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The mortality is a major component of damage caused by COVID-19. The comparative analysis of changes in mortality was carried out on the basis of the ROSSTAT data over 2012-2020 to determine differences in losses of male and female population caused by pandemic in Moscow. It is demonstrated that at close trends in mortality of males and females before pandemic, in 2020 their mortality changed differently. At equal increase of male and female mortality, main contribution into excess mortality (excluding contribution of COVID-19) was made approximately equally by diseases of nervous system and circulatory system in males and diseases of nervous system in females. The male mortality from COVID-19 is 1.9 times higher than female mortality. As a result of younger average age of death the amount of economic losses in terms of years of potential life lost (PYLL) due to premature death of males because of COVID-19 exceeds economic losses due to premature death of females up to 2 times. Although the average age of death of females from all causes decreased by smaller amount, their values of PYLL increased more, mainly due to higher rate of female mortality from disease of nervous system and from mortality related to drug addiction. In Moscow, the highest increase of PYLL is conditioned by dearth related to drug addiction and alcohol consumption. In the structure of this indicator in males they are ranked fourth and fifth. In females, alcohol-related deaths are ranked as sixth and drug-related deaths as eighth. The pandemic, contributing into increase in economic losses, didn't change their leading causes: diseases of circulatory system, external causes and neoplasms in males; neoplasms, diseases of circulatory system and external causes in females. The value of PYLL due to death from COVID-19 takes sixth place in males and fourth place in females.

Approaches to assessing the role of health care in reducing mortality in Russia from the standpoint of controlling manageable causes are discussed. Based on the concept of avoidable mortality, trends in regional variability of mortality, the nosological and gender characteristics for the years 2000-2019 have been analyzed. The patterns revealed indicate the following: a significant contribution of medicine and health care to the decrease in the premature reduction in the life expectancy of the population, the expediency of developing a regional classification of the list of avoidable causes of mortality, and the decisive role of prevention and the improvement of the lifestyle of the population of young and middle ages in the past two decades against the background of a slow increase in the capacity of clinical medicine in the diagnostics and treatment of diseases., (© Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. 2021, ISSN 1019-3316, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021, Vol. 91, No. 5, pp. 565–577. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2021.Russian Text © The Author(s), 2021, published in Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, 2021, Vol. 91, No. 9, pp. 865–878.)

The article analyzes structure of forensic medical research of persons older than working age and its change during period of improving social and economic situation in the country. Persons whose causes of death are determined by forensic medical examination are considered as a deviant group of people who did not adapt to changing socio-cultural conditions and to age changes. That was manifested in causes and circumstances of death (external causes, death at home without witnesses, death on street or in hospital without examination). The information on 72 324 forensic examinations of elderly residents in Nizhny Novgorod region for 2003-2017 was analyzed. It was done in terms of sex, living or not in the regional center and age groups (advanced: 60-74 years for men and 55-74 years for women, senile: 75-84 years, age of longevity: 85 years and older). It is shown that the size of the deviant group of retirees is increasing, and this increase is not a consequence only of the population aging. The contribution of loneliness to formation of the deviant group exceeds the contribution of socioeconomic disadvantages: no correlation was found between the frequency of forensic examinations and the mortality from causes related to alcohol; from 2003 to 2017, the share of external death causes and the proportion of corpses taken for examination from street are decreasing. The structure of external and somatic death causes of persons older than working age established during forensic medical research is determined by age, place of residence as well as social and economic situations in the region, changing for the period studied in direction of reducing differences.

Official national statistics show a gradual decline in the incidence of trichinellosis in Russia from 971 cases in 1996 to 527 cases in 2002. Of the total 864 cases involved in 47 trichinellosis outbreaks during 1998--2002, only 35.8% were due to infected pork compared to 80% in 1995--1996. Other important sources were wild animals, such as bear (Ursus arctos) (39.5%), badger (Meles meles) (10.6%), and dog meat (11.9%). Children composed 15.9% of all cases. Overall, 81.0% of pork-cases occurred in the European part of the country, and 89.4% of bear-meat cases were from the Asian region where most of the badger and dog-meat cases also originated. The percent of clinically severe cases of disease derived from pork and from bear meat was 7.7% and 7.9%, respectively; the frequency of moderate cases from pork was significantly higher than from bear meat. Clinically severe cases from badger and dog meat were 1.1% and 1.9%, respectively, where the number of clinically moderate cases from badger meat was significantly larger than that from dog meat. A disturbing trend is the 52.3% of trichinellosis cases during 1998--2002 in Russia that were derived from wild animal meat, especially the clinically severe cases occurring among the aboriginal Siberian population. The contributing factors to the slow decline in trichinellosis incidence in Russia and to the increase in percentage of cases originating from wild animal meat are the distribution and consumption of veterinary-uncontrolled pork, poaching and distribution of wild animal meat, and the neglect of medical and civil regulations. These trends should be seriously evaluated by the institutions of health, education, and by the veterinary service.

The authors described the focus of intestinal nematodiasis in Vietnam with the rate of infestation on the average 74.6% for ascaridiasis, 30.8 for trichocephaliasis and 20.2% for ancylostomiasis. The high rate of the geohelminthic infestation was related with the use of untreated feces for the vegetables rearing. The clinical symptoms of intestinal nematodiasis were featured by dyspepsia, pain and asthenoneurotic syndromes. The first field trials of mediamine treatment were performed for 267 patients in the high-intense foci of intestinal nematodiasis in the tropics. In trichocephaliasis patients therapeutic efficacy of the drug was 74%, in ancylostomiasis patients it was 71.9, in ascaridiasis patients 68.4%. Retrograde ascarid migration was noted in two patients.