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ABSTRACT Objective Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and leptin (Lep) are afferent signals that regulate energy metabolism. Lactational hypernutrition results in hyperphagia and adiposity in adult life, and these events can be prevented by exercise. We evaluated the effects of swimming training on hypothalamic (GLP1-R) and Lep receptor (Lep-R) gene expressions in lactational hypernutrition-induced obesity. Methods On the 3rd postnatal day, the litter sizes of lactating dams were adjusted to small litters (SL; 3 pups/dams) or normal litters (NL; 9 pups/dams). After weaning (21 days), NL and SL male rats were randomly distributed to sedentary (Sed) and exercised (Exe) groups. Exercised mice swam (30 min/3 times/week) for 68 days. Food intake and body weight gain were registered. At 92 days, intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed and rats were euthanized at 93 days; adipose tissue depots were weighed, and blood counts and plasma biochemical analyses performed. Hypothalamus were isolated to evaluate Lep-R and GLP1-R gene expressions. Results Small litters sedentary rats presented increased body weight gain, adiposity, insulin sensibility and higher fasting values of glucose and triglycerides, besides higher hypothalamic gene expressions of Lep-R and GLP1-R, compared to NLSed animals. SLExe rats did not develop obesity or metabolic abnormalities and Lep-R and GLP1-R hypothalamic gene expressions were normalized. Conclusion Lactational hypernutrition induces obesity and metabolic dysfunction in adult life, in association with higher hypothalamic expressions of the Lep-R and GLP1-R genes. Exercise prevented obesity and improved metabolic state in SL overnourished rats, and normalized their hypothalamic Lep-R and GLP1-R gene expressions.

Summary: Background & Aims: Orange-fleshed Sweet Potato - OFSP, refers to one of the food crops obtained by biofortification. The study of the OFSP leaves can therefore expand its use and provide new elements with additional nutritional values for health promotion. The present study evaluated the effect of supplementing the flour obtained from the OFSP leaf on the adiposity and metabolic conditions of male Wistar rats. Methods: The research has a basic experimental character, being performed with male Wistar rats (n = 20) divided into Supplemented Group (n = 10), which received 2g of OFSP flour in 2mL of water via gavage, administered during 6 weeks. Unsupplemented rats received the same volume of water without the flour. At 69 days old and after 12 hours of fasting, the rats were weighed, measured the naso-anal length to calculate the Lee index and collected whole blood for analysis of: glucose, blood count, lipid profile and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The histology of the adipose and hepatic tissue was performed. Results: As main results, lower weight and lower adipocyte volume were obtained in visceral fat and there was a reduction in VLDL-cholesterol in the Supplemented Group. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the It can be concluded that the supplementation with OFSP leaves was able to experience a reduction in the lipid profile and in the accumulation of fat in adipocytes. These effects correlate with combating free radicals and preventing damage related to oxidative stress, such as NCDs.

Abstract Herein, we evaluated the salivary and plasmatic levels of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC; n = 20) versus women with benign breast conditions (Control; n = 29) and correlated the TNF‐α findings with BC clinicopathological parameters. TNF‐α was higher in the saliva samples from both groups than in plasma levels. BC and Control patients presented similar plasmatic and salivary values of TNF‐α. The salivary and plasmatic values of TNF‐α did not correlate with tumor features (estrogen receptor; progestogen receptor; Ki67, and HER2), indicating that its salivary content does not correlate with the parameters of disease prognosis. Therefore, TNF‐α is not helpful as a salivary marker in breast cancer patients.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the frequency of obesity and cardiometabolic risk in schoolchildren under ten years old. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with schoolchildren (n=639) aged five to ten years in a municipally of southern of Brazil. The cardiometabolic risk was calculated from values of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP), blood glucose levels, triglycerides and total cholesterol (TC). Odds ratio (OR), Spearman correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were analyzed. Results: Independent of sex, elevated WC and BMI were related to higher values of SBP, DBP, and TC in schoolchildren. The frequency of cardiometabolic risk was 6.0% in girls and 9.9% in boys. Schoolchildren with elevated values of SBP, triglycerides and TC presented high OR for cardiometabolic risk. PCA indicated that schoolchildren with high WC (p>80) presented more frequently altered glucose levels, triglycerides, and TC. Conclusions: Obesity, especially when associated with elevated WC, is related to metabolic dysfunctions and cardiometabolic risk in schoolchildren under ten years of age. These findings indicate the urgency of stablishing metabolic risk for this age group, enabling early diagnosis and adequate treatment, to prevent the development of diabetes and cardiovascular dysfunction throughout life.

