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ABSTRACT Fungal cell walls are dynamic extracellular matrices that enable efficient adaptation to changing environments. While the cell wall compositions of yeasts, human, and plant pathogenic fungi have been studied to some extent, the cell walls of mycoparasites remain poorly characterized. Trichoderma species comprise a diverse group of soil fungi with different survival strategies and lifestyles. The comparative study of cell wall carbohydrate-active enzymes in 13 Trichoderma spp. revealed that the types of enzymes involved in chitin and chitosan metabolism are phylogenetically distant between mycoparasitic and saprotrophic species. Here, we compare the carbohydrate composition and function of the cell wall of a saprotrophic strain Trichoderma reesei with that of the mycoparasitic, biological control agent Trichoderma atroviride. Monosaccharide and glycosidic linkage analyses as well as dual in situ interaction assays showed that the cell wall polysaccharide composition is conserved between both species, except for the amounts of chitin detected. The results suggest that the observed accumulation of chitosan during mycoparasitism may prevent host recognition. Remarkably, Trichoderma atroviride undergoes dynamic cell wall adaptations during both vegetative development and mycoparasitism, which appears to be confirmed by an evolutionarily expanded group of specialized enzymes. Overall, our analyses support the notion that habitat specialization is reflected in cell wall architecture and that plastic chitin remodeling may confer an advantage to mycoparasites, ultimately enabling the successful invasion and parasitism of plant pathogens. This information may potentially be exploited for the control of crop diseases using biological agents.IMPORTANCETrichoderma species are emerging model fungi for the development of biocontrol agents and are used in industrial biotechnology as efficient enzyme producers. Fungal cell walls are complex structures that differ in carbohydrate, protein, and enzyme composition across taxa. Here, we present a chemical characterization of the cell walls of two Trichoderma spp., namely the predominantly saprotrophic Trichoderma reesei and the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride. Chemical profiling revealed that Trichoderma spp. remodel their cell wall to adapt to particular lifestyles, with dynamic changes during vegetative development. Importantly, we found that chitosan accumulation during mycoparasitism of a fungal host emerged as a sophisticated strategy underpinning an effective attack. These insights shed light on the molecular mechanisms that allow mycoparasites to overcome host defenses and can be exploited to improve the application of T. atroviride in biological pest control. Moreover, our results provide valuable information for targeting the fungal cell wall for therapeutic purposes.

I denna studie undersöks hur skyddssökande som kom till Sverige 2014-2015 orienteras i en ny tillvaro och hur deras orientering och meningsskapande ändras över tid. Utifrån en longitudinell design där vi intervjuat deltagarna vid två tillfällen med några års mellanrum (2018 och 2022) analyserar vi med hjälp av Sara Ahmeds orienteringsbegrepp deltagarnas levda erfarenheter av handlingsutrymme och inkludering i Sverige. Analysen visar en tydlig orientering mot att vilja lära sig svenska och få ett arbete men att vägen dit är svårframkomlig och kantad av hinder. Språkinlärning och språkutbildning blir såväl något att organisera sitt hopp om en bättre framtid kring som något som skapar institutionella stopp. Deltagarnas erfarenheter understryker även betydelsen av studieförbundens inkluderande policy, som skapar tillgängliga sociala rum. Mot bakgrund av senare års repressiva migrationspolitik diskuteras hur den offentliga problembilden av “misslyckad integration” tenderar att osynliggöra människors ansträngningar och strategier i strävan efter inkludering och en bättre framtid.

Denna text är en reflektion över hur en forskarutbildningskurs kan designas för att ge förutsättningar för lärprocesser som understödjer progression mot självständiga färdigheter avseende vetenskaplig metod, forskningsetik och analys. Reflektionen tar avstamp i de utmaningar som det innebär att ge tid för fördjupning i en alltmer tidspressad och standardiserad forskarutbildning. Med kursen Etnografisk forskning i socialt arbete (7.5 hp) som exempel och med stöd av kursdeltagares skriftliga utsagor om kursen diskuterar författarna skapandet av en kurs där det finns gott om tid, där deltagarnas avhandlingsprojekt står i fokus för kursupplägg och innehåll och där den pedagogiska ambitionen är att stödja ett långsiktigt lärande. Ytterst reser reflektionen frågor om vad som händer med kursutbud och kvalitet i en forskarutbildning där kraven på tidseffektivitet ständigt ökar. ENGLISH ABSTRACT Time, process, and progression: from beginner to researcher in (time-pressed) third cycle education This text seeks to reflect on how third cycle-courses can be designed providing conditions for learning processes supporting progression towards independent skills regarding scientific method, research ethics and analysis. One basis for these reflections is the contemporary challenge of providing time for in-depth learning in an increasingly time-pressured standardized doctoral program. Another basis is the course “Ethnographic research in social work” (7,5 credits) which forms an empirical example as well as course participants’ written statements about the course. The authors discuss the creation of this course which includes plenty of time, where participants’ dissertation projects are in focus for the course structure and content, and where the pedagogical ambition is to support a long-term in learning. The reflection raises questions about what happens with quality in third cycle-courses when demands on time efficiency are continuously increasing.

