Search

Poly lactic acid is a biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic polymer, widely used in many pharmaceutical preparations such as controlled release formulations, parenteral preparations, surgical treatment applications, and tissue engineering. In this study, we prepared lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for topical and site targeting delivery of Norfloxacin by emulsification solvent evaporation method (ESE). The design of experiment (DOE) was done by using software to optimize the result, and then a surface plot was generated to compare with the practical results. The surface morphology, particle size, zeta potential and composition of the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, TEM, AFM, and FTIR. The thermal behavior of the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles was characterized by DSC and TGA. The prepared lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles of Norfloxacin exhibited an average particle size from 178.6 ± 3.7 nm to 220.8 ± 2.3 nm, and showed very narrow distribution with polydispersity index ranging from 0.206 ± 0.36 to 0.383 ± 0.66. The surface charge on the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles were confirmed by zeta potential, showed the value from +23.4 ± 1.5 mV to +41.5 ± 3.4 mV. An Antimicrobial study was done against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles showed potential activity against these two. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles of Norfloxacin showed the %cumulative drug release of 89.72% in 24 h. A stability study of the optimized formulation showed the suitable condition for the storage of lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles was at 4 ± 2 °C/60 ± 5% RH. These results illustrated high potential of lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles Norfloxacin for usage as a topical antibiotic drug carriers., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Efficient topical drug delivery systems of norfloxacin have been synthesized. • Norfloxacin loaded to the core of lipid- polymer hybrid nanoparticles were prepared. • The formulations were optimized by factorial design and characterization techniques. • A unique formulation of norfloxacin that offer prolonged and control delivery.

Background In the pharmaceutical sectors, the computer plays a crucial role as a commander of all the theoretical aspects and provides a workbench to improve the overall quality of pharmaceutical research and development. The aim of this article is to provide a computational approach to the development of numerous technology of computer software in the field of clinical pharmacokinetics. The computational technique practised by clinical pharmacist and scientist with the applied knowledge and skills in dealing with clinical pharmacokinetics problems can be applied in routine clinical practices. Methods To solve the various complicated pharmacokinetic equations and modeling of pharmacokinetic processes, various software were used like Population pharmacokinetics, Individual pharmacokinetics, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) pharmacokinetics, in - silico pharmacokinetics like Window-Based Non-linear model fitting (WinNonlin), Statistical Analysis Software (SAS), Non-linear Mixed Effects Modelling (NONMEM), PK Solution etc. Results: Various software's which was described in this paper help in the development of experimental study designs, statistical treatment of data and various simulation studies, etc. A robust software solution should be easy to use and address the three main parts of the PK-PD workflow like data management, analysis, and reporting. PK-PD software's allow researchers to predict ADME properties of new drug entity. For the study of the pharmacokinetic, the best software is WINBUGS where there is no limitation of dimensional array and size of the problem. The best software to be used for individual pharmacokinetics is T.D.M.S in which, we can apply Bayesian and least square method for curve fitting and it can be used for both linear and non-linear pharmacokinetic data. Conclusion Various software were discussed here. This software not only help in knowing the history of the software but also help in gaining more knowledge about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics simulation. Different software such as population pharmacokinetic, individual pharmacokinetic and others discussed in this article will help in the reporting and analyzing of data. The important points to be considered while selecting the software is also discussed which will help in easy accessing of software.

Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) have received more interest in the pharmaceutical industry for those categories of drug which show slow dissolution and less oral bioavailability. Nowadays various technologies have been developed for FDTs with improved patient compliance and convenience. FDTs tablets provide an advantage particularly for the pediatric and geriatric patients who have difficulty in swallowing and also for that who are travelling for a long and suffers from lack of water availability. Lyophilization (freeze-drying) is a process in which water is sublimated from the product after freezing at a specific temperature and pressure. Lyophilization technique is used in order to improve the dissolution of the given substance and improve the oral bioavailability of the drugs with poor solubility and high permeability. In this work, chlorpheniramine maleate FDTs was formulated by lyophilization method. The prepared tablets were subjected to various evaluation such as hardness (2.4–2.9 kg/cm 2 ), friability (0.68–0.79%), disintegration time (10–19 s), drug content (95.32–99.09%), water absorption ratio (31–53%), wetting time (64–106 s) and in-vitro drug release shown in 5 min (96.04–99.92%). FTIR studies showed that there is no interaction between drug and polymer. Stability studies showed that there is no change in drug content within three and six months. Results revealed that fast dissolving tablets of chlorpheniramine maleate prepared by lyophilization method result in rapid dissolution.

