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In the post-broadcast era, public service media (PSM) organizations have to innovate, stay up-to-date with new ways of consuming content, and experiment with the manifold opportunities that interactivity offers for audience engagement. At the same time, they are still obligated to achieve their public service remit and guarantee that services comply with values such as universality, diversity, creativity, and innovation. This article analyzes the innovation policies and strategies of PSM to understand if these are shifting from a technology-centric to a user-centric approach. It evaluates what areas of innovation are prioritized by both policy-makers and public broadcasters and whether these areas correspond with the innovation goals entrusted to PSM organizations by scholars. To this end, we adopted a multi-case study approach. The focus is on three public broadcasters of varying size and situated in different political, cultural, and economic backgrounds: RTVE (Spain), RTÉ (Ireland), and VRT (Belgium). Based on a qualitative document analysis, we conclude that innovation remains largely technology-centric. Strategies are oriented to the implementation of new technologies, the digital distribution of the content, and the collaboration with external partners. However, these public broadcasters have not yet promoted concrete actions to encourage the participation of their audiences.

Los procesos de convergencia en el campo de la comunicación conllevan mudanzas en los sistemas de medición de audiencia. En los últimos años se ha consolidado una agenda emergente de investigaciones sobre el comportamiento de los usuarios y la adaptación de los nuevos sistemas de medición. El sector mira hacia la audiencia total. Palabras clave: Medición de audiencias, periodismo digital, convergencia de medios.

Journalism is facing challenges introduced by the network society with strengths and weaknesses. On the one hand, it is the legacy of more than a century and a half that offers multiple evidence of its social utility for receiving trustworthy news, generating knowledge, and achieving a better operation of plural and democratic societies. On the other hand, a loss of credibility, difficulties to show their contribution within a context dominated by confusion and unfounded rumours, and the multiplication of problems to guarantee sustainability of media investing in quality journalistic projects. But journalism is still alive and it remains at the heart of social debates within the present turbulent context. In order to guarantee its continuity in the digital era, characterized by disruptive changes and a communication metamorphosis in various stages, journalism is looking for its reinvention without sacrificing the essentials: telling, explaining and interpreting what is happening in society, using techniques and tools to guarantee veracity.

Strategies and productive routines within the information arena are increasingly oriented towards social networks, as journalists use them to connect with the audience, gather information, disseminate content and build their own brand. Their activity on their personal profiles impacts the credibility of the media they work for, which is why these develop policies for the use of such platforms. In this chapter we analyze the social media guidelines developed by the public service broadcasting corporations of the European Union—BBC, ORF, RTE, Sveriges Radio, TVR, YLE, EITB, NDR and VRT—with the objective of clarifying the recommendations for their journalists. The analysis of these documents reveals that organizations place special emphasis on regulating the personal and professional use of social media accounts, the relationship with the audience, reporting, as well as on transparency and the treatment of confidential information.

Mediante un método mixto se analiza la oferta lineal (en directo), social (redes sociales) y de participación de la audiencia (live-tweeting) durante el especial informativo de la noche electoral del 26 de mayo de 2019 (comicios europeos, autonómicos y municipales) en La 1 de TVE y La sexta. Se parte de la hipótesis de que el consumo de televisión ha cambiado con la competencia de las plataformas de visionado a la carta. El objetivo de este trabajo empírico es determinar la estrategia informativa multicanal llevada a cabo por las citadas emisoras y conocer la respuesta de la audiencia. Eventos políticos como los procesos electorales mantienen a la audiencia conectada con la televisión tradicional y la social, y generan altos volúmenes de conversación Through a mixed method, the linear (live), social (social media) and audience participation (live-tweeting) offer during the special information program of March, 26th 2019 electoral night in La 1 of TVE and La sexta is analysed. We had the hypothesis that television consumption has changed with the competition of VoD-OTT platforms. The objective of this empirical work is to determine the multichannel information strategy carried out by the mentioned stations, and to know the response of the audience. Political events such as electoral processes keep the audience connected to tradi-tional and social television, and generate high volumes of conversation Este artículo se ha elaborado en el marco del proyecto Cibermedios nativos digitales en España: formatos narrativos y estrategia móvil (RTI2018-093346-B-C33), del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, cofinancia-do por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Feder). La autora Sabela Direito-Rebollal es beneficiaria del programa para la Formación del Profesorado Universitario del Ministerio de Universidades (Gobierno de España) SI

In the present context, in which public service media (PSM) are facing constant criticism due to their lack of neutrality, European broadcasters should reformulate their mission, giving value to their remit through independence, diversity, excellence, transparency and innovation. In this regard, and taking into account that one of the particularities of PSM is based on offering a programming addressed to all audiences, the challenge focuses on finding an offer that meets the formation, education and entertainment needs of the entire society. The control over the genre info-show and the encouragement of national fiction define the main trend of a diverse European public service television, not only in funding systems and audiences, but also in contents with which these broadcasters try to maintain their competitiveness within the new convergent and digital scenario.

