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This essay revisits Ferdinand de Saussure's conjecture that lyric poetry originates from a technique of phonemic patterning that he termed "hypograms." Examining lyric practice through the hypogram, Saussure proceeded from saturnian verse to a study of Homer, Virgil, and Lucretius, discovering a complex, combinatorial process of syllabic recombination and dispersal. His theories, never published in his lifetime, resurfaced in the poststructuralist moment and were used to reframe Saussure's contribution as a defiance of those systems and linguistic laws for which he was known. Yet in removing Saussure's hypograms from the overall program of structuralism, a fundamental insight of the theory was elided: the coded and computational origin of the lyric in the human mind. This essay considers the hypogram as an artifact of nonconscious cognition, whose patterned and combinatorial generativity underlies poetic composition. Unlike consciously perceptible and prominent forms of linguistic patterning such as rhyme, the hypogram's origination and registration proceeds nonconsciously. Decrypting the lyric hypogram provides a glimpse into the cognitive "mechanisms" of linguistic computation that enable the generation of poetry and language use more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the influence of lexicality on gradient judgments of Swedish sibilant fricatives by contrasting ratings of initial fricatives in words and word fragments (initial CV-syllables). Visual-Analogue Scale (VAS) judgments were elicited from experienced listeners (speech-language pathologists; SLPs) and inexperienced listeners, and compared with respect to the effects of lexicality using Bayesian mixed-effects beta regression. Overall, SLPs had higher intra- and interrater reliability than inexperienced listeners. SLPs as a group also rated fricatives as more target-like, with higher precision, than did inexperienced listeners. An effect of lexicality was observed for all individual listeners, though the magnitude of the effect varied. Although SLP’s ratings of Swedish children’s initial voiceless fricatives were less influenced by lexicality, our results indicate that previous findings concerning VAS ratings of non-lexical CV-syllables cannot be directly transferred to the clinical context, without consideration of possible lexical bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many domains, learners extract recurring units from continuous sequences. For example, in unknown languages, fluent speech is perceived as a continuous signal. Learners need to extract the underlying words from this continuous signal and then memorize them. One prominent candidate mechanism is statistical learning, whereby learners track how predictive syllables (or other items) are of one another. Syllables within the same word predict each other better than syllables straddling word boundaries. But does statistical learning lead to memories of the underlying words—or just to pairwise associations among syllables? Electrophysiological results provide the strongest evidence for the memory view. Electrophysiological responses can be time‐locked to statistical word boundaries (e.g., N400s) and show rhythmic activity with a periodicity of word durations. Here, I reproduce such results with a simple Hebbian network. When exposed to statistically structured syllable sequences (and when the underlying words are not excessively long), the network activation is rhythmic with the periodicity of a word duration and activation maxima on word‐final syllables. This is because word‐final syllables receive more excitation from earlier syllables with which they are associated than less predictable syllables that occur earlier in words. The network is also sensitive to information whose electrophysiological correlates were used to support the encoding of ordinal positions within words. Hebbian learning can thus explain rhythmic neural activity in statistical learning tasks without any memory representations of words. Learners might thus need to rely on cues beyond statistical associations to learn the words of their native language. Research Highlights: Statistical learning may be utilized to identify recurring units in continuous sequences (e.g., words in fluent speech) but may not generate explicit memory for words.Exposure to statistically structured sequences leads to rhythmic activity with a period of the duration of the underlying units (e.g., words).I show that a memory‐less Hebbian network model can reproduce this rhythmic neural activity as well as putative encodings of ordinal positions observed in earlier research.Direct tests are needed to establish whether statistical learning leads to declarative memories for words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High vowels have higher f0 than low vowels, creating a context effect on the interpretation of f0. Since onset F0 is a cue to stop voicing, the vowel context is expected to influence voicing judgements. Listeners categorized syllables starting with high ("bee"-"pea") and low ("bye"-"pie") vowels varying orthogonally in VOT and onset F0. Listeners made use of both cues as expected. Furthermore, vowel height affected listeners' categorization. Syllables with the low vowel /a/ elicited more voiceless responses compared to syllables with the high vowel /i/. This suggests that listeners compensate for vowel intrinsic