Artikeln är ett empiriskt bidrag som med utgångspunkt i Arlie R. Hochschilds teori om känslohantering undersöker emotionella dimensioner av behandlingsassistenters arbete med låst tvångsvård av barn och unga i Sverige. De institutioner som står i fokus för studien är så kallade särskilda ungdomshem. Karaktäristiskt för dessa institutioner är ett riskorienterat förhållningssätt till målgruppen, som kommer till uttryck i ett tilltagande organisatoriskt fokus på säkerhet, såsom höga staket, låsta dörrar och fönster, kameror, larm och långtgående restriktioner för ungdomarna. Syftet med denna artikel är att analysera hur dessa högt ställda krav på säkerhet får betydelse och förstås av de behandlingsassistenter som arbetar på institutionerna, med fokus på hur denna förståelse tar sig uttryck i ett emotionellt arbete. I analysen visar vi att säkerhet på särskilda ungdomshem inte kan reduceras till enbart rumsliga och materiella dimensioner, utan att säkerhet också är något som i hög grad görs av behandlingsassistenterna genom det emotionella arbete de utför. Vi redogör för två framträdande strategier i detta emotionella arbete som vi kallar att vara på sin vakt utan att visa det respektive att backa upp varandra. Med hjälp av Hochschild kan vi också fånga den växelverkan som sker mellan de särskilda ungdomshemmens institutionella kontext och behandlingsassistenternas känsloarbete, och hur behandlingsassistenternas arbete är förenat med ett krävande ytagerande. Det empiriska underlaget för studien omfattar två etnografiska forskningsprojekt, som totalt omfattar sju avdelningar för pojkar och unga män i åldern 13–21 år, fördelade på fem särskilda ungdomshem. Materialet för den föreliggande artikeln är baserat på deltagande observationer och intervjuer med institutionernas behandlingsassistenter.

To find out exactly how sowing density and sowing pattern affect soybean grain yield, quality and its components in non-traditional soybean growing regions, such as Germany, two field trials have been conducted at two locations in Bavaria in 2016 and 2017. The experiments were carried out with four sowing densities (30, 50, 70, 90 seeds/m2) and four cultivars from different maturity groups (Viola 000, Lissabon 000, ES Mentor 00, Orion 00) as randomized complete block design with four replicates. Almost all evaluated traits varied significantly depending on year × location. There was no interaction between the main factors (cultivar × sowing density). The results revealed that grain yield and height of the first pod increased with increase of sowing density. The number of pods per plant and branching decreased with increasing sowing density. At higher sowing densities at flowering leaf area index was significantly higher than at lower sowing densities. The cv. ES Mentor (00) with 70 seeds/m2 has proved to be a suitable cultivar in terms of yield and quality in southern Germany (> 3.6 t/ha grain yield and 40% protein).

Currently, new business models created in the sharing economy differ considerably and they differ in the formation of trust as well. If and how trust can be created is shown by a comparison of two examples which diverge in their founding philosophy. The chosen example of community-based economy, Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), no longer trusts the capitalist system and therefore distances itself and creates its own environment including a new business model. It is implemented within rather small groups where trust is created by personal relations and face-to-face communication. On the contrary, the example of a platform economy, the accommodation-provider company Airbnb, shows trust in the system and pushes technological innovations through the use of platform applications. It promotes trust and confidence in the progress of technology. For the conceptual analysis, the distinction between personal trust and system trust defined by Niklas Luhmann is adopted. The analysis describes two different modes of trust formation and how they push distrust or improve trust. Grounded on these analyses, assumptions on the process of trust formation within varying models of the sharing economy are formulated as well as a hypothesis about possible developments is introduced for further research.

Fungal parasitism depends on the ability to invade host organisms and mandates adaptive cell wall remodeling to avoid detection and defense reactions by the host. All plant and human pathogens share invasive strategies, which aid to escape the chitin-triggered and chitin-targeted host immune system. Here we describe the full spectrum of the chitin/chitosan-modifying enzymes in the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride with a central role in cell wall remodeling. Rapid adaption to a variety of growth conditions, environmental stresses and host defense mechanisms such as oxidative stress depend on the concerted interplay of these enzymes and, ultimately, are necessary for the success of the mycoparasitic attack. To our knowledge, we provide the first in class description of chitin and associated glycopolymer synthesis in a mycoparasite and demonstrate that they are essential for biocontrol. Eight chitin synthases, six chitin deacetylases, additional chitinolytic enzymes, including six chitosanases, transglycosylases as well as accessory proteins are involved in this intricately regulated process. Systematic and biochemical classification, phenotypic characterization and mycoparasitic confrontation assays emphasize the importance of chitin and chitosan assembly in vegetative development and biocontrol in T. atroviride. Our findings critically contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of chitin synthesis in filamentous fungi and mycoparasites with the overarching goal to selectively exploit the discovered biocontrol strategies.

