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Election is a basic democratic tool that offers an official mechanism for the people to express their opinions in order to form a government by democratic means. Electronic voting has evolved into the most significant application of e-governance and e-democracy. Few countries have recently taken the opportunity to test and use electronic voting systems. Also, many countries expect that internet voting will become a reality during the next decade. In the conventional voting system, the electors authenticate themselves by displaying credentials; this move is open to the public and is validated by poll workers. During this authentication, they are manually checked before being eligible to vote. The standard system of voting is more costly and needs more human capital. Because of these factors, the whole world is heading toward the trend of e-voting. Electronic voting devices are supposed to be the answer to the shortages. A secure e-voting system must meet many criteria, including uniqueness, performance, fairness, stability, safety, authentication, and anonymity. Blockchain is a modern security solution, which is capable of securing e-voting system. Blockchain is distributed ledger. Each block contains only one transaction. Block chain provides security using cryptography and hashing. Blockchain provides a perfect infrastructure to provide secure e-voting netwms.ork. Blockchain along with smart contracts need hour to improvise an e-voting system. This paper presents a secure blockchain based framework for an e-electronic voting in Iraq.

The Blockchain technology moves data nodes and data streams from one informatics center to another based on the importance of Bitcoins, resulting in a dedicated, public, and secure network for interpretation and development of the ensuing information chain reaction. Blockchains are frequently formed by connecting interrelated patterns of information in order to conduct a secure transaction. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, transparency, immutability, autonomy, open-source, anonymity, and consensus. Blockchains are being utilized in a variety of real-world applications, including business and economics, financial technology, and digital currencies. This article does a comprehensive review of the literature on blockchain technology. While searching for the keyword "blockchain" as a subject, we identified a total of 1882 entries in these databases. After removing the less common record kinds, the papers were reduced to 1246 articles, which were then used for further investigation.

Rhoicosphenula Lange-Bert., Kociolek, A.A.Saber & Cantonati, stat. nov. (Figs 2, 3) Rhoicosphenula Lange-Bert. Nova Hedwigia 60: 244 (1995). Cells solitary, not forming colonies or aggregates, growing as epiphytes on small mucilaginous stalks. Frustules almost rectangular in girdle view, sometimes appearing slightly broadly wedge-shaped (Fig. 2 G-I). Pseudosepta present on both poles of the valves. Raphe branches straight, with large, well-separated proximal ends (Fig. 2 A-F), and with T-shaped distal fissures (Fig. 3A). Internal fissures extend onto the central nodule, with short and very faintly bent proximal ends (Fig. 3C, H). Foramina of the areolae simple, more or less slit-shaped, forming two systems, one on the valve face and one on the mantle, respectively, separated by a hyaline mantle margin (Fig. 3A, B). Areolae are covered internally by flat hymenes (similar to those of Brachysira), developing from the sternum to the mantle without any visible interruption (Fig. 3F, G). The cingulum composed of six unilaterally open bands (Fig. 3B), including the valvocopula and first copula (each with a septum at one of the poles), as well as the four further copulae (Fig. 3C, D). REGISTRATION. — http://phycobank.org/102718 New combinations within Rhoicosphenula stat. nov., Published as part of Saber, Abdullah A., Angeli, Nicola, Lange-Bertalot, Horst, Kociolek, John P., Spitale, Daniel, Charles, Donald F. & Cantonati, Marco, 2021, Rise of subgen. Rhoicosphenula Lange-Bert. to the genus level, and description of a new Gomphosphenia s. s. species from Puerto Rico, pp. 217-229 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (13) on page 221, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2021v42a13, http://zenodo.org/record/7819267

Rhoicosphenula paradoxa (Lange-Bert.) Lange-Bert., Kociolek, A.A.Saber & Cantonati, comb. nov. (Figs 2, 3) Gomphosphenia paradoxa Lange-Bert., Nova Hedwigia, 246, pls I-III (1995). REGISTRATION. — http://phycobank.org/102719 Distribution This is the type species of this still monotypic genus. It was collected from the Neotropical, black-water River Tec in Venezuela, at 1200 m a.s.l., in the surroundings of the Roraima Tepui, a table-top mountain formed by remains of a large sandstone plateau that once covered the granite bedrock. Besides R. paradoxa comb. nov., the type material includes several representatives of the genera Eunotia, Actinella, and Brachysira, as well as other species indicating high humicacids content., Published as part of Saber, Abdullah A., Angeli, Nicola, Lange-Bertalot, Horst, Kociolek, John P., Spitale, Daniel, Charles, Donald F. & Cantonati, Marco, 2021, Rise of subgen. Rhoicosphenula Lange-Bert. to the genus level, and description of a new Gomphosphenia s. s. species from Puerto Rico, pp. 217-229 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (13) on page 221, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2021v42a13, http://zenodo.org/record/7819267