effects when making other phonemic judgements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the effect of Arabic lexical stress predictability in producing English lexical stress by Yemeni EFL undergraduates and native Hadhrami Arabic (HA) speakers. The study involved the participation of 69 Yemeni EFL undergraduates with two varying levels of English proficiency. Additionally, 10 American native speakers were included to evaluate the correct production of English stress patterns by the Yemeni EFL undergraduates. The authors adopt the Metrical Theory and the Stress Typology Model to underpin the grounds of this study. Data from the study were collected through a production experiment using individual recording sessions for each participant reading 84 English real and nonce words. The differences between stressed and unstressed syllables were measured using phonetic cues ratios, vowel duration, intensity, and fundamental frequency (F0), analysed through PRAAT software. The findings suggest that the production of English lexical stress by Yemeni EFL undergraduates is influenced by HA. However, the predictability of the Arabic stress pattern does not always trigger errors in producing English lexical stress by Yemeni EFL undergraduates. Findings indicate that Yemeni EFL undergraduates are more attentive to vowel weight, especially when the ultimate syllable incorporates a tense vowel. It stands in contrast to the conventional approach of syllable structure, which places a more pronounced emphasis on instructing English vowels among Arab ELF learners as a result of Arabic dialectal variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the availability of a number of studies on stress in Nigerian English, scant attention has been paid to patterns of stress placement in connected speech by Anambra State English language teachers, especially insights that are supported with acoustic evidence. Bearing in mind this gap as well as their training in the language and its expected standardising role, this study describes the patterns that characterise stress assignment to words in the context of connected speech by Anambra State English language teachers, while tracking possible L1 influence. A short passage which was read by 50 Anambra State teachers and audio-recorded, in addition to naturally occurring classroom speech, constitute the data. The analysis, which was done perceptually and acoustically, shows that when placed against the constitutionally mandated patterns of Standard British English (SBE), the teachers have variable and unstable stress placement patterns on words in connected speech. They produced stressed syllables with higher F0, intensity and duration than SBE. Out of the 50 participants, only 21% had patterns that are close to SBE, while L1 influence was evident in 79% of the participants. This evidence does not support the continuous exonormative role of SBE for Nigerian English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhythm metrics can detect second language development of target-like speech rhythm but interpretation of the results from metrics in learners' speech is problematic because the mapping of metrics to underpinning phonological features is indirect. We investigate speech rhythm in first language (L1) Arabic / second language (L2) English, which differ in key properties contributing to the percept of rhythm: unstressed vowel reduction and syllable structure. Our production data are interpreted using additional measures, of stressed and unstressed vowels and of consonant cluster realization, alongside standard rhythm metrics; this combination facilitates disambiguation of competing interpretations of the metric results. The findings confirm the importance of using multiple rhythm metrics to study L2 speech rhythm and demonstrate how simple additional measures can guide interpretation of their results. In this study the metrics results showed that the speech produced by the L2 speakers, regardless of their length of residence in the UK, exhibited lower vocalic durational variability than the speech produced by the native Arabic and English speakers. However, closer inspection of the degree of vowel reduction by the native and nonnative groups confirms that no single metric captures the complex nature of the observed L2 rhythm patterns. Future L2 studies are advised not to draw firm conclusions about the degree of vowel reduction and consonant cluster realization in L2 speech based solely on the results of the rhythm metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports syllable position effects on second language (L2) Portuguese speech perception, revealing that L2 segmental learning may be prone to an influence from the suprasegmental level. The results show that first language (L1) Mandarin learners had diminished performance on the discrimination between the target Portuguese liquids (/l/ and /ɾ/) and their position-dependent deviant productions, suggesting that the cause of their perceptual confusability differs across syllable positions. Another syllabic position effect was attested in the acquisition order (/l/onset > /l/coda, /ɾ/coda > /ɾ/onset), demonstrating that an L2 sound is not mastered equally in all positions. Furthermore, we also observed that an increase in L2 experience affected only the perceptual identification accuracy of [l], but not of [ɾ]. This seems to suggest that L2 experience may exert different degrees