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South-Eastern-Recreation-Research (SERR) Conference -- MAR 24-26, 2019 -- Athens, GA Background: Leisure experience, including dance motivation, is one of the key factors for participation in dance events or festivals. Therefore, the experience quality that facilitates individual relationships is likely to influence the dancers' participation. The purpose of this study is to determine and to analyze dance experience motivations, experience quality, satisfaction and word-of-mouth. Material and methods: The sample of this study consisted of 201 persons who attended the Turkey Dance Festival and who were selected by the convenience sampling method. In this study, the theoretical principles of structural equation modeling (SEM) were applied with the Amos 20 program to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there were significant relationships (< 0.05) between dance experience motivations, experience quality, satisfaction and WOM. This study results are important both as significant and practical implication for leisure managers' strategies regarding their leisure and experience motivation, and contribution to the leisure literature. Conclusions: The findings of this study can help event managers contribute to increased participation in sustainable dance practices, and the participant-based experience value can be used as a planning tool to attract the attention of event organizers. The findings of this study also give useful insights into theoretical, practical and managerial implications for dance event organization and provide suggestions for future research. S Eastern Recreat Res

Virtual communities have been a significant channel for people to share their feelings and experiences regarding a special issue. The combination of ethnography and the internet offers the opportunity for new methods of research that can potentially reach a broad audience in the online world. Thus, netnography, a combination of internet and ethnography, is an approach to analyze the online community systematically. This study aimed to reveal the experiences and feelings of a virtual community comprised of mountaineers in a virtual community. This research uses Kozinet's netnography approach on experiences and feelings, applied to a virtual community context, in order to better understand the nature of the sharing of a serious leisure community. The results of this study indicated that three main themes and nine sub-themes portray experiences, feelings, perceptions and group interaction of the virtual mountaineering community. This study emphasizes the themes of adventure experiences, preparation and supply, and completion, taking into account mountaineers' feelings and experiences in the virtual community.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the participation of college students in leisure activities and their level of leisure satisfaction on their happiness based on various parameters. A total of 1464 (females= 800, males= 664, ages ranging from 18 to 27 years) college students participated in the study. Study was conducted college students in Turkey between March and July, 2014. Data were collected using previously validated questionnaires namely Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS), Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ) and Oxford Happiness Scale (QHS). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques (frequency, arithmetic average, standard deviation), t-test, MANOVA, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation. According to analyses of scores of the Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS), the lowest average based on this factor was in the "Physical" dimension while the highest one was in the "Relaxation". The sub-dimension scores of "Educational," "Relaxation," "Physical" and "Aesthetic" was found significantly differences in terms of gender. Except for the "Physical" sub-dimension, in which a significant difference was detected, the average scores of female participants in the other three sub-dimensions were higher than male ones. Overall, a significant and positive relationship was found between all dimensions of leisure satisfaction on happiness.

The conspicuous consumption among young generation consumers is a general trend in sport goods. The purpose of the study is to reveal the dimensions of conspicuous consumption related to sport products and to analyze the effects of conspicuous consumption on consumer happiness. Self-administered questionnaires were collected with 680 university students in a city of Eskisehir in Turkey. The results of analyzes reveal four valid dimensions (happiness and wellbeing, status, prestige, and symbolic product characteristics) and indicate significant relationship between conspicuous consumption dimensions and happiness and wellbeing as dependent variable. As a conclusion, the three factors, underlying conspicuous consumption, plays a critical role in the marketing and consumer behavior context, and that the managers of sport products should pay attention the larger part of young generations.