ABSTRACT Aim: to compare the impact of Roux’s Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) techniques on body weight reduction over 1 and 5 years after bariatric surgery in obese patients in the state of Paraná. Methods: longitudinal and retrospective study, conducted between January 2010 and December 2013, with 737 patients of both sexes submitted to RYGB or SG and evaluated in the preoperative, 1 and 5 years after bariatric surgery (BS). Age, height, body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), biochemical and pressure parameters were recorded. Results: of the total of patients, men represented lower frequency, were slightly older, with higher body weight, BMI and worse metabolic and pressure conditions than women in pre-BS (p

Abstract Maternal obesity induced by cafeteria diet (CAF) predisposes offspring to obesity and metabolic diseases, events that could be avoided by maternal bariatric surgery (BS). Herein we evaluated whether maternal BS is able to modulate brown adipose tissue (BAT) morphology and function in adult male rats born from obese female rats submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). For this, adult male rat offspring were obtained from female rats that consumed standard diet (CTL), or CAF diet, and were submitted to simulated operation or RYGB. Analysis of offspring showed that, at 120 days of life, the maternal CAF diet induced adiposity and decreased the expression of mitochondrial Complex I (CI) and Complex III (CIII) in the BAT, resulting in higher accumulation of lipids than in BAT from offspring of CTL dams. Moreover, maternal RYGB increased UCP1 expression and prevented excessive deposition of lipids in the BAT of adult male offspring rats. However, maternal RYGB failed to reverse the effects of maternal diet on CI and CIII expression. Thus, maternal CAF promotes higher lipid deposition in the BAT of offspring, contributing to elevated adiposity. Maternal RYGB prevented obesity in offspring, probably by increasing the expression of UCP1.

Summary: Leucine (Leu) is an essential branched amino acid that regulates several aspects of metabolism and may have the ability to mitigate obesity and type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of chronic Leu supplementation on the obesity and metabolic abnormalities induced by neonatal monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) treatment. From the 2nd to 6th day after birth, male Wistar rats received MSG subcutaneously (4 g/kg/body weight) and Controls received saline. After weaning, rats were subdivided into 4 groups (n = 15/rats by group): Control-NS: non-supplemented lean rats; Control-Leu: lean rats that received Leu supplementation; MSG-NS: non-supplemented obese rats and MSG-Leu: obese rats that received Leu supplementation. Leucine (1.5%) was administered via drinking water for four months. Body weight, food and liquid intake were recorded during the duration of treatment and animals were euthanized at 120 days of life. Fat content, glucose homeostasis and glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS) were also evaluated. MSG-treated rats developed obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance (IR), impaired GIIS and presented altered cholinergic responses. Despite promoting changes in the cholinergic response of isolated pancreatic islets, chronic Leu supplementation did not abrogate obesity or metabolic abnormalities, including IR and GIIS, in MSG-treated rats. Keywords: Amino acid, Obesity, Pancreatic islets, Metabolic dysfunction, Insulin secretion