of impact, depending on the L2 segments. Both theoretical and methodological implications of these results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the stress patterns followed by the Urdu Speakers learning English in the English Department at University of Kotli (UOK). This study throws light on how students break words into syllables and the approaches they use in navigating this area, and explores the influence of the Urdu language on the stress patterns spoken by the students of the English Department while speaking English. Urdu is the native language of the inhabitants of Kashmir and so it has deep influence on the speech patterns of speakers especially while learning second language. The researcher wants to find the influence of native language of participants, which is Urdu, on the target language, which is English because no work has been done in this regard. The researcher conducted interviews and recorded the answers on a cell phone using sound recorder software and provided the participants with a text to read so that the researcher could get a deeper insight into how they produce stress while pronouncing a particular word. The results of this study reveal the complexities involved in acquisition and production of the English stress patterns of Urdu speakers of English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences (2522-3380) is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses epenthesis and vowel intrusion in the Central Dhofari variety of Mehri, one of six endangered Modern South Arabian languages indigenous to southern Arabia. Mehri is spoken by members of the Mahrah tribe in southern Oman, eastern Yemen, parts of southern and eastern Saudi Arabia and in communities in parts of the Gulf and East Africa. The estimated number of Mehri speakers is between 100,000–180,000. Following Hall (2006), this study distinguishes between two types of inserted vowels: epenthetic vowels, which repair illicit syllable structures, and intrusive vowels, which transition between consonants. The paper examines how the properties of epenthetic and intrusive vowels as proposed by Hall relate to Mehri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to discover regularities in the environment, such as syllable patterns in speech, is known as statistical learning. Previous studies have shown that statistical learning is accompanied by neural entrainment, in which neural activity temporally aligns with repeating patterns over time. However, it is unclear whether these rhythmic neural dynamics play a functional role in statistical learning or whether they largely reflect the downstream consequences of learning, such as the enhanced perception of learned words in speech. To better understand this issue, we manipulated participants' neural entrainment during statistical learning using continuous rhythmic visual stimulation. Participants were exposed to a speech stream of repeating nonsense words while viewing either (1) a visual stimulus with a "congruent" rhythm that aligned with the word structure, (2) a visual stimulus with an incongruent rhythm, or (3) a static visual stimulus. Statistical learning was subsequently measured using both an explicit and implicit test. Participants in the congruent condition showed a significant increase in neural entrainment over auditory regions at the relevant word frequency, over and above effects of passive volume conduction, indicating that visual stimulation successfully altered neural entrainment within relevant neural substrates. Critically, during the subsequent implicit test, participants in the congruent condition showed an enhanced ability to predict upcoming syllables and stronger neural phase synchronization to component words, suggesting that they had gained greater sensitivity to the statistical structure of the speech stream relative to the incongruent and static groups. This learning benefit could not be attributed to strategic processes, as participants were largely unaware of the contingencies between the visual stimulation and embedded words. These results indicate that manipulating neural entrainment during exposure to regularities influences statistical learning outcomes, suggesting that neural entrainment may functionally contribute to statistical learning. Our findings encourage future studies using non-invasive brain stimulation methods to further understand the role of entrainment in statistical learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an overview of phonological adaptation of loanwords in Azerbaijani Turkish Language by breaking up the initial clusters. The syllable structure of Azerbaijani Turkish Language is CV(C)(C). That is ONSET is obligatory in this language, and there should be a consonant at the beginning of the word. But the initial cluster is forbidden and *COMPONS is considered in high priority. So, if a loanword with initial cluster appears in this language, it should be broken up with different repair strategies such as: vowel epenthesis, resyllabification and deletion of short vowels or some consonants to adapt the syllable structure of this language. The most frequently applied repair strategy in Azerbaijani Turkish Language is vowel epenthesis that can be in two kinds both anaptyxis and prothesis. There are various theories about the site of epenthesis, that is where the vowel should be inserted; at the beginning of cluster or a position between the consonants. Just