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Numerous studies on the reproduction of decapods have revealed that the female energy investment in embryo production is generally around 10% of the female weight. In decapods living together with other organisms, however, the reproductive output (RO) may be substantially higher. Here we tested the hypothesis that decapods living in association with other organisms allocate more energy in embryo production than free-living ones. We studied the shrimp Gnathophylloides mineri , which lives among the spines of the sea urchin Tripneustes ventricosus. Shrimps were collected between October 2011 and April 2013 along the southern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. A total of 45 ovigerous females were analyzed; female size ranged from 1.44 to 2.14 mm carapace length. Females carried on average 37 ± 16 SD embryos. The embryo volume increased during the incubation period by 200% (from 0.04 ± 0.01 to 0.08 ± 0.01 mm3, mean ± SD). The RO was not related to female size, and comprised on average 27.5 ± 16.0 SD % of the dry weight of the females. In summary, G. mineri produces few and small embryos, but these embryos are relatively large when compared to similar-sized caridean species. Moreover, RO of this ectosymbiotic species was higher than in free-living species, but lower than in endosymbiotic decapods. These results support the hypothesis that energy investment in embryo production of decapods increases with the level of protection associated with the symbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crab Thia schubarti sp. nov. is described based on two female specimens from São Thomé, tropical Eastern Atlantic. It is compared to its congener Thia scutellata (Fabricius, 1793) from the temperate Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Detailed synonymies are given for both species. The symbiotic association of both species with spatangoid sea urchins is discussed. Fossil records in relation with the genus Thia are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mutualistic ant-plant-interactions with myrmecophytes are found in tropical regions of the world. They are always based on the provision of nesting sites (domatia) by the plant and may be accompanied by the additional provision of food (extrafloral nectar and/or food bodies). In return, the ants defend the plant against other organisms, especially herbivores. In addition, some ant plants - such as Tococa - benefit from an increased level of nitrogen introduced by the ants, when they are colonized by ants. Thus, in addition to reducing feeding damage, at least some of the ant species can positively influence the general metabolism and growth of ant plants. If feeding damage occurs despite the presence or because of the absence of protective ants, myrmecophytes can activate typical plant defence reactions such as the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented article deals with psychodynamic developments during the years 2020 to 2023 in the course of the Covid-19 pandemic. For a better understanding of the extraordinary stress situation, we develope a connection between the Positive Transac-tional Analysis map of the script and the concepts of Existential Psychotherapy. Helplessness, script bound coping reactions, symbiotic expectations and suppression of authentic feelings (mainly fear and grief) direct to confrontations with four existential concerns (Irvin Yalom): death, responsibility, isolation and sense. Post traumatic reactions seemingly not connecting to the pandemic (depressions, panic disorders, psychosomatic symptoms) are possible consequences. Using a case example of a couples' psychotherapy we demonstrate recollecting, dissolving and working out of the traumatic stress situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual basis of metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson 2003) is a starting point for considering the relationship between familiar transactional analysis models and the avowed transactional analysis philosophy of »I'm OK, you're OK« (and »They're OK«). Identifying some of the incongruities embedded in transactional analysis language and diagrams offers an opportunity for a fresh perspective that integrates some less known transactional analysis ideas, many of which were developed by educational and organizational practitioners. A new systemic model is described that focuses on the contribution transactional analysis can make to describing and enabling an understanding of what is involved in a healthy developmental process, including growth, learning, thriving, and emotional literacy. This model is derived from an idea developed by Hewson (1990), and it identifies concepts from early and more recent transactional analysis literature that image