The purpose of this study was to examine the participation motives of youth from different sport branches and examine the differences with respect to different demographic variables. The study was conducted on 85 girls and 202 boys from different sport branches in Turkey. The average age of the participants were 14.29 years (SD=1.1). The “Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ)” (Gill, Gross and Huddleston (1983) was administered on the participants. The reliability and validity of the PMQ was tested by Oyar, Aşçı, Çelebi and Mülazımoğlu (2001). The scale consisted of 30 items and 8 subscales. All items were measured and sorted using a three-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics and were performed on all variables including means and standard deviations. Independent Samples t-test was also used to determine differences between the scores acquired from the scale and some independent variables. Analysis indicated significant differences in achievement/status (t= 2.71; p < 0.05), team affiliation (t= 2.12; p < 0.05) and friendship (t= 3.81; p < 0.01) subscales between girls and boys. Boys had higher scores than the girls. There were significant differences in achievement/status (t= 2.52; p < 0.01), team affiliation (t= 2.33; p < 0.01), energy release/fitness (t= 2.33; p < 0.05) and competition (t= 2.50; p < 0.01) subscales with regard to sport experience. Less experienced participants had lower scores than the more experienced. As a result, it can be concluded that based on the mean ratings of each of the 30 participation motives, “improve my skills” and “to raise my sport branch” were the most important participation motives for the participants.

Dunyanin her yerinde milyarlarca cep telefonu kullanicisi, diger kullanicilarla konusmakta, mesajlasmakta, vakit gecirmekte, sosyallesmekte ve kendilerini eglendirmektedir. Dunyadaki bircok ulkede oldugu gibi Turkiye’de de cep telefonu, oldukca populer bir hal almis ve kolektif baglilik nesnesi olmustur. Bos zaman ya da rekreasyon acisindan, cep telefonu kullanicilari, cogunlukla akilli telefon ile mesgul olarak vakitlerini gecirmektedirler. Mobil bos zaman (m-leisure) uygulamasi, yeni uygulamalarin gelistirilmesine yardimci olabilecek bir olgu olarak onem kazanmistir. Bu calismanin amaci, Turkiye’deki universite ogrencileri arasinda, bos zaman (leisure) baglami kapsaminda cep telefonlarinin anlamini arastirmaktir. Verilerin toplanmasi ve analiz edilmesi icin, nitel arastirma metodu olarak, derinlemesine gorusme secilmistir. Amacli ornekleme metodu, cep telefonu kullanan bireylere uygulanmistir. Bu calismaya, 13’u erkek ve 12’si kadin olmak uzere toplam 25 ogrenci katilmistir. Calismanin sonucunda, can sikintisi ve kacma, mesguliyet, sosyallesme, eglence, bagimlilik ve yeni deneyimler kesfetme basligi altinda alti tema ortaya cikmistir. Sonuclar, hem can sikintisi ve kacis hem de mesguliyet kavramlarinin bos zaman baglami icerisinde cep telefonu kullanicilari icin daha baskin boyutlar oldugunu vurgulamaktadir. Bu arastirma ayrica bos zaman acisindan cep telefonu kullaniminin temel olarak bagimlilik ve eglence boyutlarina da dayali oldugunu gostermistir.

Planar chiral metamaterials (PCMs) comprising double-layer dielectric-metal-dielectric resonant structures in the shape of a windmill are presented for near-infrared regime. The circular dichroism is retrieved from transmission spectra. Effects of used materials on circular dichroism characteristics of PCM arrays are investigated for the first time. The dependence of spectral characteristics on the geometrical parameters of the PCMs is analyzed by the finite-difference time-domain method. The observations indicated that the circular dichroism characteristics of the proposed PCM arrays are strongly dependent on the type of metal and dielectric materials. Due to the enhanced chiroptical near-field response and tunable spectral behavior, proposed PCM arrays may have potential for biosensing applications of chiral biomolecules.

The purpose of the present study was to determination of the morphological variables in determining role of strength and flexibility in dıfferent sports branches in School of Physical Education and Sports sudents . A total of 71 different sports branches players ( 푋 age: 21.16±3.65 year) participated in this study voluntarily. Subjects’ height, body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage and total of seven skinfold thicknesses were determined. Body fat percentage was determined by Yuhasz formula. Sit and reach test was used to determinate. Isometric dynamometer was used for the determination of knee (KS), back (BS), grip (GS) and total strength (TS). Results of Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis, height was significantly correlated with right hand grip strength (r=.267, p