Fleischhacker's theory (2001,2005) accounts for the epenthesis in Azerbaijani Turkish Language. She says that the epenthesis is based on maximal perceptual similarity between input and output. The site of epenthesis is investigated in Optimality Theory that is an appropriate theory in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beginnings of words are, in some informal sense, special. This intuition is widely shared, for example, when playing word games. Less apparent is whether the intuition is substantiated empirically and what the underlying organizational principle(s) might be. Here, we answer this seemingly simple question in a quantitatively clear way. Based on arguments about the interplay between lexical storage and speech processing, we examine whether the distribution of information among different speech sounds of words is governed by a critical computational unit for online speech perception and production: syllables. By analyzing lexical databases of twelve languages, we demonstrate that there is a compelling asymmetry between syllable beginnings (onsets) versus ends (codas) in their involvement in distinguishing words stored in the lexicon. In particular, we show that the functional advantage of syllable onset reflects an asymmetrical distribution of lexical informativeness within the syllable unit but not an effect of a global decay of informativeness from the beginning to the end of a word. The converging finding across languages from a range of typological families supports the conjecture that the syllable unit, while being a critical primitive for both speech perception and production, is also a key organizational constraint for lexical storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho (HJUOZ) is the property of Humanities Journal of University of Zakho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study handles the specific aspects of oral communication at various linguistic dimensions within the context of teaching French as a foreign language. Oral language is prone to a particular organization at the prosodic, morphosyntactic, and discursive dimensions, which interact once speech is brought into play. In order to delve into orality in French, as the problematic of this study, and to draw its pedagogical implications, a linguistic review of some hypothetical utterances was first carried out. Then, an interview-based video retrieved from an open source was analyzed in terms of its specific oral aspects by excluding lexical and kinesic characteristics. The findings show the relevance of some oral features which bear a close relationship with each other. As far as the prosodic aspects are concerned, it is found that the filled pause, the false start, the contraction, the syllable lengthening, and most importantly the intonation, which plays a distinctive role when conveying meaning, are utilized in oral communication in French. The relevant morphosyntactic features of orality in the scope of French include the thematization, the omission of the first negative adverbial particle, the use of presentative structures, neutral demonstrative pronouns as well as that of bivalent indefinite/personal pronoun, and the recourse to direct speech or to various corrections/repetitions/reformulations. Concerning the specific discursive aspects of French, the findings reveal the use of phatic markers as pragmatic discourse organizers. Lastly, based on the findings, a communicative-linguistic activity in the form of a task was proposed for didactic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study revisits the Menzerath's Law, which articulates the inverse relationship between the length of constructs and the mean length of their constituents. This relationship is famously modelled by Gabriel Altmann's model, which combines power and exponential relations. His formulas have been widely used to describe this relationship across linguistics and biology, however, there is no satisfactory explanation for his model. Therefore, the paper proposes shifting our perspective to examine directly the relationship between the number of constituents in a construct and the number of subconstituents in the same construct. This relationship may be explained by a simple model based on linear regression, which leads to a hyperbolic model of the Menzerath's Law. This approach is successful for several datasets, but insufficient for others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current research into second language (L2) speaking, aspects of fluency are measured as static constructs. Averaged over a complete speaking performance, for instance, syllables per minute is calculated. Similarly, the number of pauses is calculated per minute, averaged over a complete speaking task. This paper argues, however, that we need to investigate fluency as a dynamic construct. Research into L1 speaking has shown that L1 fluency aspects may show cyclical temporal patterns (Roberts & Kirsner, 2000). In addition, research into the changes in perception of L2 comprehensibility during task performance has shown that L2 comprehensibility may show dynamic patterns, with implications for ratings on comprehensibility (Nagle et al., 2019). This paper, therefore, argues that L2 fluency should be investigated as a dynamic construct as well. The paper finishes by sketching pedagogical implications and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assigning stress to the