The majority of all fungal formulations contain Trichoderma spp., making them effective biological control agents for agriculture. Chitosan, one of the most effective natural biopolymers, was also reported as a plant resistance enhancer and as a biocide against a variety of plant pathogens. An in vitro three-way interaction assay of T. atroviride, chitosan, and important plant pathogens (such as Cercospora beticola and Fusarium oxysporum) revealed a synergistic effect on fungistasis. Furthermore, chitosan coating on Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris seeds positively affected the onset and efficiency of germination. We show that priming with T. atroviride spores or chitosan leads to the induced expression of a pathogenesis-related gene (PR-3), but only supplementation of chitosan led to significant upregulation of phytoalexin synthesis (PAL) and oxidative stress-related genes (GST) as a defense response. Repeated foliar application of either agent promoted growth, triggered defense reactions, and reduced incidence of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease in B. vulgaris. Our data suggest that both agents are excellent candidates to replace or assist common fungicides in use. Chitosan triggered the systemic resistance and had a biocidal effect, while T. atroviride mainly induced stress-related defense genes in B. vulgaris. We assume that both agents act synergistically across different signaling pathways, which could be of high relevance for their combinatorial and thus beneficial application on field.

Abstract Background Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a rare and life-threatening anomaly that occurs during fetal development and results in an incomplete or incorrect formation of the diaphragm. Surgical therapy of the diaphragm should be performed after clinical stabilization of the neonate. Higher hospital or surgeon volume has previously been found to be associated with better clinical outcomes for different especially high-risk, low-volume procedures. Therefore, we aim to examine the relationship between hospital or surgeon volume and outcomes for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Methods This systematic review protocol has been designed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocol. We will perform a systematic literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Biosis Previews without applying any limitations. In addition, we will search for relevant conference abstracts. We will screen titles and abstracts of retrieved studies, obtain potentially relevant full texts, and assess the eligibility of those full texts against our inclusion criteria. We will include comparative studies analyzing the relationship between hospital or surgeon volume and clinical outcomes. We will systematically assess risk of bias of included studies and extract data on the study design, patient characteristics, case-mix adjustments, statistical methods, hospital and surgeon volume, and outcomes into standardized tables. Title and abstract screening, full-text screening, critical appraisal, and data extraction of results will be conducted by two reviewers independently. Other data will be extracted by one reviewer and checked for accuracy by a second one. Any disagreements will be resolved by discussion. We will not perform a meta-analysis as we expect included studies to be clinically and methodologically very diverse. We will synthesize findings from primary studies in a structured narrative way and using GRADE. Discussion Given the lack of a comprehensive summary of findings on the relationship between hospital or surgeon volume and outcomes for congenital diaphragmatic hernia, this systematic review will put things right. Results can be used to inform decision makers or clinicians and to adapt medical care. Systematic review registration PROSPERO (CRD42018090231)

Objective: The current obesity pandemic represents a major health burden, given that it predisposes to the development of numerous obesity-associated disorders. The obesity-derived adipokines not only impair systemic insulin action but also increase the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly prevalent cancer with poor prognosis. Thus, worldwide incidences of HCC are expected to further increase, and defining the molecular as well as cellular mechanisms will allow for establishing new potential treatment options. The adipose tissue of obese individuals increases circulating leptin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, which both share similar signaling capacities such as Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) and Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation. While mouse models with deficient IL-6 signaling show an ameliorated but not absent Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC development, the morbid obesity in mice with mutant leptin signaling complicates the dissection of hepatic leptin receptor (LEPR) and IL-6 signaling in HCC development. Here we have investigated the function of compensating hepatic LEPR expression in HCC development of IL-6Rα-deficient mice. Methods: We generated and characterized a mouse model of hepatic LEPR deficiency that was intercrossed with IL-6Rα-deficient mice. Cohorts of single and double knockout mice were subjected to the DEN-HCC model to ascertain liver cancer development and characterize metabolic alterations. Results: We demonstrate that both high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and IL-6Rα deficiency induce hepatic Lepr expression. Consistently, double knockout mice show a further reduction in tumor burden in DEN-induced HCC when compared to control and single LepRL−KO/IL-6Rα knock out mice, whereas metabolism remained largely unaltered between the genotypes. Conclusions: Our findings reveal a compensatory role for hepatic LEPR in HCC development of IL-6Rα-deficient mice and suggest hepatocyte-specific leptin signaling as promoter of HCC under obese conditions. Keywords: Hepatic leptin receptor, Ob-R, Hepatocellular carcinoma, IL-6Rα deficiency, Obesity