In this study, a novel perfect absorber (PA) array based on four-headed arrow nanoparticles for biosensing applications in mid-infrared regime is presented. Proposed PA array has a dual-band spectral response, and the locations of resonances can be adjusted by varying the geometrical dimensions of the structure. Nearly unity absorbance is obtained from the PA array for both resonances. Different dielectric spacers (MgF 2 , SiO 2 , and Al 2 O 3 ) are used to investigate the effects of dielectric spacer on the absorbance characteristics of proposed PA array. Absorbance characteristics of PA array are analyzed by using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. High field enhancement is achieved by the interaction of the sharp corners of arrow nanoparticles. Linear correlation between the resonance frequencies and the refractive index of cladding mediums is determined. Due to the high refractive index sensitivity and near-field enhancement, and nearly unity absorbance, the proposed dual-band PA array with adjustable spectral responses can be useful for biosensing applications in mid-infrared regime.

In this study, effects of dielectric spacer on absorption characteristics of double-headed arrow shaped perfect absorber (PA) are investigated. The PA nanoantenna array is analyzed by using the FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) method. Also the electric field distributions of PA array are obtained for different dielectric layers. To analyze the refractive index sensing capability of the PA array, the sensitivity characteristics are investigated by loading different refractive indexed dielectric cladding media. Owing to the dual-band spectral response, enhanced electric fields, and refractive index sensitivity, the double-headed arrow PA nanoantenna array can be used for bio-sensing applications in infrared regime.

A dual-resonant perfect absorber (PA) based on multiple dipolar nanoantenna configuration is introduced. The PA platform exhibits near-unity (95%-98%) absorbance in dual-resonances. A fine-tuning mechanism of dual-resonances is determined via geometrical device parameters of the constituting dipolar elements of the compact PA system. It is also shown that the dual plasmonic resonances are associated with easily accessible and large local electromagnetic fields. Possessing large absorbance with strong nearfields, the PA system is highly advantageous for surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy applications. The simultaneous detection of absorption signals corresponding to C=O and C-H bands of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film, which are separated by as large as approximate to 1255 cm(-1), is experimentally shown. Furthermore, the interaction between plasmonic modes of the PA platform and the molecular vibrational modes of the PMMA film is investigated by tuning the optical resonances within the C=O spectral window. The coupling strength between plasmonic and vibrational modes is determined by Hamilton analysis, which leads to mode splitting and anticrossing behavior within the PA absorption spectra. The PA platform, by enabling simultaneous identification of different molecular fingerprints, can provide more reliable sensing information compared to classical SEIRA systems based only on a single vibrational mode.

Nowadays, in contemporary sports studies scarce attention is devoted to studying the referee and his/her functions in light of the philosophical and pedagogical approach. For this reason, the main aim of this study is to use a hermeneutical philosophic methodology to reflect on the role and functions of this figure, and to show his or her importance in preserving the intrinsic values of sport in front of youth and society. Starting with a historical analysis of the referee and the sport judge in ancient Greek athletics, this study will highlight how such this important figure has always been a key element of competitive sport. This study will demonstrate that refereeing is a practice that needs a specific set of hermeneutical skills and the development of complex pedagogical knowledge and ways of acting. It will also define the concept of “refereeing” in light of a pedagogical approach demonstrating that this practice is, fundamentally, a communicative action implying an ethical and hermeneutical dimension of the referee as a critical-reflective professional committed to enforcing sport’s rules and values. In conclusion, the study will stress the importance of looking at referees and sport judges not as a mere technicians and evaluators of performances in competitions but as educators whose specific knowledge must be developed in all of the courses for their training and education.

