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Retrieving information from memory can--under many circumstances--strengthen one's memory of the retrieved information itself. The strategic use of retrieval to enhance memory and help long-term retention is known as retrieval practice. However, it is unclear whether its effect also holds true in the case of learning mathematics. This research is an exploratory case study, where we test a method-- using test-enhanced learning as formative assessment--in a high-needs vocational school. Since the literature on how this method works in classroom settings in mathematics is limited, the purpose of our case study was to get a better view and to lay the groundwork for further experiments. The experimental group and one of the control groups were from the vocational school, while the other control group was from an elite grammar school. On the final test members of the experimental group outscored their schoolmates and reached statistically the same scores as the control group from the elite grammar school. By means of the method, we were able to reduce the performance gap in long-term retention between students from the elite grammar school and students from the urban high-needs school.

The ∼4500-m-deep Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP) borehole IDDP-2 in Iceland penetrated the root of an active seawater-recharged hydrothermal system below the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. As direct sampling of pristine free fluid was impossible, we used fluid inclusions to constrain the in situ conditions and fluid composition at the bottom of the hydrothermal convection cell. The fluid temperature is ∼600 °C, and its pressure is near-hydrostatic (∼45 MPa). The fluid exists as two separate phases: an H2O-rich vapor (with an enthalpy of ∼59.4 kJ/mol) and an Fe-K–rich brine containing 2000 μg/g Cu, 3.5 μg/g Ag, 1.4 μg/g U, and 0.14 μg/g Au. Occasionally, the fluid inclusions coexist with rhyolite melt inclusions. These findings indicate that the borehole intersected high-energy steam, which is valuable for energy production, and discovered a potentially ore-forming brine. We suggest that similar fluids circulate deep beneath mid-ocean ridges worldwide and form volcanogenic massive sulfide Cu-Zn-Au-Ag ore deposits.

There are many methodologies that we can follow in software projects, including the traditional methods, at the forefront of which it was effective and with a good result, but with the constant increase in requirements resulting from the continuous and rapid development in science and technology and digital transformation; Traditional, highly structured project management methods lack flexibility, awareness of change, adaptability to it, and independence; It led to developing this methodology into an Agile methodology in the form it is currently known, which contributed to developing the team’s skills and knowledge. Our focus in this paper is a study on a data set affiliated with the Agile methodology by measuring effort using one of the well-known methods, monitoring the actual time and comparing it with the expected time to deliver a specific work, and also identifying the difficulties they face while working in different environments to build a comprehensive picture of the benefits and advantages of the Agile methodology.

The nature of the magma plumbing system of Large Igneous Provinces is still poorly understood. Among these exceptional magmatic events from Earth's past, the end-Triassic Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) and the end-Cretaceous Deccan Traps (Deccan) coincided in time with two of the most catastrophic biotic crises during the Phanerozoic. In order to constrain the architecture of their magma plumbing system, glomerocrysts containing abundant bubble-bearing melt inclusions from basaltic lava flows of both CAMP and Deccan were investigated via in situ geochemical and microstructural analyses. The analysed glomerocrysts, dominated by augitic clinopyroxene crystals, represent fragments of a crystal mush entrained by basaltic magmas before eruption. The analysed melt inclusions, consisting of an intermediate to felsic composition glass and CO2-bearing bubbles, represent relics of interstitial melts and fluids within a porous crystal framework forming the crystal mush. The different volume proportions between bubbles and whole inclusions reveal that melt entrapment occurred after volatile exsolution. The minimum observed bubble/inclusion fraction indicates that the CO2 concentration in CAMP and Deccan melts was at least 0.3 wt.%, consistent with a maximum entrapment pressure of about 0.5 GPa at CO2–H2O fluid-saturated conditions. The MgO-rich composition of host clinopyroxene crystals and whole rocks is in contrast with the SiO2-rich composition of (trachy-) andesitic to rhyolitic glass of melt inclusions, pointing to disequilibrium conditions. Thermodynamic and geochemical modelling shows that fractional crystallization alone cannot explain the evolved composition of glass in melt inclusions starting from their whole rock composition. On one side, the oxygen isotope composition of clinopyroxene crystals in glomerocrysts ranges from +3.9 (± 0.3) to +5.8 (± 0.3) ‰ and their sample-averaged oxygen isotope composition spans from +4.4 (N = 10) to +5.6 (N = 10) ‰, implying that glomerocrysts crystallized from mafic melts with normal (i.e. mantle-like) to slightly low δ18O values. On the other side, the oxygen isotope composition of glass in melt inclusions ranges from +5.5 (± 0.4) to +22.1 (± 0.4) ‰, implying that melt inclusions entrapped intermediate to felsic melts with normal (i.e. mantle-like) to extremely high δ18O values, typical of (meta-) sedimentary rocks. Some melt inclusions are compatible with fractionation from the same mafic melts that crystallized their host mineral phase, but most melt inclusions are compatible with variable degrees of crustal assimilation and partial mixing, potentially followed by minor post-entrapment isotope re-equilibration. In the CAMP, where sedimentary basins are abundant, (meta-) pelites and occasionally granitoids were the most likely assimilants. On the contrary, in the Deccan, where sedimentary basins are rare, granitoids and metapelites were the most likely assimilants. Oxygen isotope compositions of glass in melt inclusions, spanning from mantle-like to crust-dominated signatures, suggest that the CO2 within their coexisting bubbles likely derived partly from the mantle and partly from assimilated crustal materials. The investigated glomerocrysts and their bubble-bearing melt inclusions are relics of a multiphase (i.e. solid + liquid + gas phases) crystal mush revealing a dynamic evolution for the magma plumbing system of both CAMP and Deccan, where crystals, silicate melts and exsolved fluids coexisted and interacted through most of the transcrustal section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common agricultural policy accounts for more than 38% of the European Union’s budget. In the 2014–2020 cycle, 8.9 billion euros went in Hungary to the first pillar and 4.1 billion euros to the second pillar for rural development, the mobilization of which was coordinated by the Rural Development Programme. The second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy plays an important role in catching up with the lagging and depopulated Hungarian countryside. It serves key objectives such as sustainable environmental management, strengthening and diversifying the rural economy, or a fair standard of living. In my dissertation, I explore the territorial distribution of the payments of the rural development programme between 2015 and 2019 and how it affects unemployment and incomes.