Die Aufnahme von Gemeinem Kreuzkraut (Senecio vulgaris) über Lebensmittel kann wegen des Gehalts an Pyrrolizidinalkaloiden (PA) zu gesundheitlichen Schäden führen. Daher werden pflanzenbauliche Ansätze gesucht, um Beimischungen mit S. vulgaris zu vermindern. In Klimaschränken wurde der Einfluss von Temperatur und Lichtverhältnissen sowie einer vorgeschalteten Einwirkung von Frost oder Trockenstress auf das Keimvermögen von S. vulgaris geprüft. Weiterhin wurden im Sommer 2016 vier Sätze von S. vulgaris auf der Versuchsstation Kleinhohenheim, Stuttgart, ausgesät, um den PA-Gehalt in den verschiedenen Pflanzenteilen und zu verschiedenen Jahreszeiten zu analysieren. Bei Licht und ohne Vorbehandlung keimten die Samen bei 5 °C, 10 °C und 20 °C zu 84 bis 87 %, im Dunkeln lagen die Werte etwas darunter. Eine Vorbehandlung mit Frost führte bei anschließender Keimtemperatur von 5 °C zu signifikant mehr ungekeimten, intakten Samen (75 %) gegenüber der Kontrolle (20 %) oder der Variante mit Trockenstress (8 %). Die Blüte von S. vulgaris enthielten bis zu 7600 mg PA/kg in der luftgetrockneten Biomasse und damit signifikant höhere PA-Summengehalte (Σ Retrorsin, Senecionin, Seneciphyllin, Senecivernin sowie deren korrespondierende N-Oxide) als Stängel und Blätter. Mit späterer Saatzeit stieg der Gehalt an PA in Blättern signifikant. PA-Gehalte in Nutzpflanzen durch Kontamination mit S. vulgaris könnten effektiv reduziert werden, wenn keine Blüten in das Erntegut gelangten. Niedrige Temperaturen und Frost scheinen die unerwünschte Samenüberdauerung von S. vulgaris zu fördern. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt sind Blütenbildung und Aussamen gegen Ende der Vegetationsperiode besonders kritisch. Späte Ernteschnitte von Heil- und Gewürzpflanzen oder Schnittsalaten sind zu vermeiden, um Blüten- und Samenbildung von S. vulgaris kurz vor dem Winter einzuschränken, und um Beimischungen mit saisonal erhöhten PA-Gehalten zu verhindern.

Oilseed rape production is under pressure due to a limited availability of herbicides. Therefore, the performance in terms of management intensity (MI) and herbicide strategy (HS) and the involved yield formation was evaluated in a two-year Clearfield® oilseed rape field experiment. Furthermore, weed density and weed composition were also investigated. The variants of MI were standard sowing density (StS; seed rate: 50 seeds m−2, primary tillage: plow, row width: 12 cm), reduced sowing density (RD; seed rate: 25 seeds m−2, primary tillage: plow, row width: 50 cm), and strip-till (ST; seed rate: 25 seeds m−2, primary tillage: strip tillage, row width: 50 cm). The variants of HS were preemergence strategy (PES; application of dimethachlor, napropamide, clomazone in preemergence and application of prapaquizafop in postemergence) and Clearfield® strategy (CLS; application of imazamox, quinmerac in preemergence, no postemergence herbicide application). In the first year of the trial, there were no interactions between the factors in terms of grain yield. Grain yield in StS was 3.85 t and 5.2% significantly lower than in ST, and the value of RD was not significantly different from StS and ST. Grain yield in CLS was 3.7 t and 2.7% lower than in PES. In the second year of the trial, the grain yield in ST CLS was significantly lower, and there were no significant differences between the other variants. Higher weed emergence was observed in CLS RD (2.7 to 4 times higher weed density compared to PES RD) and CLS ST (2.8 to 4.5 times higher weed density compared to PES ST). No significant differences existed between StS PES and StS CLS in both trial years. The Clearfield® system offers significant advantages in the control of cruciferous weeds. Although these did not occur on the trial fields, the Clearfield® system in this study showed to be an alternative to the more common pre-emergence system, especially with regard to the parameter grain yield.

The cultivation area of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is increasing in Germany as a way to ensure self-sufficiency through its use as feed and food. However, climatic conditions needed for soybean cultivation are not appropriate in all parts of the country. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation on soybean seed productivity and quality in central and south Germany. A multi-factorial field trial was carried out with three replicates at four locations in 2016 and five locations in 2017, testing 13 soybean varieties from the maturity groups MG 00 and MG 000. Considering all the tested factors, “variety” was highly significant concerning protein content (Ø 41.1% dry matter (DM)) and oil content (Ø 19.1% in DM), but not seed yield (Ø 40.5 dt ha−1).The broad sense heritability of protein content was H2 = 0.80 and of oil content H2 = 0.7. Protein and oil content were significantly negatively correlated (r = −0.82). Seed yield was significantly positively correlated with solar radiation (r = 0.32) and precipitation (r = 0.33), but significantly negatively with Crop Heat Units (CHU) (r = −0.42). Over both experimental years, varieties from maturity group MG 00 were less significantly correlated with the tested environmental factors than varieties from maturity group MG 000. None of the environmental factors tested significantly increased the protein or oil content of soybean. In growing areas with heat periods during ripening, protein content tended to be higher than in cooler areas; in areas with high solar radiation during flowering, protein content tended to be reduced.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is one of the most important crops worldwide. In several European countries such as Germany, soybean cultivation is not traditional and as such remains to be optimized. One option to increase soybean production is to adapt and improve the seeding system. To investigate the effects of different seeding systems on seed yield, seed protein, and oil content, plant characteristics were assessed using a two-factorial (two seeding systems and four cultivars) field trial over two years (2017–2018) at two locations in southeast Germany. The seeding systems were drill (row spacing 14 cm) and precision seeding (row spacing 28 cm), and the cultivars were Viola 000, Lissabon 000, ES Mentor 00, and Orion 00. Depending on the seeding system, a seed yield of 3.8 t ha−1 dry matter (DM), 40.9% protein content (DM), and 18.8% oil content (DM) was achieved by drilling, and 3.6 t ha−1 yield (DM), 40.1% protein content (DM), and 19.1% oil content (DM) with precision seeding (average across four cultivars, two locations, and two years). No significant effects of the seeding system on all seed and plant characteristics were observed. As drilling and precision seeding did not affect the seed yield, seed protein, oil contents, and plant characteristics of soybean in this study, farmers are able to choose the seeding system which fits best into their farms and is economically most viable.