The vagus nerve (VN) and spleen represent a complex interface between neural and immunological functions, affecting both energy metabolism and white adipose tissue (WAT) content. Here, we evaluated whether vagal and splenic axis participates in WAT mass regulation in obese and non-obese male Wistar rats. High doses of monosodium glutamate (M; 4 g/Kg) were administered during the neonatal period to induce hypothalamic lesion and obesity (M-Obese rats). Non-obese or Control (CTL) rats received equimolar saline. At 60 days of life, M-Obese and CTL rats were randomly distributed into experimental subgroups according to the following surgical procedures: sham, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (SV), splenectomy (SPL), and SV + SPL (n = 11 rats/group). At 150 days of life and after 12 h of fasting, rats were euthanized, blood was collected, and the plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, and interleukin 10 (IL10) were analyzed. The visceral and subcutaneous WAT depots were excised, weighed, and histologically evaluated for number and size of adipocytes as well as IL10 protein expression. M-Obese rats showed higher adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance when compared with CTL groups (p < 0.05). In CTL and M-Obese rats, SV reduced body weight gain and triglycerides levels, diminishing adipocyte size without changes in IL10 expression in WAT (p< 0.05). The SV procedure resulted in high IL10 plasma levels in CTL rats, but not in the M-Obese group. The splenectomy prevented the SV anti-adiposity effects, as well as blocked the elevation of IL10 levels in plasma of CTL rats. In contrast, neither SV nor SPL surgeries modified the plasma levels of IL10 and IL10 protein expression in WAT from M-Obese rats. In conclusion, vagotomy promotes body weight and adiposity reduction, elevating IL10 plasma levels in non-obese animals, in a spleen-dependent manner. Under hypothalamic obesity conditions, VN ablation also reduces body weight gain and adiposity, improving insulin sensitivity without changes in IL10 protein expression in WAT or IL10 plasma levels, in a spleen-independent manner. Our findings indicate that the vagal-spleen axis influence the WAT mass in a health state, while this mechanism seems to be disturbed in hypothalamic obese animals.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the influence of autonomic vagal and splenic activities on renal histomorphometric aspects in obese rats. Methods Thirty male Wistar rats were used, of which, 24 received subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG) during the first 5 days of life (4 g/kg body weight) and six control animals received injections of saline solution (CON). Five experimental groups were organized (n = 6/group): falsely-operated control (CON-FO); falsely-operated obese (MSG-FO); vagotomized obese (MSG-VAG); splenectomized obese (MSG-SPL); vagotomized and splenectomized obese (MSG-VAG-SPL). Results The MSG-FO group animals showed a significant reduction in body weight and nasal-anal length when compared to CON-FO group animals (p < 0.05). The MSG-VAG-SPL group showed significant reduced in most biometric parameters associated with obesity. Falsely-operated obese animals showed a significant reduction in renal weight, glomerular diameters, glomerular tuff and capsule areas and Bowman’s space compared to CON-FO group animals (p < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in diameter, glomerular tuft and capsule areas, and Bowman’s space in MSG-VAG, MSG-SPL, MSG-VAG-SPL groups when compared to the MSG-FO group. Conclusions Vagotomy associated with splenectomy induces a reduction in the adiposity and causes histological changes in the kidney of obese rats.

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the effects of chronic vitamin D (VD) supplementation associated with regular swimming over renal histomorphometric aspects in obese rats. Thirty Wistar male rats (5 days old) were used. Twenty four rats were given subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG; 4 g/kg), and six control rats were given an equimolar saline solution. At 21-days-old, the MSG-treated rats were randomly distributed among sedentary animals (S) and exercised (E, swimming; 3x/week). These groups were subdivided into groups orally supplemented with VD (12 μg/kg; 3x/week) or not supplemented (NS), totaling Five experimental groups (n = 6 rats/group): MSG, MSG-SVD, MSG-ENS, MSG-EVD and control groups. In MSG-obese rats, there was such as a decrease in the diameter of the, glomerular tuft, Bowman’s capsule, Bowman’s space areas, and renal cortical thickness, compared to the control group. In MSG-SVD, MSG-ENS, and MSG-EVD animals, there was an increase in the cortical thickness in relation to the MSG group. In MSG-ENS and MSG-EVD animals, there was a reduction of tubular degeneration in relation to the MSG group. We conclude that physical exercise associated with Vitamin D supplementation can prevent of renal injury, increasing the thickness of the renal cortex and decrease the tubular degeneration.

