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How are reasoning processes shaped by the heuristic system and analytic system? In the present study, we were focused on how heuristics and analytical thinking affect reasoning. According to dual-process theories, reasoning consists of two distinct modes of processing: System 1 and System 2. System 1 generates responses that are automatic, fast, and intuitive. This system does not need working memory resources. The other system is reflective. Characteristics of this system are deliberative, slow, and conscious. System 2 depends on working memory capacity. Therefore, system 2 needs working memory resources. In the present study, the experimental design was as follows: All participants performed randomly distributed modified version of the bat and ball problems and the syllogistic reasoning problems while they kept memory load in mind and had a time limit in the initial response stage. Then the questions were asked again without memory load and deadline. Both tasks consist of conflict (experiment questions) and no-conflict (control questions) questions. Whereas participants chose among four options in a modified version of the bat and ball problems, they chose between yes and no, considering two premises and a conclusion in the syllogistic reasoning problems. A two-response paradigm was applied. The problems were asked twice. In the first presentation of the problems, we occupied the participant’s working memory with a dual task procedure and time pressure. We replicated the common implication of system 1 with fast response and system 2 with slow thinking. NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used as established information without consulting multiple experts in the field

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Ozdes problemlerdeki secilen opsiyonlar, cogunlukla opsiyonlarin sunulus bicime bagli olarak farklilik gostermektedir. Bu gorunguye 'framing effect' yani 'cerceveleme etkisi' adi verilmektedir ve bu gorungu, rasyonel secim teorisini ihlal ederek, cift surec teorisini destekler niteliktedir. Bir cok cift surec teorisi, cerceveleme etkisi'nin altinda yatan neden olarak; duygusal Sistem 1'i gostermektedir. Ancak, buna karsi cikan argumanlar bulunmaktadir ve bunlar, analitik ve isler bellege bagimli Sistem 2'yi neden olarak gostermektedir. Sistem 2'nin isler bellege olan bagliligi, iki sistem arasindaki farkin temeli olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu sebeple, bu tezde yapilan arastirmada Sistem 2 kontrolunu azaltmak icin, es zamanli bir `digit span backwards task` yani ters sayi dizisi gorevi verilmistir. Yapilacak secimlerde `risky choice framing` yani riskli opsiyon cerceveleme etkisi sorulari kullanilmistir. Buradaki hipotez; cerceveleme etkisi'nin altinda yatan sebebi, secenekleri aciklayan negatif ve pozitif kelimlere karsi verilen irrasyonel reaksiyonlar olarak tanimlar ve bu nedenle altinda yatan sistemi Sistem 1 olarak kabul eder. Boylece, kontrol altina alinmis Sistem 2 ile yapilan deneyde, cereceleme etkisi daha sik gozukecektir. Ancak sonuclar; es zamanli uygulanan ters sayi dizisi gorevinin anlamli bir etkiye yol acmadigini gostermistir. Buna ek olarak, dusunulen hipotezin tersine, ters sayi dizisi hafiza gorevinde, cerceveleme etkisi daha az gorunmustur. Bu sonuc, cerceveleme etkisinin altinda yatan sistemin, Sistem 2 oldugunu desteklemektedir. Bu da kontekst etkisinin, analtik dusunce ile arttigini gostermektedir. Bu nedenle, yapilan arastirma, duygularin ve Sistem 1'in, rasyonel sonuclar elde etmekteki onemini ortaya cikartmaktadir. A switch of preference is often observed in identical questions, depending on how the choices are framed. This phenomenon is called the framing effect and it displays a violation of the rational choice theory and provides support for dual process theory accounts. Many dual process accounts indicate that; an emotional System 1 is the underlying cause of the framing effect however there are counter arguments that support the idea that; an analytic and working memory dependent System 2 is the underlying cause. Working memory dependence of System 2 is regarded as the main differentiator between the two systems. Thus in this research, a concurrent digit span backwards (DSB) task was given to suppress System 2, with risky choice framing type questions. It was hypothesised that, framing effect can be the result of an irrational emotional reaction to the positive and negative words that describe the choices thus the underlying cause might have been attributed to System 1. As a result, under a suppressed System 2 the amount of framing effects would increase. However findings showed that there was no significant effect of the memory load and counter to the expectation, in the memory load condition the number of framing effects were reduced. This result supports the argument that the underlying cause of the framing effect is System 2 , which means that context effects increase with analytical thinking. Thus this research signifies the importance of emotions and System 1 processes in leading to rational choices. 79