Biological and vegetarian raw food products, in particular based on legume sprouts, are an increasing food trend, due to their improved nutritional value when compared to seeds. Herein, protein and mineral profiles were studied in 12 lentil varieties, with varieties Du Puy, Kleine Schwarze, Rosana, Flora, Große Rote and Kleine Späths II demonstrating the highest protein percentages. After sprouting, protein percentages increased significantly in 10 of the 12 varieties, with the highest increases ranging between 20–23% in Dunkelgrün Marmorierte, Du Puy, Große Rote and Kleine Späths II varieties. While Fe concentration was significantly decreased in three varieties (Samos, Große Rote and Kleine Späths II), Zn and Mn were positively impacted by sprouting (p ≤ 0.05). Magnesium concentration was not affected by sprouting, while Ca and K had percentage increases between 41% and 58%, and 28% and 30%, respectively, in the best performing varieties (Kleine Schwarze, Dunkelgrün Marmorierte, Samos and Rosana). Regardless of the associated nutritional benefits, issues pertaining to sprouts microbiological safety must be ensured. The best results for the disinfection protocols were obtained when combining the seed treatment with SDS reagent followed by an Amukine application on the sprouts, which did not affect germination rates or sprout length. The increasing levels of sprout consumption throughout the world require efficient implementation of safety measures, as well as a knowledge-based selection for the nutritional quality of the seeds.

This article analyses language interpretation in the context of maternity health care. By scrutinising how maternity health care staff reflects upon their experiences from the everyday institutional setting, the article shows that they are caught between a discourse on language interpretation as migrants’ rights and a racialised discourse where language is intertwined with notions of ‘otherness’. As such, language interpretation becomes subsumed into a range of different practices that seek to discipline migrant women to meet the demands from Swedish society. In the article, therefore, the everyday practice by the health care staff is looked upon as a form of citizenship-making, and the article emphasises how racialised discourses take different shapes in different institutional contexts. Thus, the article shows that the practice of language interpretation cannot, in this context, be fully understood without including the larger socio-political context.

Obesity increases the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in part through the activation of obesity-associated proinflammatory signaling. Here, we show that in lean mice, abrogation of IL-6Rα signaling protects against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC development. HCC protection occurs via Mcl-1 destabilization, thus promoting hepatocyte apoptosis. IL-6 regulates Mcl-1 stability via the inhibition of PP-1α expression, promoting GSK-3β inactivation. In addition, IL-6 suppresses expression of the Mcl-1 E3 ligase (Mule). Consequently, IL-6Rα deficiency activates PP-1α and Mule expression, resulting in increased Mcl-1 turnover and protection against HCC development. In contrast, in obesity, inhibition of PP-1α and Mule expression, leading to Mcl-1 stabilization, occurs independently of IL-6 signaling. Collectively, this study provides evidence that obesity inhibits hepatocyte apoptosis through Mcl-1 stabilization independent of IL-6 signaling, thus promoting liver carcinogenesis.

The introduction of imidazolinone-tolerant oilseed rape (Brassica napus; Clearfield®, CL OSR) meets with skepticism on volunteer control. This study examined the disposition to secondary seed dormancy of 15 CL OSR geno­types at two locations in south-west Germany in 2012/2013 (trial 1) between sown seed (F1) and harvested seed (F2), and effects of maternal environment on dormancy disposition on CL and non-CL OSR in 12 locations in Germany in 2011/2012 (trial 2). The CL genotypes differed in dormancy from 0 to 95.7% in the F1 generation and from 3.5 to 77.9% for their corresponding offspring (F2). The dormancy levels of the F1 generations corresponded to that of the F2 generations. This correlation was higher if seeds derived from flowers which have been isolated in the plastic bags and thus outcrossing has been prevented. Seed lots from individual isolated F1 plants deviated in dormancy by up to 30% from the mean of all isolated plants of a specific genotype. In trial 2, seeds from low dormancy genotypes tended to respond more strongly to maternal environment than high dormancy genotypes did. Precipitation during the period of ripening was positively correlated with dormancy (R = 0.78). Overall, breeders can use the dormancy values of the F1 generation to assess the potential of dormancy in their offspring, which are those seeds that are relevant for causing volunteers if several other external conditions are fitting. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2016.06.03, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2016.06.03