In this letter, computer-aided design models based on adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for the synthesis of two coplanar stripline structures are presented. These coplanar stripline structures are micro-coplanar stripline and asymmetric coplanar stripline with an infinitely wide strip. Four optimization algorithms, hybrid learning (HL), simulated annealing, least-squares, and genetic, are used to determine optimally the design parameters of the ANFIS models. The results of ANFIS models are compared with the results of quasi-static analysis, synthesis formulas available in the literature, a full-wave electromagnetic simulator IE3D, and experimental works realized in this study. The results of ANFIS models agree with the results of other methods and experimental works. When the performances of ANFIS models are compared with each other, the best results for training and test are obtained from the models trained with HL algorithm. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 54:460-467, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26530

In this letter, new and accurate synthesis formulas to compute the physical dimensions of asymmetric coplanar waveguide (ACPW) are presented. The synthesis formulas are obtained with the use of differential evolution algorithm (DEA), genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. The synthesis formulas are useful to microwave engineers for accurately calculating the physical dimensions of ACPWs. The results of the synthesis formulas are compared with the quasi-static analysis, a full-wave electromagnetic simulator IE3D, and experimental results obtained in this work. The average percentage errors of the synthesis formulas found by using DEA, GA, PSO, and SA algorithm are calculated to be 0.56, 0.62, 0.87, and 0.88%, respectively, for 2079 ACPW samples having different electrical parameters and physical dimensions, as compared with the results of respective quasi-static analysis. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1991-1996, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26224

New and accurate synthesis formulas for the asymmetric conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (ACBCPW) are presented. They are obtained by using a differential evolution and particle swarm optimization algorithms. The synthesis formulas are useful to microwave engineers for accurately calculating the physical dimensions of ACBCPWs. The results of the synthesis formulas are compared with the quasi-static analysis, a full-wave electromagnetic simulator IE3D, and experimental results obtained in this work. The average percentage errors of the synthesis formulas found by using differential evolution and particle swarm optimization algorithms are calculated to be 0.56% and 0.93%, respectively, for 3024 ACBCPW samples having different electrical parameters and physical dimensions, compared with the results of respective quasi-static analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:211–216, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25666

In this work, computer-aided design models based on adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for the quasistatic analysis of three different coplanar strip line structures are presented. These strip line structures are conventional coplanar strip lines, asymmetrical coplanar strip lines with infinitely wide strip, and asymmetrical coplanar strip lines with infinitely thick dielectric substrate. The design parameters of the proposed ANFIS models are optimally determined by using four different optimization algorithms, hybrid learning, simulated annealing, least-squares, and genetic algorithm. When the performances of ANFIS models are compared with each other, the best results for training and test are obtained from the models trained with hybrid learning algorithm. There is a good agreement among the results of ANFIS models, quasistatic analysis, a full-wave. electromagnetic simulator IE3D, and experimental works realized in this study. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 1990-1996,2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25372

In this article, adaptive-network-based frizzy inference system (ANFIS) models are proposed to compute the characteristic impedances of air-suspended trapezoidal-shaped microshield lines (AS-TSMLs) and air-suspended rectangular-shaped microshield lines (AS-RSMLs). The ANFIS is a fuzzy inference system implemented within the architecture and optimization procedure of adaptive networks. Four optimization algorithms, hybrid learning, simulated annealing, genetic, and least-squares, are used to determine optimally the design parameters of ANFIS. The characteristic impedance results of ANFIS models are in very good agreement with the results available in the literature. When the performances of ANFIS models are compared with each other, the best results are obtained from the ANFIS model trained by the hybrid learning algorithm. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 20-24, 2010; Published online in Wiley Inter-Science (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24829

In this paper, accurate synthesis formulas obtained by using a difierential evolution (DE) algorithm for conductor-backed coplanar waveguides (CBCPWs) are presented. The synthesis formulas are useful to microwave engineers for accurately calculating the physical dimensions of CBCPWs. The results of the synthesis formulas are compared with the theoretical and experimental results available in the literature. A full-wave electromagnetic simulator IE3D and experimental results are obtained in this work. The average percentage error of the synthesis formulas obtained by using DE algorithm is computed as 0.67% for 1086 CBCPW samples having difierent electrical parameters and physical dimensions, as compared with the results of quasi-static analysis.