Gomphosphenia patrickiana Cantonati, Lange-Bert., Kociolek & A.A.Saber, sp. nov. (Figs 4-6) TYPE MATERIAL. — Unites States. Puerto Rico, Cupeyes Stream, National Forest, south-western part of the Island of Puerto Rico, lithology: serpentinites (metamorphic rocks), (18°06’48.65”N, 66°59’12.30”W, 166 m a.s.l.), 3.II.2016 (holo-, ANSP, slide NEON00303 b, partly shown here in Fig. 4; iso-, BM, slide BM 81900; iso-: TR, slide cLIM004 DIAT 3904; NEON Biorepository, Arizona State University’s Natural History Collection in Tempe, AZ, slide NEON 00303 a; diatom collection of the Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt, slide PBA– DIAT 2001). REGISTRATION. — http://phycobank.org/102720 ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet “ patrickiana ” is named in honor of the United States phycologist and limnologist specializing in diatoms and hydrobiology, Ruth M. Patrick (1907-2013). She developed innovative ways to assess the quality of freshwater ecosystems, in particular using diatoms, authored>200 scientific papers, and established numerous research facilities, in particular the Phycology Section at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP, part of Drexel University since 2011). We consider this last achievement notable in the international museological context, as a bright example of a part of the research division (ANSP’s Patrick Center for Environmental Research) of a science museum that obtains most of its funding from tenders, consulting, and ecological assessment projects, many carried out at a nation-wide scale. MORPHOLOGY Light microscopy (Fig. 4 M-U) Frustules wedge-shaped in girdle view (Fig.4M - U).Valves linearclavate in larger specimens to clavate in smaller ones, slightly broader at the central area in the larger specimens, the headpoles rounded whilst the footpoles are narrowly rounded (Fig. 4 A-L), 8.0-17.5 µm long, 2.5-4.0 µm wide, L/W ratio: 3.4-4.8. Axial area lanceolate to moderately narrower in the smaller specimens, in general narrow at the poles and gradually widening towards the central part. Central area ± rhombic, mostly with 2-4 shortened striae, and in some specimens transversely expanded to the valve margin on one side forming a unilateral fascia (Fig. 4C). The raphe straight, filiform with distinct proximal endings. Striae radiate throughout the valve, becoming almost parallel near the head- and footpole, 23-27 in 10 µm. Scanning electron microscopy (Figs 5; 6) The valve face is flat, without stigma. Striae on the valve exterior composed of single radiate slit-like areolae ‘foramina’, becoming almost round poroids near the poles, particularly the footpole (Fig. 5A, B). Central area in some specimens with a broad unilateral fascia (Fig. 5A), and slightly broader in the larger specimens (Fig. 5B). Raphe straight, filiform with distinctly dilated proximal raphe endings, and distal raphe fissures terminating on the valve face, not extending into the valve mantle, with teardrop-shaped pores (Fig. 5A, B). The valve mantle bears a single row of areolae which are slit-like at the upper valve half and the headpoles but rounded in shape near the mid-valve and towards the footpole (Fig. 6C, D). Internally, septa and pseudosepta at both poles are absent (Fig. 5C; 6F, G). Internal foramina have almost the same size as the external areolae, and are occluded by hymenes (Fig. 5C, D). Central nodule is slightly raised (Fig. 5D). Internal proximal raphe endings are T-shaped (Fig. 5C, D), while the internal terminal raphe fissures terminate in relatively large helictoglossae (Fig. 6A, B). In girdle view, frustules typically wedge-shaped, with cingulum composed of seven open bands, each bearing one row of small round pores. Apical pore fields absent (Fig. 6C, D, E). ECOLOGY AND CO- OCCURRING DIATOM SPECIES So far, G. patrickiana has been observed only as a Neotropical epilithic species in the two rivers Rio Cupeyes and Rio Guilarte, located in southwest Puerto Rico. It was reported in 27 out of the 37 samples investigated from Rio Cupeyes, and in 21 out of the 45 samples from Rio Guilarte. Maximum relative abundance was distinctly higher in Rio Cupeyes (43%) compared to Rio Guilarte (3%). The Rio Cupeyes is, in general, characterized by a water quality much better than that of the agricultureimpacted Rio Guilarte stream, in terms of average TDN and TDP values (Fig. 1). Only epilithon samples were available for this study but they were collected from different habitats and stream reaches (within the same station). Table 1 shows the distribution of the species (using per cent relative abundance) with respect to stream and microhabitat, showing that it was clearly more abundant and frequent in the Rio Cupeyes (Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared “streams” = 14.37, d.f. = 1, p = 0.0001). Similar results were obtained for microhabitats (Kruskal-Wallis chisquared “habitats” = 11.01, d.f. = 2, p = 0.004) and seasons (Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared “seasons” = 10.92, d.f. = 2, p = 0.004). However, a three-way ANOVA showed that the interaction among these three factors is significant (factor = river × season, d.f. = 2, F = 8.20, p = 0.001; factor = season x habitat, d.f. = 4, F = 3.95, p = 0.006). The predominant diatom species (relative abundance> 5%) of the most common genera at the type locality (Rio Cupeyes) during the whole period of study were: Gogorevia constricta (Torka) Kulikovskiy & Kociolek, Achnanthidium jackii Rabenhorst, Adlafia neoniana Cantonati, Denticula occidentalis Østrup, Gomphonema neotropicum N.Abarca & D.Mora, Nitzschia paleacea (Grunow) Grunow, Sellaphora saugerresii (Desmazières) C.E. Wetzel & D.G. Mann, and Ulnaria lanceolata (Kützing) Compère. Predominant species (rel. ab.> 5%) at the Rio Guilarte were: Achnanthidium eutrophilum (Lange-Bert.) Lange- Bert., Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehrenberg) Grunow, C. placentula var. lineata (Ehrenberg) Van Heurck, Craticula subminuscula (Manguin) C.E. Wetzel & Ector, and Cymbella turgidula Grunow, Gomphonema kobayasii Kociolek & J.C. Kingston, Halamphora veneta (Kützing) Levkov, Nitzschia cf. palea (Kützing) W.Smith, Sellaphora nigri (De Notaris) Wetzel & Ector, Ulnaria monodii (Guermeur) Cantonati & Lange- Bert., and U. ramesii (Héribaud) T. Ohtsuka., Published as part of Saber, Abdullah A., Angeli, Nicola, Lange-Bertalot, Horst, Kociolek, John P., Spitale, Daniel, Charles, Donald F. & Cantonati, Marco, 2021, Rise of subgen. Rhoicosphenula Lange-Bert. to the genus level, and description of a new Gomphosphenia s. s. species from Puerto Rico, pp. 217-229 in Cryptogamie, Algologie 20 (13) on pages 222-224, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2021v42a13, http://zenodo.org/record/7819267