appropriate syllable is consequential for being understood. Despite the importance, second language (L2) learners' stress assignment is often incorrect, being affected by their first language (L1). Beyond the L1, learners' lexical stress assignment may depend on analogy with other words in their lexicon. The current study investigates the respective roles of the L1 (English, French) and analogy in L2 German lexical stress assignment. Because English, like German, has variable stress assignment and French does not, participants included English- and French-speaking German L2 learners who assigned stress to German nonsense words in a perceptual preference and a production task. Results suggest a role of the L1, with English-speaking German L2 learners performing more like L1 German speakers. While French-speaking German L2 learners' performance could not be predicted by other factors, L2 German proficiency and the ability to produce analogous words were predictive of English-speaking German L2 learners' production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine a traditional Itelmen song type (itl; Chukotko-Kamchatkan) from the perspective of text setting: the phonological correspondence between spoken language and sung text. We suggest that the algorithm that relates spoken text to song in Itelmen is unlike the majority of examples considered in the literature on English and other languages, in that linguistic stress and metrical prominence play no discernible role, nor does syllable weight. Instead, the driving force appears to be matching word edges to (half-)measure boundaries, resulting in predictable anaptyxis (vowel epenthesis) and lengthening. The process is paraphonological in that it is related to, but distinct from, the regular phonology of the language, both in the quality of the epenthetic elements and in their placement. While the algorithm makes use of (and thus may inform us about) Itelmen phonotactics, the relationship is not readily characterizable as being phonotactically motivated but is instead controlled by a pattern of mapping linguistic syllables to musical beats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical learning, the ability to extract regularities from input (e.g., in language), is likely supported by learners' prior expectations about how component units co‐occur. In this study, we investigated how adults' prior experience with sublexical regularities in their native language influences performance on an empirical language learning task. Forty German‐speaking adults completed a speech repetition task in which they repeated eight‐syllable sequences from two experimental languages: one containing disyllabic words comprised of frequently occurring German syllable transitions (naturalistic words) and the other containing words made from unattested syllable transitions (non‐naturalistic words). The participants demonstrated learning from both naturalistic and non‐naturalistic stimuli. However, learning was superior for the naturalistic sequences, indicating that the participants had used their existing distributional knowledge of German to extract the naturalistic words faster and more accurately than the non‐naturalistic words. This finding supports theories of statistical learning as a form of chunking, whereby frequently co‐occurring units become entrenched in long‐term memory. A one‐page Accessible Summary of this article in non‐technical language is freely available in the Supporting Information online and at https://oasis‐database.org [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study employed an animation movie to develop the ability of stress in English of EFL students. The participants of the study were 30 Grade 5 students in a primary school in Thailand. The research instruments comprised the animation movie titled "Frozen," syllable stress exercises, and an oral test which acted as a pre and posttest. The garnered data were examined and expressed as means, standard deviations and t-test. The interview information was analyzed through content analysis. At the 0.01 statistical significance level, the results of this study demonstrated that the syllable stress posttest score (M=16.30, S.D.=8.77) was significantly higher than the pretest score (M=14.33, S.D.=7.26). This signifies that students could pronounce words more accurately. Furthermore, the interview results suggested that the animation movie could create much more relaxing mood in the classroom, which remarkably contributed to language learning. All in all, it indicated that the animation movie was able to effectively develop the ability of stress in English in a pleasant classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit pervasive difficulties in speech perception. Given that speech processing involves both acoustic and linguistic stages, it remains unclear which stage of speech processing is impaired in children with ADHD. To investigate this issue, we measured neural tracking of speech at syllable and word levels using electroencephalography (EEG), and evaluated the relationship between neural responses and ADHD symptoms in 6-8 years old children. Twenty-three children participated in the current study, and their ADHD symptoms were assessed with SNAP-IV questionnaires. In the experiment, the children listened to hierarchical speech sequences in which syllables and words were, respectively, repeated at 2.5 and 1.25 Hz. Using frequency domain