RESUMO Objetivo Relacionar o grau de prematuridade e adequação de peso ao nascer ao perfil lipídico, glicêmico, pressórico e antropométrico de adolescentes nascidos prematuros. Métodos Estudo transversal. Amostra com 50 adolescentes nascidos prematuros – idade gestacional menor que 37 semanas – classificados com base na idade gestacional e peso ao nascer: Adequado para Idade Gestacional (AIG), Pequeno para Idade Gestacional (PIG) e Grande para Idade Gestacional (GIG). Avaliaram-se medidas antropométricas; Pressão Arterial (PA); glicose, Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicerídeos (TG), coletados por punção digital. Análise por estatística descritiva, teste de associação exato de Fisher e análise de variância (ANOVA), considerando 5% de significância. Resultados 8% apresentaram Síndrome Metabólica (SM). 70% foram classificados como AIG, 30% apresentaram excesso de peso. 6% nasceu prematuro extremo e muito prematuro (14%). O grau de prematuridade associou-se significativamente a PA (p=0,027) e mostrou tendência à associação com o TG (p=0,05). Conclusão e implicações para a prática Os níveis pressóricos são influenciados pelo grau de prematuridade; foi evidenciado tendência a TG aumentados. Prematuros têm maior vulnerabilidade para desenvolver SM, alterações pressóricas e possíveis alterações na homeostase glicêmica devido à alteração de TG, indicando a necessidade de seguimento na infância e adolescência atentando ao seu maior risco para doenças cardiovasculares.

ABSTRACT Background: Thermogenic activity in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of obese individuals is reduced, and this condition may be modified by bariatric surgery (BS). Aim: To characterize fat deposition in BAT from hypothalamic obese (HyO) rats submitted to duodenal-jejunal-bypass (DJB) surgery. Methods: For induction of hypothalamic obesity, newborn male Wistar rats were treated with subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG). The control (CTL) group received saline solution. At 90 days, the HyO rats were submitted to DJB or sham operation, generating the HyO-DJB and HyO-SHAM groups. At 270 days, the rats were euthanized, and the BAT was weighed and submitted to histological analysis. Results: Compared to BAT from CTL animals, the BAT from HyO-SHAM rats displayed increased weight, hypertrophy with greater lipid accumulation and a reduction in nucleus number. DJB effectively increased nucleus number and normalized lipid deposition in the BAT of HyO-SHAM rats, similar to that observed in CTL animals. Conclusion: DJB surgery avoided excessive lipid deposition in the BAT of hypothalamic obese rats, suggesting that this procedure could reactivate thermogenesis in BAT, and contribute to increase energy expenditure.