A method based on adaptive-network-based fuzzy infer- ence system (ANFIS) is presented for the analysis of conductor- backed asymmetric coplanar waveguides (CPWs). Four optimization algorithms, hybrid learning, simulated annealing, genetic, and least- squares, are used to determine optimally the design parameters of the ANFIS. The results of ANFIS models are compared with the results of conformal mapping technique, a commercial electromagnetic simula- tor IE3D, and the experimental works realized in this study. There is very good agreement among the results of ANFIS models, quasi-static method, IE3D, and experimental works. The proposed ANFIS models are not only valid for conductor-backed asymmetric CPWs but also valid for conductor-backed symmetric CPWs.

New and accurate synthesis formulas for the asymmetric coplanar stripline with an infinitely wide strip (ACPS-IWS) are presented. They are obtained by using a differential evolution algorithm (DEA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and are useful to microwave engineers for accurately computing the physical dimensions of ACPS-IWS. The average percentage errors of the synthesis formulas found by using DEA and PSO are calculated to be 0.85% and 1.62%, respectively, for 4913 ACPS-IWS samples having different electrical parameters and physical dimensions, as compared with the results of quasi-static analysis.

In this work a new method based on the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was successfully introduced to determine the characteristic parameters, effective permittivities and characteristic impedances, of conventional coplanar waveguides. The ANFIS has the advantages of expert knowledge of fuzzy inference system and learning capability of neural networks. A hybrid-learning algorithm, which combines least-square method and backpropagation algorithm, is used to identify the parameters of ANFIS. There are very good agreement between the results of ANFIS models, experimental works, conformal mapping technique, spectral domain approach and a commercial electromagnetic simulator, MMICTL.

Neural models based on multilayered perceptrons (MLPs) for computing the effective permittivities and the characteristic impedances of both the conventional coplanar waveguides (CCPWs) and the supported coplanar waveguides (SCPWs) are presented. Six learning algorithms, Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), Bayesian regularization (BR), quasi-Newton (QN), scaled conjugate gradient (SCG), conjugate gradient of Fletcher-Powell (CGF), and resilient propagation (RP), are used to train the MLPs. The results of neural models presented in this paper are compared with the results of the experimental works, the conformal mapping technique (CMT), the spectral domain approach (SDA), and three commercial electromagnetic simulators such as IE3D, CAPIND2D, and MMICTL. The neural results are in very good agreement with the theoretical and experimental results. When the performances of neural models are compared with each other, the best result is obtained from the MLPs trained by the LM algorithm. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

New, accurate closed-form formulas for the synthesis of multilayer homogeneous coupling structure (MHCS) are presented. They are obtained by using a differential evolution algorithm (DEA), and are useful for the computer-aided design (CAD) of MHCS. The average percentage error is found to be 0.38% for 1825 MHCS samples having different electrical parameters and physical dimensions, as compared with the results of the quasi-static analysis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2486–2489, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/mop.22743

This paper presents new and accurate synthesis formulas for the multilayer homogeneous coupling structure with ground shielding (MHCS-WGS). The synthesis formulas are obtained by means of a differential evolution algorithm (DEA), and are useful to microwave engineers for accurately calculating the physical dimensions of MHCS-WGS. The average percentage error is calculated to be 0.8% for 13614 MHCS-WGS samples having different electrical parameters and physical dimensions, as compared with the results of quasi-static analysis.

We present a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) tunable metamaterial, Fabry-Perot interferometer with a widely tunable mid-infrared response. An array of subwavelength holes in a gold film is suspended above a gold reflector, forming an interferometer cavity whose length can be modulated over a range of 1.7 to 21.67 mu m using MEMS electrostatic actuation. Reflectance spectra exhibit the convolution of extraordinary optical transmission through the holes and Fabry-Perot resonances with free spectral ranges from 2900 to 230.7 cm(-1). Measuring the free spectral range enables us to perform in situ interferometric calibration of the cavity length. We present a simple analytical model that describes the experimental and simulated results. This device shows promise as a surface-enhanced sensing substrate with a tunable spectral response.

Optical characterization of a plasmonic absorber sensor is presented. FDTD method is utilized to obtain the absorption spectra and near field distribution. The results show that the structure can be utilized for infrared sensing applications.

The optical characterization of a novel plasmonic perfect absorber is analyzed. The effect of the dielectric spacer material on the resonance frequency is determined. The proposed sensing platform can be used in infrared applications.

