses of a class of graphs with three types of edges, called loopless mixed graphs (LMGs). The class of LMGs contains almost all known classes of graphs used in the literature of graphical Markov models. We focus in particular on the subclass of ribbonless graphs (RGs), which as special cases include undirected graphs, bidirected graphs, and directed acyclic graphs, as well as ancestral graphs and summary graphs. We define a unifying interpretation of independence structure for LMGs and pairwise and global Markov properties for RGs, discuss their maximality, and, in particular, prove the equivalence of pairwise and global Markov properties for graphoids defined over the nodes of RGs. Three subclasses of LMGs (MC, summary, and ancestral graphs) capture the modified independence model after marginalisation over unobserved variables and conditioning on selection variables of variables satisfying independence restrictions represented by a directed acyclic graph (DAG). We derive algorithms to generate these graphs from a given DAG or from a graph of a specific subclass, and we study the relationships between these classes of graphs. Finally, a manual and codes are provided that explain methods and functions in R for implementing and generating various graphs studied in this thesis.

Regarding the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) especially myocardial infarction (MI), and the insufficiency of information in the field of physical rehabilitation, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a course of physical rehabilitation on the psychological status and physical characteristics f cardiac patients. In this study, the effect of 8 weeks exercise training, 3 sessions of 45 minutes duration per week, on the physical and psychological function of MI patients was evaluated. Eighty patients who were referred to the rehabilitation unit of Isfahan cardiovascular Research Center were randomly divided into two groups of exercise and non-exercise. The data of pre and post exercise course were analyzed with the SPSS software using the two-sample t-test and multiple liner regression. The comparison of the mean changes of functional capacity. Weight, body mass index (BMI), heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures between exercise and non-exercise groups after 8 weeks showed significant difference for all studied factors (P