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Early‐life adversity is associated with increased risk for obesity and metabolic dysfunction. However, it is unclear whether obesity and metabolic dysfunction result from coping strategies to deal with adversity‐related emotional dysregulation, a direct programming of systems regulating metabolic function, or a combination of both. What is the main finding and its importance? Early‐life adversity increases vulnerability to later‐life obesity and metabolic dysfunction, indicating that genetics and adult lifestyle are not the only determinants of obesity and related metabolic dysfunction. Moreover, consumption of cafeteria diet exacerbated metabolic dysfunction associated with early‐life adversity, suggesting that poor dietary choices might have a bigger impact in the context of early‐life adversity. Abstract Early‐life adversity has become recognized as an important factor contributing to adult obesity and associated metabolic dysfunction. However, it is unclear whether obesity and metabolic dysfunction associated with early‐life adversity result from coping strategies to deal with adversity‐related emotional dysregulation, a direct programming of systems regulating metabolic function, or a combination. Interestingly, both early‐life adversity and later‐life dietary choices affect immune function, favouring pro‐inflammatory mechanisms that are associated with obesity‐related metabolic dysfunction. To investigate the unique and/or interactive effects of early‐life adversity and later‐life dietary choices for increased vulnerability to obesity and metabolic dysfunction, and specifically the role of the immune system in this vulnerability, we combined a naturalistic rat model of early‐life scarcity–adversity with a rat model of obesity, the cafeteria diet. Our results indicate that early‐life adversity alone induces insulin resistance, reduces pancreatic insulin secretion, plasma concentrations of triglycerides and cholesterol, and increases fasting glucose and tumour necrosis factor‐α plasma concentrations. Importantly, animals exposed to adverse rearing were more vulnerable to metabolic dysregulation associated with the cafeteria diet, given that they consumed more energy, showed more severe hepatic steatosis and increased concentrations of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1β than normally reared animals fed the cafeteria diet. Together, our results suggest that early‐life adversity negatively programmes physiological systems that regulate metabolic function and increases vulnerability to obesity and metabolic dysfunction in adulthood. These results highlight the intrinsic relationship between the quality of the early postnatal environment and later‐life dietary choices on adult health outcomes.

The present study characterized the plasma glycemic and lipid profiles in full-term newborn babies at birth and correlated these variables with growth markers and maternal clinical and metabolic conditions, to observe if maternal pregnancy conditions can influence metabolic programming in these newborn babies. Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected from 162 mother/newborn binomials at birth and at 6 months at a public hospital in Western Paraná State, Brazil. Samples of blood tests for glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were obtained. Two classes of mothers/babies were statistically defined. The glycemic profiles in Class 1, at birth, were 63.0 ± 19.6 mg/dL and at 6 months 80.4 ± 10.6 mg/dL; in Class 2, at birth, they were 66.1 ± 20.8 mg/dL and at 6 months 78.2 ± 9.4 mg/dL. The triglycerides levels in Class 1 and Class 2, at birth, were 124.5 ± 47.8 mg/dL and 132.6 ± 60.2 mg/dL, respectively, and at 6 months they were 139.0 ± 51.5 mg/dL and 115.2 ± 39.9 mg/dL, respectively. Even though most of the pregnant women were overweight at the end of the gestation period, the anthropometric patterns found for babies followed the desirable standards. Furthermore, the average glycemic profile values were between the cutoff standards at birth and at 6 months; however, the triglycerides were above the expected values.

In the present study we analyzed morphological and metabolic alterations in dams nursing small litters and their consequences to offspring throughout lactation. Offspring sizes were adjusted to Small Litter (SL, 3 pups/ dam) and Normal Litter (NL, 9 pups/ dam). Body weight, food intake, white adipose tissue (WAT) content, histological analysis of the pancreas, mammary gland (MG) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) as well as, plasma parameters and milk composition were measured in dams and pups on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of lactation. In general, SL-dams presented higher body weight and retroperitoneal fat content, elevated fat infiltration in BAT, reduced islets size and hyperglycemia throughout lactation in relation to NL-dams (p

Abstract Objective: To determine risk factors during neonatal hospital stay and follow-up associated with failure to thrive in the first year of life of very low birth weight newborns. Methods: Study of preterm very low birth weight newborns followed from 2006 to 2013 in a public institutional hospital program. The study included newborns that attended at least one appointment in each of the three periods: Period I, up to 3 months of corrected age (CA); Period II, 4-6 months of CA; and Period III, 7-12 months of CA. The variables were analyzed by logistic regression with XLSTAT 2014 software (Microsoft®, WA, USA). Failure to thrive (Z-score below -2 SD) was classified as a dichotomous dependent variable (0 - failure/1 - success), while the other variables were classified as explanatory variables for the hospitalization periods and for each of the follow-up periods (I, II, and III). Results: Children born adequate for gestational age increased the chance of Z-score for weight at discharge > -2 SD (OR = 10.217; 95% CI: 1.117-93.436). Metabolic bone disease and retinopathy of prematurity in Period I, as well as hospital readmissions in Periods II and III during follow-up increased the chance of Z-score < -2 SD. Conclusion: Failure to thrive is influenced by intrauterine factors and, subsequently, by several morbidities, both in the birth and hospitalization period, as well as in the post-discharge period and thus, such variables should be prioritized in the follow-up.