“Honour-related” violence and oppression has become an important issue for various social institutions in Sweden during the last decade. The school is one of these and has been awarded a particular responsibility to detect and take action against this violence. Aside from a few studies however, knowledge remains limited regarding how professionals in various institutions take measures against this violence. In this article I examine how the school’s mission to combat “honour-related” violence and oppression has evolved into a practice permeated by national notions. With the support of empirical examples, I will show how efforts to tackle “honour-related” violence are based on ideas of “Swedish” values, national borders, and gender, and how these become tools for production of exclusion and inclusion. Attention is also given to how boys and girls who are brought together with an “honour cultural” background are assigned different positions in the “Swedish” community. The study is based on interviews with student welfare staff, participant observations on training days for school staff about “honour-related” violence, and document studies.

Row crops and field grown vegetables, such as white cabbage (Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. alba), are affected by soil erosion caused by rainfall energy. Conservation tillage, such as strip-tillage, is the most effective way to reduce soil erosion. Hence, the objectives of this study were to develop and modify the strip-tillage system for white cabbage and lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.), and to assess its potential towards controlling soil erosion. In 2011 and 2012 rainfall simulations showed significantly lower soil loss under strip-tillage (ST) than under the moldboard plow (MP). Soil loss under MP was 512 g m–2 in 2011 and 210 g m–2 in 2012, while ST reduced soil loss by 80% in 2011 and 90% in 2012. The ST sampling positions for soil property assessments were in the non-tilled zone i.e. between the planting row (ST_BR) and the tilled zone, within the planting row (ST_IR). Top soil bulk density (0­10 cm) was lowest in ST_IR (1.24 g cm–3), followed by MP (1.33 g cm–3) and ST_BR (1.53 g cm–3). Penetration resistance in the top soil was also lowest in ST_IR followed by MP and ST_BR. Plant available water [L m–2] from 0–40 cm was higher in ST_BR compared to MP and ST_IR. In 2011 average cabbage head weight was not affected by tillage treatment. In 2012 the cabbage head weight was significantly higher in ST (1.85 kg) than in MP (1.62 kg). The results show that strip-tillage can be a viable option for crops which are exposed to an erosion risk, such as white cabbage. DOI: 10.5073/JfK.2014.11.01, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2014.11.01

Mycoparasitic species of the fungal genus Trichoderma are potent antagonists able to combat plant pathogenic fungi by direct parasitism. An essential step in this mycoparasitic fungus-fungus interaction is the detection of the fungal host followed by activation of molecular weapons in the mycoparasite by host-derived signals. The Trichoderma atroviride MAP kinase Tmk1, a homolog of yeast Fus3/Kss1, plays an essential role in regulating the mycoparasitic host attack, aerial hyphae formation and conidiation. However, the transcription factors acting downstream of Tmk1 are hitherto unknown. Here we analyzed the functions of the T. atroviride Ste12 transcription factor whose orthologue in yeast is targeted by the Fus3 and Kss1 MAP kinases. Deletion of the ste12 gene in T. atroviride not only resulted in reduced mycoparasitic overgrowth and lysis of host fungi but also led to loss of hyphal avoidance in the colony periphery and a severe reduction in conidial anastomosis tube formation and vegetative hyphal fusion events. The transcription of several orthologues of Neurospora crassa hyphal fusion genes was reduced upon ste12 deletion; however, the Δste12 mutant showed enhanced expression of mycoparasitism-relevant chitinolytic and proteolytic enzymes and of the cell wall integrity MAP kinase Tmk2. Based on the comparative analyses of Δste12 and Δtmk1 mutants, an essential role of the Ste12 transcriptional regulator in mediating outcomes of the Tmk1 MAPK pathway such as regulation of the mycoparasitic activity, hyphal fusion and carbon source-dependent vegetative growth is suggested. Aerial hyphae formation and conidiation, in contrast, were found to be independent of Ste12.

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) were mixed cropped with lentils (Lens culinaris) in five seeding ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) at the Experimental Station for Organic Farming Kleinhohenheim, SW Germany in the years 2009 and 2010. Aim of the study was to test the effect of different mixing ratios on seed quality (crude protein: CP, thousand kernel mass: TKM) of cereals and lentils. Seed crude protein of cereals increased significantly when their proportion was reduced in the mixture with their companion crop lentil. Wheat crude protein increased from 10.3% DM (2009) and 11.0% DM (2010) in monocropping to 11.5% DM (2009) and 15.1% DM (2010) in mixed cropping with 75% lentils. Barley crude protein increased in the same way from 13.7% DM in monocropping to 15.8% DM in mixed cropping with 75% lentils. The percentage of CP in lentils, however, did not differ significantly across all mixing ratios. The TKM of cereals and lentils increased significantly when their share in the mixture was decreased. Generally, the total crude protein yield in mixtures (one cereal crop plus lentils) was significantly higher than that in cereal or lentil monocropping. Mixed cropping with lentils can thus be an option to obtain a high protein content of wheat which is important for a suitable bread-making quality, particularly in organic farming. If barley is used for feed or food, a high protein content in mixed cropping with lentils is also welcome. On the other hand, malting barley seems not a suitable partner for a mixed cropping system with lentils as the protein content might be too high.