the supporting of healthy development. It includes preventive and restorative cycles. The intention of this article is to stimulate readers to explore and discuss the notion of developmental transactional analysis and to involve everyone in a cocreative process as »transactional analysis designers« (Summers & Tudor 2000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The pea crab, Pinnotheres onychodactylus Tesch, 1918, is only known on the basis of the types collected from the Moluccas, Indonesia. A re-examination of the type specimens shows that the species is actually a junior subjective synonym of Magnotheres globosus (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1846), a widely distributed Indo-West Pacific species associated with horse mussels of the family Pinnidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Analytic awareness of the process of meaning-making involves tracking premonitions and intuitions to their sources. As precursors of symbolic processing, premonitions are essential elements in any relationship, including the analytic relationship. They provide unconscious communication that informs and amplifies internal and external body and object relations. These relations facilitate depth and dimensionality between and within persons. They also enable the representational processes to establish psychic structure. When traumatized, a person can lose faith in these processes and defend against relationship. Exploring precursors of the emotional experiences of hope and dread enables the analytic dyad to re-vitalize lost potentials and the representation of experience. A clinical example is given to demonstrate the application of these ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symbiotic relationships maintain the balance of forest ecosystems, with ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiosis being one of the most significant. EcM symbiosis in forests dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) has been often observed, but remain understudied in parts of world. This study was conducted in the State Forest Natural Reserve "Ertis Ormany" in Kazakhstan. The aim of this study was to identify EcM symbionts on Scots pine and silver birch by analyzing ribosomal DNA sequences isolated from hyphal endings. Our results show that among all EcM symbionts the order Agaricales (13 species/28.8% of total species numer) had highest species diversity in Scots pine, followed by Boletales (9/20%) and Russulales (8/17.7 %). For silver birch, the order Russulales (7/15.5%) had highest species diversity, followed by Agaricales (5/11.1%), and Boletales (3/6.7%). A total of 15 symbiont families were identified: Agaricaceae (2 species/4,4% of the total number of species identified in the study area), Amanitaceae (4/8.9%), Boletacea (5/11.1%), Cortinariaceae (3/6.7%), Gloeophyllaceae (1/2.2%), Inocybaceae (1/2.2%), Lycoperdaceae (1/2.2%), Lyophyllaceae (2/4.4%), Paxillaceae (1/2.2%), Polyporaceae (3/6.7%), Psathyrellaceae (2/4.4%), Pseudoclitocybaceae (2/4.4%), Russulaceae (8/17.8%), Suillaceae (6/13.3%), and Tricholomataceae (4/8.9). A higher symbiotic association with EcM was found in Scots pine (66.5%) compared to silver birch (33.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copper (Cu) is one of the main heavy metals contaminating the soil. Plants have different behavior in terms of tolerance and toxicity to metals, being able to grow and produce even in soils contaminated with high concentrations. This study aimed to determine the influence of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth and tolerance of yerba mate plants grown in soil contaminated with Cu. The design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement (4x6), with four possibilities of inoculum: without inoculum (control) and three ectomycorrhizal fungi (UFSC-PT116 — Pisolithus microcarpus, UFSC-PT132 — Pisolithus tinctorius and UFSC-SU118 — Suillus cothurnatus), with six Cu doses amended to the soil (0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 mg kg-1 of Cu) in seven replicates. The height of the aerial part, the diameter of the lap, the dry mass of the aerial part and root system, the leaf area, the specific surface area of the roots, the contents of Cu in the aerial and radicular parts, the tolerance index, and mycorrhizal association were assessed. Inoculation of Ilex paraguariensis seedlings with ectomycorrhiza fungi UFSC-PT116, UFSC-PT132, and UFSC-SU118 mitigates the toxicity effect caused by the excess of Cu in the soil. The UFSC-PT116 isolate promoted the highest growth and tolerance of Ilex paraguariensis seedlings under the treatments. In general, the isolates promoted the reduction of Cu toxicity in Ilex paraguariensis plants, being an important alternative to remediate Cu-contaminated areas.