Eve drops and eve ointments are conventional ocular dosage forms. Thev have certain disadvantages like repeated administration, poor availability, massive and ımpredictable doses, and drainage of medication by tear flınd. To overcome these problems ocular inserts may be used and thev provide several advantages as thev increase ocular residence, possibility of releasing drug at a slow constant rate, accurate dosing and increased shelf life with respect to aqueous Solutions. Aceclofenac is an excellent non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. An attempt has been made ocular inserts were prepared by using hvdroxv propvl methvl cellulose (HPMC) and ethylcellulose (EC) alone and in combination. Weight variation, thickness, drug content, pE[, % moisture absorption, folding endurance, ocular irritation and stability of medicated inserts were evaluated. İn vitro transcorneal permeation studv was carried out by using a goat cornea. jjccording to the results, 98.24% of drug was released from the formulation containing 3% HPMC and for 3% ethylcellulose 70.25% of drug w as released for a period of 24 h. Release followed zero order kinetics. Medicated inserts were subjected to UV irradiation and in-vivo ocular irritation studies were carried out. No signifıcant change was obsen’ed in the drug content and phvsical features during storage at 25°C and 40°C for 9 months. From this Studv it was concluded that ocular inserts prepared with 3% HPMC and 3% EC in combination showed sustained release and were found to be stable. Formulation of aceclofenac ocular insert achieved the proposed objective by increasing contact time, controlled drug release and decreased frequency of administration

Fast disintegrating tablets (FDTs) have received ever increasing demand during the last decade, and the field has become a hastily growing area in the pharmaceutical industry. Upon introduction into the mouth, these tablets dissolve or disintegrate in the mouth in the absence of additional water for easy administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Aceclofenac, an NSAID, has been recommended orally for the treatment of bone and connective tissue disorder and thus the formulation of the same resulted in development of several FDT technologies. The present aim is to formulate a tablet which disintegrate and dissolve rapidly and give its rapid onset of action: analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory action. Besides, the conventional tablets also show poor patient compliance an attempt had been made to formulate for FDT of aceclofenac by using various super disintegrants like sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium and crosspovidone (polyplasdone XL) and PEG 6000 followed by novel technique. The tablets were evaluated for friability, hardness, weight variation, disintegration time, wetting time, in vitro dissolution studies and drug content studies. It was concluded that the batch which was prepared by using combination of crosspovidone and sodium starch glycolate as a super disintegrant shows excellent disintegration time, enhance dissolution rate, taste masking and hence lead to improve efficacy and bioavailability of drug.

Healing Potential of Citrullus Lanatus in Acetic Acid Induced Ulcerated Rats An attempt was made to evaluate healing potential of aqueous fruit pulp of Citrullus lanatus (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg p.o.) on acetic acid induced ulcers in albino rats Wistar albino rats were divided in five groups of six animals in each, first group served as control and received vehicle only, second group served as standard and treated with carbenoloxone sodium 100mg/kg of bwtwhile group three, four and five were treated with fruit pulp aqueous fruit pulp extract of C.lanatus (CLE)at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW, per os respectively, for five days after the induction of ulcer. All the three doses of CLE caused significant reduction in ulcer lesion index in comparison to vehicle treated group, thereby providing evidence for ulcer healing capacity. In addition to this, post treatment with CLE resulted in significant increase in the level of hexoses, sialic acid; enzymic antioxidants i.e. super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), with decrease in lipid peroxidase (LPO) levels. The presence of the flavonoids and polyphenols may be responsible for the gastro-healer effect of CLE and can be used as gastroprotective agent in the therapy of ulcer.

Number of studies in animal models has shown changes in hemoglobin content after lead administration during gestation and lactation, still lead induced hematological changes are not well established. In the present study, hemoglobin content of normal and lead exposed pregnant and lactating Swiss mice were compared. Pregnant females were exposed to heavy metal lead orally on diet containing 4.5% lead nitrate and lead acetate trihydrate during gestation to 3rd week of lactation. Hemoglobin content and blood cell counts were examined on 15th day of gestation and on 1st, 11th and 21st day after birth. The results indicated that in lead intoxicated pregnant females, hemoglobin content decreased. From the results of above study it can be concluded that high levels of lead exposure during gestation and lactation can severely damage heme synthesis.

The present study was conducted to investigate the chemopreventive effects of hydro-ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia (EN) on N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA) induced renal cancer in male Swiss albino mice. Animals were pretreated with EN extract (150 and 400 mg/kg body weight; p.o) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as a standard (0.5% and 1% BHA p.o) both for two week prior to the administration of single dose of DENA (50 mg/kg body weight; p.o). Various in vivo antioxidant biochemical parameters like lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were evaluated to determine the reno-protective and antioxidant activity of EN. DENA increased oxidative stress through increase in LPO and decrease in antioxidant enzymes (SOD, and CAT). The EN extract significantly restored the antioxidant enzyme level in the kidney and exhibited significant dose dependant protective effect against DENA induced nephrotoxicity, which can be mainly attributed to the antioxidant property of the extract. This study rationalized the ethno-medicinal use of EN for protection against renal cancer.