Objective: To study the effect of large volume liposuction on body weight and total body fat in overweight and obese patients (BMI from 25-35) and in patients with localized accumulation of fats in normal person. Background: Liposuction has become one of the most popular cosmetic procedures performed by broad- certified surgeon.Method: This study was conducted on 31 patients presented with localized accumulation of fat either in thigh, abdomen, back or gluteal region and arms or in generalized overweight patients with BMI 25-30 and obese patients class 1 with BMI 30-35 will undergo large volume liposuction in plastic surgery department, faculty of medicine, Menoufia University . All studied patients were subjected to full history general examination, local examination (for the area to be suctioned). Laboratory investigations as: Complete blood counts (CBC), blood glucose level, kidney function tests , liver function tests and bleeding profile. Results: There were statistically significant difference between preoperative measurements of total body fat and (3months, 6 months) postoperatively (P < 0.01).There were statistically significant difference between the preoperative measurements of visceral fat and postoperative measurements (after 3 months and 6 months) (P < 0.01).Conclusion: We found that the large volume liposuction in our patients significantly reduce the weight, BMI, total body fat, visceral fat, circumference of abdomen and gluteal region, also reduced plasma insulin level. Keywords: Body, Effects, Large Volume, Liposuction, Weight.

For long haul coherent optical fiber communication systems, it is significant to precisely monitor the quality of transmission links and optical signals. The channel capacity beyond Shannon limit of Single-mode optical fiber (SMOF) is achieved with the help of Multi-mode optical fiber (MMOF), where the signal is multiplexed in different spatial modes. To increase single-mode transmission capacity and to avoid a foreseen “capacity crunch”, researchers have been motivated to employ MMOF as an alternative. Furthermore, different multiplexing techniques could be applied in MMOF to improve the communication system. One of these techniques is the Optical Code Division Multiple Access (Optical-CDMA), which simplifies and decentralizes network controls to improve spectral efficiency and information security increasing flexibility in bandwidth granularity. This technique also allows synchronous and simultaneous transmission medium to be shared by many users. However, during the propagation of the data over the MMOF based on Optical-CDMA, an inevitable encountered issue is pulse dispersion, nonlinearity and MAI due to mode coupling. Moreover, pulse dispersion, nonlinearity and MAI are significant aspects for the evaluation of the performance of high-speed MMOF communication systems based on Optical-CDMA. This work suggests a hybrid algorithm based on nonlinear algorithm (Dynamic evolving neural fuzzy inference (Dy-NFIS)) and linear algorithm (Recursive least squares (RLS)) equalization for ZCC code in Optical-CDMA over MMOF. Root mean squared error (RMSE), mean squared error (MSE) and Structural Similarity index (SSIM) are used to measure performance results.