Background/Aims: Metabolic syndrome has been identified as one of the most significant threats to human health in the 21st century. Exercise training has been shown to counteract obesity and metabolic syndrome. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of moderate exercise training on pancreatic beta-cell function and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: Weaning rats were divided into four groups: rats fed a standard chow or HFD (sedentary, Control-SED and HFD-SED; or exercised, Control-EXE and HFD-EXE, respectively). Exercised rats ran (from 21- to 91-days-old) for 60 minutes (3 times/week) over a 10-week period. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. Pancreatic islets were isolated to study glucose-induced insulin secretion (GIIS). Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve electrical signals were measured, and liver samples were processed and histologically analyzed. Results: Exercise prevented obesity, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis as well as improved total cholesterol, ALT, and AST levels. Islets from HFD rats showed insulin hypersecretion which was ameliorated by exercise. Exercise decreased vagal nerve activity in the HFD-EXE group and increased the activity of the sympathetic nervous system in both exercised groups. Conclusion: Exercise prevents obesity and liver steatosis and restores pancreatic beta-cell function and ANS activity in HFD-obese rats.

Backgrounds/Aims: Obese rats obtained by neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration present insulin hypersecretion. The metabolic mechanism by which glucose catabolism is coupled to insulin secretion in the pancreatic β-cells from MSG-treated rats is understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate glucose metabolism in pancreatic islets from MSG-treated rats subjected to swimming training. Methods: MSG-treated and control (CON) rats swam for 30 minutes (3 times/week) over a period of 10 weeks. Pancreatic islets were isolated and incubated with glucose in the presence of glycolytic or mitochondrial inhibitors. Results: Swimming training attenuated fat pad accumulation, avoiding changes in the plasma levels of lipids, glucose and insulin in MSG-treated rats. Adipocyte and islet hypertrophy observed in MSG-treated rats were attenuated by exercise. Pancreatic islets from MSG-treated obese rats also showed insulin hypersecretion, greater glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) expression, increased glycolytic flux and reduced mitochondrial complex III activity. Conclusion: Swimming training attenuated islet hypertrophy and normalised GLUT2 expression, contributing to a reduction in the glucose responsiveness of pancreatic islets from MSG-treated rats without altering glycolytic flux. However, physical training increased the activity of mitochondrial complex III in pancreatic islets from MSG-treated rats without a subsequent increase in glucose-induced insulin secretion.

Lactation is an important function that is dependent on changes in the maternal homeostasis and sustained by histological maternal adjustments. We evaluated how offspring manipulations during the lactational phase can modulate maternal morphologic aspects in the mammary gland, adipose tissue, and pancreatic islets of lactating dams. Two different models of litter-manipulation-during-lactation were used: litter sizes, small litters (SL) or normal litters (NL) and subcutaneous injections in the puppies of monosodium glutamate (MSG), or saline (CON). SL Dams and MSG Dams presented an increase in WAT content and higher plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, and insulin, in relation to NL Dams and CON Dams, respectively. The MG of SL Dams and MSG Dams presented a high adipocyte content and reduced alveoli development and the milk of the SL Dams presented a higher calorie and triglyceride content, compared to that of the NL Dams. SL Dams presented a reduction in islet size and greater lipid droplet accumulation in BAT, in relation to NL Dams. SL Dams and MSG Dams present similar responses to offspring manipulation during lactation, resulting in changes in metabolic parameters. These alterations were associated with higher fat accumulation in BAT and changes in milk composition only in SL Dams.

Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) presents monogenic inheritance and mutation factors which have already been identified in six different genes. Given the wide molecular variation present in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α gene (HNF1α) MODY3, the aimof this study was to amplify and sequence the coding regions of this gene in seven patients from the Campos Gerais region, Paraná State, Brazil, presenting clinical MODY3 features. Besides the synonymous variations, A15A, L17L, Q141Q, G288G and T515T, two missense mutations, I27L and A98V, were also detected. Clinical and laboratory data obtained from patients were compared with the molecular findings, including the I27L polymorphism that was revealed in some overweight/obese diabetic patients of this study, this corroborating with the literature. We found certain DNA variations that could explain the hyperglycemic phenotype of the patients.

Administration of MSG to neonate rats causes lesions in the arcuate nucleus (AN), followed by a syndrome of neuroendocrine dysfunction characterized by obesity and decreased sympathetic activity. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the responses of hepatic glycogenolysis to α- and β-adrenergic agonists in rats’ treatment with MSG. Male Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of MSG (4 mg g-1 body weight) or hyperosmotic saline (controls) during five days after birth. Ninety days after treatment, the livers of the MSG or controls rats were perfused in situ with epinephryne and α- and β-adrenergic agonists. Epinephryne, Isoproterenol and phenylephrine increased glycogenolysis in the MSGtreated rats, compared to the controls (50 ± 2.8 Vs 17 ± 0.89 μmol min-1 g-1 of liver, pAdministração de glutamato monossódico (MSG) em ratos neonatos causa lesão no núcleo arqueado (NA), seguido por uma síndrome de disfunção neuroendócrina caracterizada por obesidade e reduzida atividade simpática. O objetivo da presente investigação foi examinar a resposta da glicogenólise hepática a agonistas adrenérgico em ratos tratados com MSG. Ratos Wistar machos receberam injeções subcutâneas de MSG (4 mg g-1 de peso corporal) ou salina equimolar (controles) durante cinco dias após o nascimento. Noventa dias após o tratamento, os fígados de ratos-MSG ou controles foram perfundidos in situ com epinefrina e agonistas α- e β-adrenérgico. Isoproterenol, fenilefrina e epinefrina aumentaram a glicogenólise em ratos-MSG, comparados aos controles (50 ± 2,8 Vs 17 ± 0,89 μmol min-1 g-1 de fígado, p

Pancreatic islets from adult rats whose mothers were protein restricted during lactation undersecrete insulin. The current work analyzes whether this secretory dysfunction can be improved when the pancreatic islets are grafted into hyperglycemic diabetic rats. Two groups of rats were used: the adult offspring from dams that received a low protein diet (4%) during the initial 2/3 of lactation (LP) and, as a control, the adult offspring from dams that consumed a normal protein diet (23%) during the entire period of lactation (NP). Islets from NP- and LP-rats were transplanted into diabetic recipient rats, which were generated by streptozotocin treatment. The islets were transplanted via the portal vein under anesthesia. The fed blood glucose levels were monitored during the 4 days post-transplantation. Transplanted islets from LP-rats (T LP) decreased the fed glucose levels of diabetic rats 34% (21.37 ± 0.24 mM, p