Eukaryogenesis represented a major evolutionary transition that led to the emergence of complex cells from simpler ancestors. For several decades, the most accepted scenario involved the evolution of an independent lineage of proto-eukaryotes endowed with an endomembrane system, including a nuclear compartment, a developed cytoskeleton and phagocytosis, which engulfed the alphaproteobacterial ancestor of mitochondria. However, the recent discovery by metagenomic and cultural approaches of Asgard archaea, which harbour many genes in common with eukaryotes and are their closest relatives in phylogenomic trees, rather supports scenarios based on the symbiosis of one Asgard-like archaeon and one or more bacteria at the origin of the eukaryotic cell. Here, we review the recent discoveries that led to this conceptual shift, briefly evoking current models of eukaryogenesis and the challenges ahead to discriminate between them and to establish a detailed, plausible scenario that accounts for the evolution of eukaryotic traits from those of their prokaryotic ancestors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccoid microalgae of the genus Trebouxia Puymaly are by far the most prevalent among the various species involved in lichen symbioses. However, their taxonomic knowledge is rather scarce compared to that of lichenized fungi. In the present work, a taxonomic study integrating diverse techniques (phylogenetics, light, confocal and transmission electron microscopies) is carried out to describe Trebouxia maresiae Garrido-Benavent, Chiva & Barreno, sp. nov. This species widely associates with the red-listed lichenized fungus Seirophora villosa (Ach.) Frödén but also with species of the genus Ramalina Ach., both occurring in coastal environments in the western Mediterranean and the Cape Verdean islands. This microalga is circumscribed to Trebouxia clade A and is closely related to T. de colorans Ahmadjian. It is characterized by the cell size being up to 15 µm in diam., the crenulate chloroplasts, and the structure of pyrenoids, which in cultured cells fits well with the crenulata-type, with long branched tubules meandering through the pyrenoid matrix, whereas in the lichenized state it acquires a hybrid structure (maresiae-type), characterized by the periphery of the pyrenoid being rather gigantea-type, with thylakoid membranes forming short, branched tubules. With the present work, the taxonomy of the genus Trebouxia moves a step forward towards more accurately characterizing species in lichen microalgae which is a prerequisite for future, more complex studies on speciation, co-evolution and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction. In recent years, significant results have been obtained in Cuba in the joint management of efficient strains of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Canavalia ensiformis L., in different types of soils. However, there are no reports about the effectiveness of strains of AMF in Calcaric Histosol soils, which are highly represented in the central and eastern areas of the country. Objective. The objective of this research was to compare the effectiveness of four AMF strains inoculated in C. ensiformis seeds in in Calcaric Histosol soils. Materials and methods. Plants through seed coatings inoculated and a non-inoculated control were evaluated; C. ensiformis L. was used as plant host in a complete randomized design with four repetitions per treatment during two consecutive years. Sixty days after C. ensiformis seeding, the biomass production; N, P and K contents; percentage of total mycorrhizal colonization; and the reproduction of mycorrhizal spores were evaluated. Results. For all variables, there was a positive and differentiated response between the different strains, and the highest values (p≤0.05) were obtained with the inoculation of Rhizoglomus intraradices / INCAM-11. The high amounts of spores produced by the inoculation with R. intraradices / INCAM-11 were indicative of to the possibilities of using Jackbean as a way to introduce efficient strains in this edaphic condition. Conclusion. The results obtained allow to include Calcaric Histosol soils, with pH>7.5, in the group of soils in which R. intraradices / INCAM-11 behaves as an efficient strain.

The term symbiosis basically refers to any interaction of two different organisms. In a narrower sense, it is defined as a relationship in which both partners benefit (mutualism). The foundation of coral reefs is a symbiotic relationship between single-celled algae and corals. Coral Reefs are among the most diverse and densely populated ecosystems in the world. The constant competitive fight between species has led to a broad variety of survival strategies and different types of symbiotic relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A specialized herbivorous lifestyle is one of the key factors contributing to the enormous diversity of several beetle families. To cope with the challenges associated with a strictly plant-based diet, many beetle species engage in symbioses with microorganisms that they harbor in the gut or in specialized organs. These microbial symbionts support their hosts' nutrition by supplementing limiting nutrients, specifically essential amino acids or vitamins, by providing enzymes for the digestion of plant cell wall components, or by detoxifying plant secondary metabolites. As such, the symbionts can enable their insect hosts to utilize novel food plants and improve their resistance towards abiotic stressors. Considering the current decline in insect populations and their central importance for most terrestrial ecosystems, a detailed understanding of their interactions with microorganisms is not only of fundamental interest but also of utmost relevance for nature conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A spider‐transmitted fungus (Rhizopus microsporus) that was isolated from necrotic human tissue was found to harbor endofungal bacteria (Burkholderia sp.). Metabolic profiling of the symbionts revealed a complex of cytotoxic agents (necroximes). Their structures were characterized as oxime‐substituted benzolactone enamides with a peptidic side chain. The potently cytotoxic necroximes are also formed in symbiosis with the fungal host and could have contributed to the necrosis. Genome sequencing and computational analyses revealed a novel modular PKS/NRPS assembly line equipped with several non‐canonical domains. Based on gene‐deletion mutants, we propose a biosynthetic model for