In a media ecosystem characterized by the increase of competitors, the audience fragmentation and the critics about the lack of independence of public service media, European televisions must redefine their mission, giving value to their public service exercise in the era of convergence. In this sense, public corporations face the challenge of integrating their traditional models and operating logics with more innovative ones derived from technological changes driven by digitization. This article analyses how Radiotelevision Espanola applies product and process innovation to its fiction series in order to elucidate the strategies that public Spanish TV is developing in terms of content production and distribution.

Social networks have transformed the conception of the television audience. In order to adapt to a viewer increasingly active on the Internet, televisions conducted social media strategies to generate interactivity and attract users to their social profiles. One of them is based on the live-tweeting phenomenon, in which the conversation is encouraged through publications on Twitter during the broadcast of the programme. This research analyses the effectiveness of live-tweeting as a strategy for promoting user traffic on social networks and its impact in the social audience. According to a quantitative methodology, we have selected four Spanish prime time programmes broadcasted during the first half of September 2016. The aim is to study the network of interactions generated around the programme during its broadcast and the degree of influence of the official profiles in each case.

The advent of social networks has transformed the ecosystem of communication by multiplying the possibilities of interaction between the media and the users. In this new digital context, the media must innovate and take advantage of the social networks. The objective of this research is to analyse the strategies of the main public televisions of Europe in the social environment. To do this, its presence and popularity in twelve social networks are studied. The result evidences a scarce use of the social networks, except in some groups of television like the British BBC or the German ZDF whose strategies are risky, innovative and successful. These strategies can serve as example on how to take advantage of the networks to reach the audience and improve public service media.

Introducción. La eclosión de la llamada Web 2.0 ha modificado sustancialmente las formas de comunicación y la formación en dicho ámbito también debe tener presente el nuevo entorno. El presente trabajo realiza un análisis de la investigación sobre docencia universitaria y social media en el período 2010-2015. Metodología. Se han recopilado todos los artículos publicados en las revistas de comunicación españolas indexadas en Scopus que abordan el fenómeno. Se pretende averiguar el peso de la temática en la agenda de investigación de los últimos años, así como sintetizar las áreas de conocimiento, el ámbito de aplicación, la evolución temporal, las metodologías, las herramientas y los principales resultados y conclusiones de dichos estudios. A nivel metodológico se ha empleado el análisis de contenido para profundizar en lo que se ha teorizado y analizado empíricamente. Se han revisado 2344 artículos de los que 103 se han configurado como muestra de estudio. Resultados y conclusiones. El trabajo concluye que resulta un tema de interés creciente para los docentes de distintas áreas de conocimiento, que se están desarrollando iniciativas de docencia 2.0 especialmente en los estudios de grado de Periodismo y que se abrazan con más optimismo que perspectiva crítica las potencialidades tecnológicas de la llamada Web participativa Introduction. The emergence of the so-called Web 2.0 has substantially modified the forms of communication and teaching in said sector must also keep the new context in mind. The present paper performs an analysis of research about university teaching and social media in the 2010-2015 period. Methodology. We have collected all articles published in the Spanish communications journals indexed in Scopus that talked about the phenomenon. We intended to investigate the relevance of the theme in the research agenda of the last years, as well as to synthetize the areas of knowledge, the field of application, the time evolution, methodologies, tools and the main results and conclusions of said studies. At methodological level, contents analysis has been used to delve deeper into what has been theorized and analyzed empirically. A total of 2344 articles have been reviewed, whereas 103 configured as study sample. Results and conclusions. The research concludes that it is a theme of increasing interest for teachers of different fields of knowledge, that initiatives of Teaching 2.0 are being developed specially in graduate studies of Journalism and that the technological potentialities of the so-called participative Web are embraced with more optimism than critical perspective Este artículo es producto del proyecto de Investigación titulado “Usos y preferencias informativas en el nuevo mapa de medios en España: Modelos de periodismo para dispositivos móviles”, referencia CSO2015-64662-C4-4-R, financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España SI

Methods, techniques and tools in neuroscience offer new perspectives of analysis in social sciences, marketing and advertising when studying perception and attention. Eye tracking, which emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, is one of these tools. At present, it has many applications in communication, including the experiential contrast to improve usability and web design. From the theoretical review and description of the historical evolution of eye tracking, this exploratory work presents a methodology for the analysis and contrast of the websites from the University of Vigo (UVigo) and Santiago de Compostela (USC). The sample is composed by a group of students from the faculties of communication, aiming at checking whether the result of students´ viewing are in line with the recommendations of experts in composition, content, images perception and web texts.

The evolution of the World Wide Web, the changes imposed by the phenomenon of digitalization and the development of information technologies have impacted sensitively on scientific communication, which begins to move its practices from the academic field to the sphere of web 2.0. In this context, the Internet and social media are consolidating as platforms for information, production, interaction, collaboration and scientific evaluation, creating the need of new indicators to measure the impact that publications acquire in this universe. It arises a new type of alternative metrics- or altmetrics-, which base their activity on the web environment, measuring the influence that academic papers achieve through online platforms. However, some limitations of these indicators and, specially, the existence of certain resistance to change, both by industry of scientific publication and the researchers themselves, have caused a restricted use of this type of e-tools, limiting the impact and attention that academic papers acquire in social media.