Administração de glutamato monossódico (MSG) em ratos neonatos causa lesão no núcleo arqueado (NA), seguido por uma síndrome de disfunção neuroendócrina caracterizada por obesidade e reduzida atividade simpática. O objetivo da presente investigação foi examinar a resposta da glicogenólise hepática a agonistas adrenérgico em ratos tratados com MSG. Ratos Wistar machos receberam injeções subcutâneas de MSG (4 mg g-1 de peso corporal) ou salina equimolar (controles) durante cinco dias após o nascimento. Noventa dias após o tratamento, os fígados de ratos-MSG ou controles foram perfundidos in situ com epinefrina e agonistas α- e β-adrenérgico. Isoproterenol, fenilefrina e epinefrina aumentaram a glicogenólise em ratos-MSG, comparados aos controles (50 ± 2,8 Vs 17 ± 0,89 μmol min-1 g-1 de fígado, p < 0,0001; 64 ± 0,15 Vs 37 ± 0,39, p < 0,0001; 35 ± 2,48 Vs 27 ± 0,98, p < 0,05, respectivamente). Concluiu-se que a lesão do NA aumentou o catabolismo do glicogênio aos agonistas adrenérgicos, possivelmente devido à reduzida atividade do eixo simpático - medula adrenal

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic expression of adipokines in the adipocytes of monosodium glutamate (MSG)-treated obese rats submitted to physical activity.Materials and methods Obesity was induced by neonatal MSG administration. Exercised rats (MSG and control) were subjected to swim training for 30 min for 10 weeks, whereas their respective controls remained sedentary. Total RNA was obtained from sections of the mesenteric adipose tissue of the rats. mRNA levels of adiponectin (Adipoq), tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnf), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Ppara), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) adipokines were quantified by quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR).Results In the exercise-trained control group, the expression of Adipoq increased compared to the sedentary control, which was not observed in the MSG-obese rats. Increased levels of Tnf in MSG-obese rats were not reversed by the swim training. The expression of Ppara was higher in sedentary MSG-obese rats compared to the sedentary control. Swimming increased this adipokine expression in the exercise-trained control rats compared to the sedentary ones. mRNA levels of Pparg were higher in the sedentary MSG-rats compared to the sedentary control; however, the exercise did not influenced its expression in the groups analyzed.Conclusions In conclusion, regular physical activity was not capable to correct the expression of proinflammatory adipokines in MSG-obese rat adipocytes.

ABSTRACT Here, we evaluated whether the exposure of rats to a cafeteria diet pre- and/or post-weaning, alters histological characteristics in the White Adipose Tissue (WAT), Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT), and liver of adult male offspring. Female Wistar rats were divided into Control (CTL; fed on standard rodent chow) and Cafeteria (CAF; fed with the cafeteria diet throughout life, including pregnancy and lactation). After birth, only male offspring (F1) were maintained and received the CTL or CAF diets; originating four experimental groups: CTL-CTLF1; CTL-CAFF1; CAF-CTLF1; CAF-CAFF1. Data of biometrics, metabolic parameters, liver, BAT and WAT histology were assessed and integrated using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). According to PCA analysis worse metabolic and biometric characteristics in adulthood are associated with the post-weaning CAF diet compared to pre and post weaning CAF diet. Thus, the CTL-CAFF1 group showed obesity, higher deposition of fat in the liver and BAT and high fasting plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol. Interestingly, the association between pre and post-weaning CAF diet attenuated the obesity and improved the plasma levels of glucose and triglycerides compared to CTL-CAFF1 without avoiding the higher lipid accumulation in BAT and in liver, suggesting that the impact of maternal CAF diet is tissue-specific.

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study evaluated the anthropometric and metabolic profiles of preterm infants (PT) born from mothers with urinary tract infections (UTI) and mothers with hypertensive disorders (HD). Method: This was a longitudinal prospective study conducted between May 2015 and August 2016. First, 59 mothers with premature birth were included; after excluding 29 mothers, two subgroups were created: UTI-mothers (n=12) and HD-mothers (n=18). The anthropometric and metabolic variables of mothers and their respective PT were analyzed at birth and at 6 months of corrected age (CA). Results: Plasma triglyceride levels were higher among HD-mothers and their respective PT in comparison with UTI-mothers and their PT at 6 m of CA. Conclusion: Plasma triglyceride level is an important metabolic biomarker in HD-mothers resulting in higher triglyceride levels among PT at the CA of 6 m, suggesting an early programming effect of maternal hypertension.