Um die Entwicklung der Symbiose zwischen Soja und Bradyrhizobium japonicum zu garantieren, wird das Saatgut vor der Aussaat hierzulande üblicherweise inokuliert. Die in Deutschland erhältlichen Impfmittel führen nach Einschätzungen aus der Praxis jedoch oft zu unterschiedlich guten Symbioseleistungen und somit Ertragsschwankungen, und letztendlich zu Unsicherheiten bei der Wahl des Produktes. Aus diesem Grund wurden an der Universität Hohenheim mit einem Kurztest in einem Gefäßversuch unter standardisierten Bedingungen verschiedene auf dem deutschen Markt verfügbare Impfmittel auf ihre Wirksamkeit geprüft. Im Versuch wurden die Mittel Force 48, NPPL HiStick, RhizoFlo, NPPL Microgranulés, Radicin N° 7 und das vorinokulierte Saatgut „Fix Fertig“ miteinander verglichen. Die geprüften Soja-Sorten waren Merlin, Primus und Cordoba. Zwischen den Impfmitteln traten signifikante Unterschiede in der Anzahl der gebildeten Knöllchen und der Knöllchentrockenmasse pro Pflanze auf. Der Knöllchenansatz betrug je nach Impfmittel und Sojasorte zwischen 5 und 143 Knöllchen pro Pflanze. Eine große Anzahl Knöllchen bildete sich durchweg mit Force 48, RhizoFlo und NPPL Microgranulés, eine geringe Anzahl bei Fix Fertig und Radicin. Die Knöllchenmasse pro Pflanze (zwischen 0,17 und 0,40 g) war ebenfalls abhängig vom Impfmittel und auch von der Sorte; am wenigsten bildete die Sorte Merlin mit Radicin und Primus mit NPPL Microgranulés. Die Knöllchenmasse korrelierte außerdem bei der Sorte Merlin positiv mit dem oberirdischen Biomasseaufwuchs. Eine der Ursachen für die Unterschiede in der Knöllchenbildung waren vermutlich die verschiedenen Mengen an lebensfähigen Rhizobienzellen in den Impfmitteln. Weiterhin schienen die Formulierung und zusätz­liche Haftmittel die Infektionsrate von B. japonicum zu beeinflussen. Speziell bei durch den Hersteller vorinokuliertem Saatgut könnte eine zu lange Zeitspanne zwischen Inokulation und Aussaat geringere Infektionsraten verursacht haben. Über eine Einteilung der Knöllchen in 14 Größenklassen von ≤ 1,0 mm bis ≥ 7,1 mm Durchmesser konnte gezeigt werden, dass ein geringer Knöllchenansatz über die Bildung größerer Knöllchen teilweise kompensiert werden kann. Grundsätzlich traten die in der Praxis beobachteten Unterschiede in der Wirksamkeit von Impfmitteln bei Soja auch in diesem Gefäßversuch auf. Die Menge an lebensfähigen Rhizobienzellen im Ausgangsprodukt und zum Zeitpunkt der Aussaat scheinen wichtige Aspekte der Wirksamkeit von Impfmitteln zu sein, die angepasst werden können. Für die Optimierung der Inokulation sollten weiterhin spezifische Interaktionen zwischen Sojasorte und Rhizobienstamm geprüft werden.

