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Handbuch Landesgeschichte, hg. von Werner Freitag, Michael Kißener, Christine Reinle und Sabine Ullmann, Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg 2018. XII, 706 S. ISBN 978-3-11-035418-8. Geb. € 99,59

Background: In patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and prevalent atrial fibrillation (AF), the optimal stroke prevention strategy is unclear. We sought to estimate the risk of cerebrovascular events among ICH survivors with AF. Methods: We used the Danish Stroke Registry to identify patients with incident ICH and prevalent AF between 2003 and 2018. Key inclusion/exclusion criteria of the PRESTIGE-AF (Prevention of Stroke in Intracerebral hemorrhage Survivors With Atrial Fibrillation) trial were applied. Cumulative incidence of recurrent ICH, cerebrovascular ischemic event, and all-cause death were investigated after one year. Results: A total of 1885 patients (median age 80.0 years; 47.6% females) were included in the study. We observed 191 cerebrovascular events and 650 all-cause deaths, and more cerebrovascular ischemic events (N=63) than recurrent ICH events (N=40). Risks of recurrent ICH, cerebrovascular ischemic event, and all-cause death were 1.5%, 3.2%, and 30.3%, respectively, among patients not exposed to OAC during follow-up. The cumulative incidences were 2.8% for recurrent ICH, 3.2% for cerebrovascular ischemic events, and 22.0% for all-cause death among patients initiating/resuming OAC during follow-up. Conclusions: We observed a high risk of cerebrovascular ischemic events and a very high risk of all-cause death at one year after the incident ICH. The results of ongoing clinical trials are warranted to determine optimal stroke prevention treatment among ICH survivors with concomitant AF.

Rolf Kießling und Sabine Ullmann (Hrsg.): Das Reich in der Region während des Spätmittelalters und der Frühen Neuzeit. UVK Verlagsgesellschaft Konstanz 2005. 368 Seiten. Gebunden € 39,-. ISBN 3-89669-719-6

With regard to the large presence of Jews in the legal system during the early modern period the present article investigates judicial and sentencing practices. It is focused on the discrepancy between the equal treatment of Jews in court as cives romani on the one hand and on the other hand anti-Jewish stereotypes in the society of that time. The Jewish delinquency was marked by the stereotype of the "deceitful Jew", which was often encountered during court proceedings. However, court decisions were usually not affected by this stereotype.Hereby, the courts supported the interests of the local authorities in ensuring a peaceful life in the villages, thus indirectly stabilizing the Jewish-Christian coexistence.

“Jewish protection rights” (Judenschutzrechte) — the legal category according to which Jews were tolerated in a few territories of the old German Empire during the early modern period — made it difficult for Jewish subjects to establish a secure existence. There were, above all, two reasons for this. First, the personalized nature of protection rights enabled the respective authorities to develop selective settlement policies oriented consistently towards the fiscal interests of the state. The direct results of this were increased tributary payments and the withdrawal of one's “protection document” (Schutzbrief) if taxes were not paid. Second, legislators for the territories developed a multiplicity of restrictive decrees concerning the gainful employment of Jews. Consequently, there were only a few economic niches n i which “privileged Jews” (Scbutzjuden) were permitted to earn a living. In the countryside — which is where such settlements were mainly situated in the early modern period — Jews were thus dependent upon peddling foods, textiles and cattle as well as upon lending money. The specific methods of business which developed from this were reflected in the anti-Jewish legend of the deceptive travelling salesman who, by awakening ever new consumer needs, brought his Christian customers into increasing debt. If one confronts this legend with reality, one finds two characteristic methods of business which arose out of necessity: the cultivation of a varied palette of goods offered, and the development of a differentiated system of payment by instalments. At the same time, these business methods accorded with the model of an “economy of makeshift”. In the sense of such “makeshift trade”, Jewish peddlers were prepared to travel for days in order to make even the most insignificant profits.

In the agricultural societies of Early Modern History Jews did not only have a share in the available rural common property such as water, pasture or woodland, they also had to pay their share of community charges. The conflicts arising from this contribution are outlined, as in the case of a controversy in Pfersee, a village near Augsburg, during the War of the Spanish Succession. The topic deals with the long-term historical change within the relationship of both religious groups resulting from the exchange processes in terms of the utilization of resources and burden-sharing. The arguments of the Jewish side favoured ›equal‹ contributions while the Christian villagers regarded themselves as the exclusive owners of municipal rights but claimed higher rates from the Jews. Between 1703 and 1712 the dispute in Pfersee culminated in the fundamental question as to whether the Jews were »cives romani« and therefore to be put on an equal footing with the Christians. In the following debate both sides can refer to positions of the contemporary legal literature that ultimately reflect the contradictory or interpretable position of the Jews.