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The complex interplay between human societies and their environments has long been a subject of fascination for social scientists. Utilizing agent-based modeling, this study delves into the profound implications of seemingly inconsequential variations in social dynamics. Focusing on the nexus between food distribution, residential patterns, and population dynamics, our research provides an analysis of the long-term implications of minute societal changes over the span of 300 years. Through a meticulous exploration of two scenarios, we uncover the profound impact of the butterfly effect on the evolution of human societies, revealing the fact that even the slightest perturbations in the distribution of resources can catalyze monumental shifts in residential patterns and population trajectories. This research sheds light on the inherent complexity of social systems and underscores the sensitivity of these systems to subtle changes, emphasizing the unpredictable nature of long-term societal trajectories. The implications of our findings extend far beyond the realm of social science, carrying profound significance for policy-making, sustainable development, and the preservation of societal equilibrium in an ever-changing world., Comment: 14 pages, 4 Figures, 2 Tables

Developing a structured method for analyzing various aspects of a system requires a novel methodology. This study is aimed at developing such as methodology through combining two major matrix methods, namely, Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and Interface Structure Matrix (ISM). Through this paper, a business process modeling method is applied to turn a real work project to a process model. Then that process model is written in two various matrix forms of DSM and ISM. These two matrices are analyzed by two types of algorithm for extracting activity levels and sub-processes. In the end, a Mixed Matrix Model (MMM) is built upon these activity levels and sub-processes, which can be used as a framework for the engineering of real-world systems., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures

Nowadays, we are surrounded by a large number of complex phenomena ranging from rumor spreading, social norms formation to rise of new economic trends and disruption of traditional businesses. To deal with such phenomena,Complex Adaptive System (CAS) framework has been found very influential among social scientists,especially economists. As the most powerful methodology of CAS modeling, Agent-based modeling (ABM) has gained a growing application among academicians and practitioners. ABMs show how simple behavioral rules of agents and local interactions among them at micro-scale can generate surprisingly complex patterns at macro-scale. Despite a growing number of ABM publications, those researchers unfamiliar with this methodology have to study a number of works to understand (1) the why and what of ABMs and (2) the ways they are rigorously developed. Therefore, the major focus of this paper is to help social sciences researchers,especially economists get a big picture of ABMs and know how to develop them both systematically and rigorously., Comment: 54 Pages, 11 Tables, 16 Figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1804.09284

Financing high-tech projects always entails a great deal of risk. The lack of a systematic method to pinpoint the risk of such projects has been recognized as one of the most salient barriers for evaluating them. So, in order to develop a mechanism for evaluating high-tech projects, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been developed through this study. The structure of this paper encompasses four parts. The first part deals with introducing paper's whole body. The second part gives a literature review. The collection process of risk related variables and the process of developing a Risk Assessment Index system (RAIS) through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are those issues that are discussed in the third part. The fourth part particularly deals with pharmaceutical industry. Finally, the fifth part has focused on developing an ANN for pattern recognition of failure or success of high-tech projects. Analysis of model's results and a final conclusion are also presented in this part., Comment: 23 Pages, 6 Figures, 6 Tables, 33 Equations. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1805.10307

As the most prominent representative of 4G, Long term evolution (LTE) technology has become a focal point for mobile network operators all over the world. However, although Iranian main operators like MCI and Irancell have hugely invested on deployment of this technology, its diffusion has been very slow with a penetration rate of 0.06 at the end of spring 2017. Nevertheless, if this rate doesn't increase, it will yield some negative unintended consequences for telecom operators such as (I) Failure to provide a large number of high quality services (II) Inability to compete with OTT technologies (III) Loss of many revenue opportunities (IV) Prolongation of payback period and (V) The lack of technological integrability with fifth generation networks (5G) and loss of many IOT opportunities. Through discussing the literature of technology adoption and diffusion both generally and specifically, identifying the major limitations of these studies and establishing a comprehensive factor set based on four major groups of (I) mobile handset and operators-related factors (II) subscribers-related biological factors, (III) subscribers-related perceptual factors and (IV) subscribers-related contextual factors, a novel fuzzy DEMATEL model has been developed by which all ICT policy makers can not only get a clear knowledge of factors influencing technology adoption but also know the critical success factors (CSFs) influencing Iranians' mindsets towards LTE adoption. Therefore, they can make effective and actionable policies to scale up LTE diffusion or other ICT-related technologies throughout the society., Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables, 14 equations

Nowadays, competition is getting tougher as market shrinks because of financial crisis of the late 2000s. Organizations are tensely forced to leverage their core competencies to survive through attracting more customers and gaining more efficacious operations. In such a situation, diversified corporations which run multiple businesses have opportunities to get competitive advantage and differentiate themselves by executing horizontal strategy. Since this strategy completely engages a number of business units of a diversified corporation through resource sharing among them, any effort to implement it will fail if being not supported by enough information. However, for successful execution of horizontal strategy, managers should have reliable information concerning its success probability in advance. To provide such a precious information, a three-step framework has been developed. In the first step, major influencers on successful execution of horizontal strategy have been captured through literature study and interviewing subject matter experts. In the second step through the decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology, critical success factors (CSFs) have been extracted from major influencers and a success probability assessment index system (SPAIS) has been formed. In the third step, due to the statistical nature (multivariate and distribution free) of SPAIS, an artificial neural network has been designed for enabling organizational managers to forecast the success probability of horizontal strategy execution in a multi-business corporation far better than other classical models., Comment: 35 pages, 16 figures, 7 tables, 34 equations

Economic inequality is one of the pivotal issues for most of economic and social policy makers across the world to insure the sustainable economic growth and justice. In the mainstream school of economics, namely neoclassical theories, economic issues are dealt with in a mechanistic manner. Such a mainstream framework is majorly focused on investigating a socio-economic system based on an axiomatic scheme where reductionism approach plays a vital role. The major limitations of such theories include unbounded rationality of economic agents, reducing the economic aggregates to a set of predictable factors and lack of attention to adaptability and the evolutionary nature of economic agents. In tackling deficiencies of conventional economic models, in the past two decades, some new approaches have been recruited. One of those novel approaches is the Complex adaptive systems (CAS) framework which has shown a very promising performance in action. In contrast to mainstream school, under this framework, the economic phenomena are studied in an organic manner where the economic agents are supposed to be both boundedly rational and adaptive. According to it, the economic aggregates emerge out of the ways agents of a system decide and interact. As a powerful way of modeling CASs, Agent-based models (ABMs) has found a growing application among academicians and practitioners. ABMs show that how simple behavioral rules of agents and local interactions among them at micro-scale can generate surprisingly complex patterns at macro-scale. In this paper, ABMs have been used to show (1) how an economic inequality emerges in a system and to explain (2) how sadaqah as an Islamic charity rule can majorly help alleviating the inequality and how resource allocation strategies taken by charity entities can accelerate this alleviation., Comment: 32 pages, 6 tables, 17 figures