bacterial benzolactones. We identified specific traits that serve as genetic handles to find related salicylate macrolide pathways (lobatamide, oximidine, apicularen) in various other bacterial genera. Knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway enables biosynthetic engineering and genome‐mining approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an age of polarized political views and growing nationalism it is vital that the psychoanalytic profession offers its contribution. The author makes a link between early infant development and social and political behaviour. Psychoanalytic, Jungian and Relational ideas are explored. Starting from Freud and his theory of 'minor differences', a dichotomy between closeness and separateness is investigated. The writer argues that difference is at the centre of human identity and human development and explores why we struggle to accept it. The totalitarian political system is described as one that eliminates difference. A case study is offered as an illustration of a patient's struggle to move from a symbiotic, undifferentiated state towards object relating and individuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. establishes symbiotic relationships with the anemone Exaiptasia diaphana Rapp. The process that leads to the reciprocal recognition of the two symbiotic partners is still not very well understood. We hypothesize that chemical signals are exchanged between the Exaiptasia diaphana-Symbiodinium holosymbiont and aposymbiotic anemones or between free living Symbiodinium and holo- and aposymbiotic Exaiptasia, leading to changes in organic and elemental compositions in the aposymbiotic anemones. In order to test these hypotheses, bleached anemones were exposed to the presence of either free living Symbiodinium, previously extracted from the same Exaiptasia clone, or to holobionts. The ex-hospite algae and the holobionts were included in dialyses membranes with a cut-off of 14 000 Da. In the control treatments, the experimental samples were exposed to the presence of empty dialysis tubes. The organic composition and the elemental composition of the anemones were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy/Gas Chromatography, respectively. The fact that both the organic and elemental composition of the experimental aposymbiotic anemones differed significantly from the controls, in the absence of any obvious nutritional effect, is suggestive of an exchange of chemical signals between the aposymbiotic and holosymbiotic anemones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary More than a hundred species of gobies, small marine fishes, live in a symbiosis with shrimps. The shrimps dig a burrow, which the animals share, the gobies act as lookouts at the burrow entrance. In this way the pair can colonize sandy underwater planes without any natural hiding places, in the face of fierce predation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Lactobacillus is a genus of lactic acid bacteria with particularly many species, which derived from anaerobic bacteria 2.5 billion years ago. They are oxygen tolerant and have complex nutritional demands. Lactobacilli digest carbohydrates and ferment various sugars to lactic acid, and partly to ethanol or acetate and CO2. They occur in O2‐ depleted and nutrient‐rich habitats, living in the wild or temporarily in the gastrointestinal tracts of insects, animals and humans, or may be symbiotically adapted to hosts. Lactobacilli have played an important role for human nutrition since the Neolithic Revolution by fermenting milk and vegetables. Today, Lactoacilli are involved in the fermentation of 5000 types of food and beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant roots host symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and other fungal endophytes that can impact plant growth and health. The impact of microbial interactions in roots may depend on the genetic properties of the host plant and its interactions with root-associated fungi. We conducted a controlled condition experiment to investigate the effect of several chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes on the efficiency of the symbiosis with AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes. Whereas the AM symbiosis increased the biomass of most of the chickpea cultivars, inoculation with non-AM fungal endophytes had a neutral effect. The chickpea cultivars responded differently to co-inoculation with AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes. Co-inoculation had additive effects on the biomass of some cultivars (CDC Corrine, CDC Anna, and CDC Cory), but non-AM fungal endophytes reduced the positive effect of AM fungi on Amit and CDC Vanguard. This study demonstrated that the response of plant genotypes to an AM symbiosis can be modified by the simultaneous colonization of the roots by non-AM fungal endophytes. Intraspecific variations in the response of chickpea to AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes indicate that the selection of suitable genotypes may improve the ability of crop plants to take advantage of soil ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Locoweeds are legumes of the Astragalus and Oxytropis genera that live symbiotically with the fungal endosymbionts belonging to Alternaria section Undifilum. These endophytes produce the toxin swainsonine, which causes a neurological syndrome (locosim) when the plant is ingested by grazing animals. Here we characterize the growth of the endophytes within plant tissues using confocal and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to define the physical relationship. Microscopy results revealed the endophyte distribution to be densely networked, with the mycelia aligned parallel to the long axis of the plant stem and with no pathology to plant cell walls, xylem, or phloem. The autofluorescent mycelia were located intercellulary in the pith of stems. Stereofluoroscope observations of Alternaria oxytropis, A. cinerea, and A. fulva in phytoagar showed that mycelial growth occurred at the tip of hyphae. The growth rate of A. cinerea was significantly faster than for A. oxytropis or A. fulva. All three species of endophytes grew significantly faster at 3 days age of culture and grew slowly or not at all after 20 or 30 days. Analyses of the growth of these fungi support the hypothesis that there is a nonpathogenic symbiosis between the fungal endophytes and their host plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]