Introducción. Los medios de comunicación y sus audiencias se encuentran actualmente inmersos en una fase de adaptación al universo 2.0, en el que son las generaciones educadas plenamente en un entorno digital las que desarrollan nuevos modelos de conducta frente al consumo de información. Objetivo y metodología. Con el fin de analizar las pautas de comportamiento de los millennials, se ha diseñado una metodología cualitativa basada en el seguimiento diario de un grupo de Facebook y en la realización de encuestas sobre su consumo durante las elecciones generales del 20 de diciembre de 2015. Resultados. Aunque la televisión prevalece como medio de información durante el periodo preelectoral, se constata la utilización de otros dispositivos electrónicos y la influencia de los social media. Discusión y conclusiones. Las redes sociales complementan la experiencia informativa de los jóvenes, marcando una posible pauta de lo que será el consumo informativo en los próximos años Introduction. The media and their audiences are currently undergoing a phase of adaptation to the universe 2.0, in which the new generations of people who are fully educated in the digital environment are developing new information consumption models. Objective and methods. This article examines the behaviour patterns of millennials based on a qualitative approach that involves the daily follow-up of a Facebook group of young people and surveys about their information consumption habits during the 2015 Spanish general election. Results. Although television prevailed as the main source of information during the pre-election period, other electronic devices and social media were also influential. Discussion and conclusions. Social networks complement the informative experience of young people, setting a possible standard of what the consumption of political information will be in the coming years Los resultados de este artículo forman parte de los trabajos exploratorios para el marco contextual y referencial del proyecto de investigación Usos y preferencias informativas en el nuevo mapa de medios en España: modelos de periodismo para dispositivos móviles (Referencia: CSO2015-64662-C4-4-R), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, así como de las actividades promovidas a través de la Red Internacional de Investigación de Gestión de la Comunicación (R2014/026 XESCOM), apoyada por la Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria de la Xunta de Galicia SI

The relation between infomediary sector and audience measurement is tight: six out of ten entities cited by Spanish companies as data & information source providers are closely related to this area of audience measurement. The media convergence leads to loss of value of some former studies. Alternative sources are used, whereas the consensus is being improved around the long-awaited measurement model of crossmedia. This article analyses the main audience measurement tools used by those Spanish media with more online readers, as well as checking out the existence of new professional profiles. The research employs a quantitative methodology based on surveys of eleven audience editors and digital analysts. Findings show that media are interested in monitoring the behavior of their users, although divergences are observed in the tools used, in the organizational structures and in the labels with which they name these new roles.

The evolution of the Internet and, specially, the appearance of new information and communications technologies (ICT) inaugurated a different way of understanding research. In fact, words like e-Research or e-Science refer to a new condition of scientific activity, in which tools like social networks allow to disseminate knowledge in an open, collaborative and interactive way that leads to the adjective of Science 2.0 and, at the same time, contributes to enrich the knowledge society, feeding those known as invisible colleges of science. However, even though scientific social networks allow users to share in public their researches in a specific system of knowledge exchange, the participation by Galician communication researchers affiliated to Galician Association of Communication Researchers (AGACOM) is not too high, as well as the use made in them, defined with the adjectives insufficient and passive. In spite of that, their opinion about these kinds of tools is positive as far as their future use is concerned, which demonstrates that, somehow, online social networks are tools which are being developed and popularized, but so far, they have not reached their scientific maturity yet.

Today’s TV context is defined by new services like view-on-demand, “extra” content, and conversations with the audience. The public has more power to decide what to view and can influence the programming with their comments. Because of this, TV channels have created strategies to improve the online products and encourage public participation. Success also depends on social TV and VoD. The objective of this study was to analyze how Spanish prime time has adapted to new media and how programs are managing interactions with the audience. In order to do the analysis, the three main TV groups – RTVE , Atresmedia , Mediaset - were chosen and all the programs were categorized into three genres. The results revealed a weakness in the interactivity strategy of television programs, especially in the informative genres.

Among the slew of innovations piercing legacy news media in order to maintain their importance, relevance and financial viability, one notable shift in online newsrooms is the resurgence of newsletters as a controlled means of disseminating curated news content and controlling incoming traffic on news websites. This is particularly the case in Belgium, where nearly a quarter of the population indicated newsletters as their primary source of news in the 2018 Oxford Digital News Report. In this chapter, we establish three main reasons explaining the sudden rebirth of newsletters, and zoom in on one leading Belgian media player to show that, how and why (a) newsletters have emerged as bigger sources of incoming online traffic than social media and (b) newsletters have effectively altered the daily work of journalists in online newsrooms, as newsletters have become a focal point in the ‘digital first’ approach adopted by legacy media.