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The packaging of a food product is an important communication tool between producers and consumers. Consumers have special requirements for organic products. However, organic food markets within the EU are on a different maturity level. Are there differences in the product quality information on the packages of organic milk in countries in a different stage of development? The research was conducted in Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Poland in the summer of 2019. The number of milk packages analysed was 37 in Germany, 27 in the Netherlands, 16 in Italy and 13 in Poland. Information on animal welfare, place of origin and on sensory aspects was frequently present on packages in all four countries. Detailed information about the processing of milk was only seldomly found. Differences were found in the amount of national and international labels. Consumers can be overwhelmed by information on product packaging. Therefore, the selection of information should be conducted with care.

The IRILD Consortium (partner in the DEDIPAC-KH joint Action) has been working in a few activities of Thematic Area1 and Thematic Area2 aimed at: -Developing a toolbox with state-of-the-art methods to assess dietary intake and their determinants based on their quality and suitability to be used in pan-European studies (task 1.1.1)- Identifying existing pan-European datasets including dietary intake to do secondary analysis according to variation in dietary intake by demographic (task 1.1.2)- Examining the validity and reliability of the measurement methods employed to assess physical activity and sedentary behaviours on children/adolescent and adults populations (task 1.2.4)-Identifying national state-of-the-art surveillance systems and infrastructures in Europe (task 1.3.3).-Mapping and defining life course determinants, correlates and key research challenges of dietary intake in old population (task 2.1.1)-Mapping and defining life course determinants, correlates and key research challenges of physical activity behaviour (task 2.2.1)Theoretical frameworks of determinants have been taken as the starting point for developing the frameworks and taxonomies. On-going/recently finished EU-funded projects on determinants has been consulted. Finally, SRLs have been conducted .The IRILD (Infrastructure to support Research In promoting active Lifestyles and healthy Diet) Consortium has been contributing to obtain the following results: Methodological assessment and measurements for evaluation of vitamin B12 and folate intake have been extracted. Information on the validity and reliability of assessment methods were collected and all essential data for a toolbox have been prepared (task 1.1.1);A report on variation of food consumption throughout Europe, concerning a secondary analysis to estimate food habits variation by food groups in different European age-gender population groups, has been prepared (task 1.1.2);Methodological effectiveness of measures of PA and SB on children/adolescent and adults populations have been examined (task 1.2.4);Information on nutritional surveillance in Italy have been delivered for sub-task 1.3.3.1 (task 1.3.3); Systematic Literature Review on determinants of dietary intake in community-dwelling older adults to get an overview is going to be concluded (task 2.1.1). The IRILD consortium was financially supported by the Italian Ministry of Agriculture Food and Forestry Policies (DM.14474/7303/13)., Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology, Vol. 121, No. 1 (Supplement) 2016

In a continuation of our research on bioactive natural products form Seseli praecox we now focused on a population growing on the island of San Pietro (Sardinia). With respect to the population growing on limestone from Ogliastra (Sardinia) studied previously this population grows on weathered volcanic substrate and shows different morphological characteristics. Seseli sp. is a classical medicinal plant taxon and mentioned by Dioscorides as well as Galenos amongst other indications against orthopnea, chronic cough, uterine spasms and epilepsy. Orthopnea, a form of breathlessness caused by increased central and pulmonary blood volume has been associated with chronic heart failure. The phytochemical investigation of the extract obtained from the stems of S. praecox afforded five known khellactones, five furocumarines, two coumarins, two chromone, as well as falcarinol and falarindiol and a new natural compound 5-hydroxy-6-[3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-2-pentenyl]-7-methoxy-2-methyl-4-H-cromen-4-one. Khellactones are dihydroseselin type angular pyranocumarins and have been obtained from different Apiaceae species used in local medicine as well as food. Similar to the medicinal indications of Seseli sp., Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. is used against cardio-vascular and urological problems. Visnadine, a khellactone obtained from A. visnaga fruits was shown to inhibit Ca2+ channels ex vivo. According on these data, 5 khellactones are tested as potential inhibitors to the Ca2+ channel. Only Hyuganin D was active. Different papers suggest that pyranocoumarins could be a potential MDR reversing agent. In this thesis we remark that Hyuganin D showed ability to induces calcium transients reproducible and in the same time are able to inhibit P-gp in Rhodamine123 efflux assay in Pgp transfected MDCK cells with an effect similar to vinblastine. We are currently developing the cytotoxicity test. We have also investigated the secondary metabolites of Ononis natrix, a small shrub belongs to the family Legumynose (tribe Trifoleae). The infusion of its roots and flowers has been used for the treatment of some disturbances of the urinary tract, in fact have been reported to have diuretic and antirheumatic proprieties. Members of this genus has been also used in folk medicine for the treatment of jaundice, kidney stones and skins diseases. Compounds isolated from the genus Ononis have also show antibiotic, molluscicidal, antiviral activities. In this thesis we describe the isolation and determination of the structure of three new natural product: two dihydroisocoumarins(1-1[(6,8-dihydroxy-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-isochromen-3-yl)methyl]heptyl acetate 1-[(6,8-dihydroxy-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-isochromen3 yl)methyl]-5-oxoheptyl acetate) and 4-methoxyphenyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanoate. Additionally we have isolated 12 know compounds (two flavones, four flavanones, a chalcone and six dihydrochalcones). All compounds were evaluated for their activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candidaalbicans. The most active compound against S.aureus is 2’,6’-dihydroxy-4’-methoxydihydrochalcone (2 μg). 2’,4’-dihydroxy-6’-methoxydihydrochalcone, 1-[(6,8- dihydroxy-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-isochromen-3-yl)methyl]heptyl acetate and 4-methoxyphenyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanoate show a good activity against S. aureus(16 μg). Other compounds are less active than these. The most active compound against C. albicans is 7-hydroxy-8-methoxyflavone (8 μg) and 2’,4’-dihydroxy-6’-methoxy-dihydrochalcone show a good activity against C. albicans (16 μg).

Dietary patterns have evolved and changed throughout history and it is recognized that food intakes (particularly from the perspective of nutrition) vary across different EU member states. However, in the last years many of the factors influencing food choice appear to be moving in the same direction throughout Europe. In recent years there has been increased more concern amongst consumers over some aspects of food consumption, such as diet and health, food safety and the environment. A longitudinal survey of ‘environmental consciousness’ in Germany indicates that the number of consumers who are concerned about the environment increased from 37% in 1982 to 60% in 1991. A further survey compared the attitudes of consumers in eight European countries. The number of environmentally concerned consumers (an assessment based upon their attitudes towards environmental problems) ranged from 30% in France to over 60% in Germany, Sweden and Norway (Oltersdorf 1992). Across Europe, but particularly in the UK, Germany and The Netherlands, these consumer various concerns have led to a rise in the popularity of ‘alternative diets’ such as macrobiotics, vegetarianism, and veganism. Consumers have also become increasingly concerned over the use of innovative technology as method of crop and food production. In recent years there have also been demographic changes in the European Population. For example, a reduction in average number of children and increases in the number of single person households (Eurostat 1993) that could influence the consumption of many food products. In particular, convenience foods and foods directed to children are a growth area. Another common trend across Europe is the aging population (Eurostat 1993) which also represents an important factor influencing food consumption patterns.