In this paper, we both experimentally and numerically introduce a dual-resonant metamaterial based on subwavelength Jerusalem cross-shaped apertures. We numerically investigate the physical origin of the dual-resonant behavior, originating from the constituting aperture elements, through finite difference time domain calculations. Our numerical calculations show that at the dual-resonances, the aperture system supports large and easily accessible local electromagnetic fields. In order to experimentally realize the aperture system, we utilize a high-precision and lift-off free fabrication method based on electron-beam lithography. We also introduce a fine-tuning mechanism for controlling the dual-resonant spectral response through geometrical device parameters. Finally, we show the aperture system's highly advantageous far- and near-field characteristics through numerical calculations on refractive index sensitivity. The quantitative analyses on the availability of the local fields supported by the aperture system are employed to explain the grounds behind the sensitivity of each spectral feature within the dual-resonant behavior. Possessing dual-resonances with large and accessible electromagnetic fields, Jerusalem cross-shaped apertures can be highly advantageous for wide range of applications demanding multiple spectral features with strong nearfield characteristics. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The purpose of the present study was to determination of the morphological variables in determining role of strength and flexibility in dıfferent sports branches in School of Physical Education and Sports sudents. A total of 71 different sports branches players (age: 21.16±3.65 year) participated in this study voluntarily. Subjects’ height, body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage and total of seven skinfold thicknesses were determined. Body fat percentage was determined by Yuhasz formula. Sit and reach test was used to determinate. Isometric dynamometer was used for the determination of knee (KS), back (BS), grip (GS) and total strength (TS). Results of Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis, height was significantly correlated with right hand grip strength (r=.267, p, Bu çalışmanın amacı, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulunda yer alan farklı spor branşlarıyla uğraşan sporcuların kuvvet ve esnekliğin değerlerinin belirlenmesinde morfolojik değişkenlerin etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmaya farklı branşlarla uğraşan toplam 71(Xyaş: 21.16±3.65 yıl) sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan deneklerin morfolojik (boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, vücut yağ yüzdesi vücut kitle indeksi, 7 bölge deri kıvrım kalınlığı toplamı) özelliklerinin belirlenmesi için ölçüm yapılmıştır. Vücut yağ yüzdesi Yuhasz formülü ile hesaplanmıştır. Esnekliğin belirlenmesinde otur-uzan testi kullanılırken toplam pençe (PK), bacak (BK), sırt (SK) ve toplam kuvvet (TK) belirlemesinde ise izometrik bacak-sırt kuvveti dinamometresi kullanılmıştır. Sırt, bacak, pençe ve genel kuvvet değerleri arasındaki ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla Pearson Product Moment Korelasyon Katsayısı yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen boy ölçümü ile sağ el pençe kuvveti (r=.267, p

The spectral responses and field distributions of square fractal-shaped nanohole arrays are analyzed by using finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method. The optical characteristics of the structure are obtained for different material thicknesses.

Neural models for calculating the characteristic impedance of air-suspended trapezoidal and rectangular-shaped microshield lines, based on the multilayered perceptrons (MLPs), are presented. Six learning algorithms, bayesian regulation (BR), Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), quasi-Newton (QN), scaled conjugate gradient (SCG), resilient propagation (RP), and conjugate gradient of Fletcher-Powell (CGF), are used to train the MLPs. The characteristic impedance results obtained by using neural models are in very good agreement with the results available in the literature. When the performances of neural models are compared with each other, the best test result is obtained from the MLPs trained by the BR algorithm.

In this paper, windmill-shaped subwavelength apertures are proposed for the mid-IR regime. Spectral response of windmill-shaped subwavelength aperture with multiple sharp corners and small gap that gives rise to extreme EM field enhancements is investigated both numerically and experimentally. An equivalent circuit model for the resonant characteristic of the windmill-shaped subwavelength aperture is also presented. Electromagnetic field distributions and transmission characteristics of windmill-shaped subwavelength aperture arrays are obtained by finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The dependence of resonance characteristics on the polarization direction of the illumination source and the geometrical parameters of the windmill-shaped apertures are analyzed in detail. The windmill-shaped subwavelength aperture arrays exhibit extremely high near-field optical resolution and enhanced transmission compared to the bowtie-, cross, and x-shaped aperture arrays. Due to their electromagnetic properties, the proposed windmill-shaped subwavelength aperture array can be used in a wide range of applications, including biochemical sensors, optical filters, and modulators.