Der Anbau von Linsen (Lens culinaris) stellt in Deutschland derzeit noch eine Nische dar; dieses ist auch darauf zurückzuführen, dass der wissenschaftlich-technische Fortschritt im Bereich der Unkrautregulierung unter ökologischen Bedingungen durch die lange Anbaupause von ca. 50 Jahren hierzulande nicht stattfand. Eine Zusammenstellung von Verfahren zur Unkrautregulierung in Linsen aus 1. der Historie des Linsenanbaus in Mittel­europa sowie 2. aus aktuellen Studien internationaler Arbeitsgruppen soll in einer Literaturübersicht Möglichkeiten aufzeigen, Konzepte für die Unkrautregulierung unter mitteleuropäischen Bedingungen im Ökologischen Landbau zu entwickeln, um den Linsenanbau auszuweiten. Als indirekte Verfahren der Unkrautregulierung in Linsen werden Saatgutreinheit, Fruchtfolge, Sortenwahl, Grundbodenbearbeitung, Saattermin, Bestandesdichte sowie Wahl der Stützfrucht für den Mischanbau diskutiert. Umsetzbar erscheint nach den dazu zusammengestellten Ergebnissen eine Anpassung der Fruchtfolge mit einem Ausbau der Stellung von Linsen nach Hackfrüchten. Die überkommene Vorstellung, erfolgreicher Linsen­anbau gelänge nur auf marginalen Standorten, muss hierbei kritisch hinterfragt werden. Die Erhöhung der Saatstärke bzw. der Bestandesdichte ist eine aussichts­reiche und einfach zu realisierende Maßnahme, um die Konkurrenzfähigkeit des Linsenbestandes bzw. -gemenges durch hohe Biomasseproduktion und hohen Deckungsgrad der Kulturpflanzen zu verbessern. Speziell im Mischanbau ließe sich der Anteil einer in der Regel konkurrenzstärkeren Stützfrucht (meistens Getreide) erhöhen, um eine Unkrautunterdrückung ohne gravierende Ertragseinbußen bei den Linsen zu erzielen. Eine frühe Aussaat im Frühjahr kann durch den sich dann stark entwickelten Kulturpflanzenbestand unkrautunterdrückend sein. Da die Grundbodenbearbeitung im Ökologischen Landbau überwiegend mit dem Pflug erfolgt, ist aus dieser Sicht eine hinlängliche Unkrautregulierung bereits gegeben. Als direkte Verfahren werden mechanische und thermische Verfahren diskutiert. Abflammen oder Solarisation erscheinen für Deutschland auf Grund der Kosten bzw. des Klimas nicht realistisch. Ähnlich unrealistisch sind in industrialisierten Ländern aus Kostengründen Unkrautjäten und Handhacke, obwohl diese Verfahren effektiv sind. Drei realistische Strategien wurden für die mechanische Unkrautregulierung im Ökologischen Landbau herausgearbeitet: 1. vergleichsweise späte Aussaat und mehrfaches Abschleppen der Fläche vor der Saat zur Stimulierung der Keimung von keimbereiten Samen („Falsches Saatbett“); 2. tiefe Saatgutablage und Blindstriegeln; 3. Hacken (bei weitem Reihenabstand) oder Striegeln. Bei der mecha­nischen Bearbeitung im Bestand ist zu prüfen, ob bei steinigen Böden später Ernteprobleme durch Steine auf der Bodenoberfläche auftreten. Die Vielzahl der vorgestellten Verfahren zur nicht-chemischen Unkrautregulierung im Linsenanbau erlaubt den Anbauern, individuelle Strategien zu entwickeln, die an die jeweiligen lokalen betrieblichen Bedingungen angepasst sind. Die meisten dieser Strategien lassen sich dann auch in anderen Kulturen im Ökologischen Landbau einsetzen.

Der Anbau von Topinambur (Helianthus tuberosus L.) als nachwachsender Rohstoff hat trotz vielversprechenden Potentials noch keinen Einzug in die Praxis gefunden. Ein Grund dafür ist, dass bei der maschinellen Rodung durchschnittlich ein Drittel der Knollen im Boden verbleiben, die im nächsten Jahr in der nachfolgenden Frucht wieder als Durchwuchs austreiben. In einem Feldversuch wurden zwei verschiedene Rodungsmethoden für Topinamburknollen in den beiden Jahren 2009 und 2010 verglichen: die Rodung mit Weideschweinen und die maschinelle Rodung mit einem Schleuderradroder. Die Methoden unterschieden sich im Rodungszeitpunkt und der Dauer (Rodung mit Weideschweinen: 50 Tage zwischen Mai und Oktober, maschinelle Rodung: 1 Tag im März). Bei der Rodung mit Weideschweinen wurden sechs Tiere für eine reine Topinamburfläche von 96 m2 eingesetzt, wobei pro Tier und Tag eine Fläche von durchschnittlich 0,34 m2 gerodet wurde. Um den Rodungserfolg der jeweiligen Methode bewerten zu können, wurde die Anzahl im Boden befindlicher Knollen unmittelbar vor und nach der Rodung gezählt. Bei der Rodung nicht erfasste Knollen, die wieder austrieben, wurden über Zählung der Durchwuchspflanzen in der nachfolgenden Kultur bestimmt. Die Rodung mit den Weideschweinen erwies sich als sehr effiziente Methode, um den überwiegenden Teil der Knollen aus dem Boden zu entfernen. Unmittelbar nach der Rodung wurden hier weniger als 3 Knollen m–2 gefunden, während es bei der maschi­nellen Rodung durchschnittlich 74 Knollen m–2 waren. Dieser Unterschied war auch in der Anzahl der Durchwuchspflanzen in der nachfolgenden Kultur deutlich sichtbar (Rodung mit Weideschweinen: weniger als 1 Durchwuchspflanze m–2, maschinelle Rodung: 31 Durchwuchspflanzen m–2). Die Entfernung von Topinamburknollen von einer Fläche durch Weideschweine stellt eine Möglichkeit zur effizienten Verminderung des Topinamburdurchwuchses in der nachfolgenden Kultur dar, auch wenn sie nur in einigen Betrieben umsetzbar ist.