In this paper, windmill-shaped planar structure arrays operating in the mid-IR regime are proposed. Strong chiral dichroism of windmill-shaped planar structure is obtained numerically. The dependence of spectral characteristics on the geometrical parameters of the windmill-shaped planar structure is analyzed by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The chiroptical near-field response of windmill-shaped planar structure arrays is also determined. Furthermore, potential applications of the proposed windmill-shaped planar structure due to its enhanced near-field chiroptical response and tunable characteristics are discussed. (C)2014 Optical Society of America

The spectral responses and field distributions of Jerusalem cross-shaped nanoapertures are simulated by using finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method. The optical characteristics of the structure is concluded by changing the dimensions.

Simple and accurate models based on adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to compute the physical dimensions of open supported coplanar waveguides are presented. The ANFIS is a class of adaptive networks which are functionally equivalent to fuzzy inference systems. Four optimization algorithms, hybrid learning, simulated annealing, least-squares, and genetic, are used to determine optimally the design parameters of the ANFIS. When the per- formances of ANFIS models are compared with each other, the best results are obtained from the ANFIS models trained by the hybrid learning algorithm. The results of ANFIS are compared with the results of the conformal mapping tech- nique, the rigorous spectral-domain hybrid mode analysis, the improved spectral domain approach, the synthesis formulas, a full-wave electromagnetic simulator IE3D, and experimental works realized in this study.

In this article, new, and accurate synthesis formulas to compute the physical dimensions of open supported coplanar waveguides (OS-CPWs) are presented. The synthesis formulas are obtained with the use of differential evolution (DE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms. They are useful for the computer-aided design of OS-CPWs. The average percentage errors of the synthesis formulas obtained by using DE and PSO algorithms are computed to be 1.26% and 1.67%, respectively, for 4560 OS-CPW samples having different electrical parameters and physical dimensions, as compared with the results of quasi-static analysis. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 262-269, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24908

A method based on adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is presented for the quasi-static analysis of conductor-backed coplanar waveguides. The ANFIS is a class of adaptive networks which are functionally equivalent to fuzzy inference systems. Pour optimization algorithms, hybrid learning, genetic, simulated annealing and least-squares, are used to determine optimally the design parameters of the ANFIS. The results of ANFIS are compared with the results of experimental works, quasi-static and fulll-wave spectral domain approaches, conformal mapping technique, and a commercial electromagnetic simulator IE3D. The results of ANFIS models are in very good agreement with the results of other methods and experimental works. When the performances of ANFIS models are compared with each other, the hest result is obtained from the ANFIS model trained by the hyhrid learning algorithm. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 439-445, 2009 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24059

This article presents new and accurate synthesis formulas for the microcoplanar stripline (MCS). The synthesis formulas are obtained by means of a differential evolution algorithm, and are useful to microwave engineers for accurately calculating the physical dimensions of MCS. The average percentage error is calculated to be 0.9% for 2254 MCS samples having different electrical parameters and physical dimensions, as compared with the results of the quasi-static analysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2884–2888, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23823

Neural models based on the artificial neural networks (ANNs) for computing the effective permittivities and characteristic im- pedances of V-shaped conductor-backed coplanar waveguides are pre- sented. The proposed neural models can also be used for calculating the characteristic parameters of conductor-backed coplanar waveguides. Six learning algorithms, Levenberg-Marquardt, bayesian regularization, quasi-Newton, scaled conjugate gradient, conjugate gradient of Fletcher-Reeves, and resilient propagation, are used to train the ANNs. The neural results are in very good agreement with the results available in the literature. When the performances of neural models are compared with each other, the best result is obtained from the ANNs trained by the LM algorithm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 1294 -1299, 2007; Published online in Wiley Inter- Science (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22473

The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes level towards leisure activities of adolescents and to compare the participants' attitudes levels according to some variables. 610 (Nmale= 333; Mage= 15.80, SD= 1.14 and Nfemale= 277; Mage= 15.66, SD= 1.01) adolescents enrolled in this study from different high schools in Turkey. The Leisure Attitude Scale (LAS) (Ragheb and Beard, 1982) was administered on the participants. Cognitive, affective and behavioral items (12 per type) were rated on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistical methods and MANOVA were used to compare the differential scores of the three sub-scales of the T-LAS among the demographic variables. Correlation analysis was used to test the relationship between T-LAS sub-scales and age. The cognitive sub-scale scores were the highest toward leisure. MANOVA analysis indicated no significant mean differences in all three sub-scales with regard to gender. However, there were no significant main effect of participation in physical activity on “T-LAS” scores; a follow-up univariate analysis indicated significant main effects for participation in physical activity on the sub-scales of “Cognitive”, “Affective”, “Behavioral”. Participants groups had higher mean attitude scores than the non-participants in all sub-scales of T-LAS. Additionally, MANOVA indicated significant main effect of school type on “T-LAS” scores, in tests between subject effects by school type, results also revealed a significant differences in the “Cognitive”, “Affective”, “Behavioral” sub-scales. Private high schools’ students had higher scores than the others. Overall, the girl participants had lower attitudes toward leisure than the boys. While the highest leisure attitudes mean score in affective sub-scale, cognitive subscale is the lowest score.

The purpose of this study was to examine the participation motives of youth from different sport branches and examine the differences with respect to different demographic variables. The study was conducted on 85 girls and 202 boys from different sport branches in Turkey. The average age of the participants were 14.29 years (SD=1.1). The “Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ)” (Gill, Gross and Huddleston (1983) was administered on the participants. The reliability and validity of the PMQ was tested by Oyar, Asci, Celebi and Mulazimoglu (2001). The scale consisted of 30 items and 8 subscales. All items were measured and sorted using a three-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics and were performed on all variables including means and standard deviations. Independent Samples ttest was also used to determine differences between the scores acquired from the scale and some independent variables. Analysis indicated significant differences in achievement/status (t= 2.71; p < 0.05), team affiliation (t= 2.12; p < 0.05) and friendship (t= 3.81; p < 0.01) subscales between girls and boys. Boys had higher scores than the girls. There were significant differences in achievement/status (t= 2.52; p < 0.01), team affiliation (t= 2.33; p < 0.01), energy release/fitness (t= 2.33; p < 0.05) and competition (t= 2.50; p < 0.01) subscales with regard to sport experience. Less experienced participants had lower scores than the more experienced. As a result, it can be concluded that based on the mean ratings of each of the 30 participation motives, “improve my skills” and “to raise my sport branch” were the most important participation motives for the participants.

Simple and accurate models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) are presented to accurately determine the physical dimensions of coplanar strip lines (CPSs). Five learning algorithms, Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), bayesian regularization (BR), quasi-Newton (QN), conjugate gradient with Fletcher (CGF), and scaled conjugate gradient (SCG), are used to train the neural models. The neural results are compared with the results of the quasi-static analysis and the synthesis formulas available in the literature. The accuracy of the neural model trained by LM algorithm is found to be better than 0.24% for 10614 CPS samples.

This article presents a new approach based on multilayered perceptron neural networks (MLPNNs) to calculate the odd- and even-mode characteristic impedances and effective permittivities of the broadside-coupled V-shaped microshield coplanar waveguides (BC-VSMCPWs). Six learning algorithms, bayesian regulation (BR), Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), quasi-Newton (QN), scaled conjugate gradient (SCG), resilient propagation (RP), and conjugate gradient of Fletcher-Powell (CGF), are used to train the MLPN-Ns. The neural results are in very good agreement with the results reported elsewhere. When the performances of neural models are compared with each other, the best and worst results are obtained from the MLPNNs trained by the BR and CGF algorithms, respectively.