analyses, reliable neural tracking of syllables and words was observed in both the low-frequency band (<4 Hz) and the high-gamma band (70-160 Hz). However, the neural tracking of words in the high-gamma band showed an anti-correlation with the ADHD symptom scores of the children. These results indicate that ADHD prominently impairs cortical encoding of linguistic information (e.g., words) in speech perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to unpack the internal structure of syllables in two mutually unintelligible languages, namely, Tshivenḓa and Xitsonga. The study finds that the analysis of the syllable in both languages permit many structural patterns; and that the syllable, which has no coda in the two languages, normally begins with one or more consonants, and terminates with a vowel, which serves as the nucleus. The structure of the syllable generally assumes the CV representation, which occurs freely in both languages, and which can be broken up by vowel insertion and glide formation. Moreover, Tshivenḓa accommodates a cluster of consonants at word-initial position, but consonants in Xitsonga occur in both word-initial and word-final positions. Finally, it is recommended, among others, that future studies should pay attention to syllabic patterning and other related issues in Bantu languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is concerned with the placement of the secondary stress in Tiberian Biblical Aramaic. The challenging aspect of this placement is that, contrary to universal typology, both long-voweled CVVC, CVV and short-voweled CV syllables are stressed whereas short-voweled CVC syllables are not. This apparently abnormal distribution is rationalized by arguing that CV syllables became CVV due to a secondary lengthening of the short vowel. I claim that this lengthening is a late development and likely corresponds to the late orthographical practice of regularly marking the secondary stress on open syllables. A similar lengthening in Eastern Syriac offers support for this interpretation. Finally, the common origin of Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic secondary stresses is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A language's writing system offers a complex lens through which to explore its lexicon. Korean's bi-scriptal lexicon comprising its native script Hangul and Chinese Hanja, enables a unique window into what is and is not permissible in the language, as well as a chance to investigate how properties of the written form are reflected in the mental representation of the language. Through a novel priming paradigm, we investigated the effects of Hanja on visual word recognition in Hangul. In particular, we examined the effects of neighborhood size and syllable position of individual Sino-Korean morphemes. Although Hangul is the primary script, literate native Korean speakers are sensitive to the effects of Hanja; they are confronted with a lexicon written primarily in one (Hangul), but deeply influenced by another that is much less visible and commonly used (Hanja). We show that the contributions of Hanja are simply part and parcel of Sino-Korean lexical processing despite the asymmetry in use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some studies on training effects of pronunciation instruction have claimed that the training of prosodic features has effects at the segmental level and that the training of segmental features has effects at the prosodic level, with greater effects reported when prosody is the main focus of training. This paper revisits this claim by looking at the effects of pronunciation training on Italian learners of German. In a pre-post-test design, we investigate acoustic changes after training in learners' productions of two features regarded as prosodic and two features regarded as segmental. The prosodic features were the pitch excursion of final rises in yes–no questions and the reduction in schwa epenthesis in word-final closed syllables. The segmental features were final devoicing and voice onset time (VOT) in plosives. We discuss the results for three groups (with segmental training, with prosody training, and with no pronunciation training). Our results indicate that there are positive effects of prosody-oriented training on the production of segments, especially when training focuses on syllable structure and prosodic prominence (stress and accent). They also indicate that teaching segmental and prosodic aspects of pronunciation together is beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hesitations are often used by speakers in spontaneous speech not only to organise and prepare their speech but also to address any obstacles that may arise during delivery. Given the relationship between hesitation phenomena and motor and/or cognitive–linguistic control deficits, characterising the form of hesitation could be potentially useful in diagnosing specific speech and language disorders, such as primary progressive aphasia (PPA). This work aims to analyse the features of hesitations in patients with PPA compared to healthy speakers, with hesitations understood here as those related to speech planning, that is, silent or empty pauses, filled pauses, and lengthened syllables. Forty-three adults took part in this experiment, of whom thirty-two suffered from some form of PPA: thirteen from logopenic PPA (lvPPA), ten from nonfluent PPA (nfvPPA), and nine from semantic PPA (svPPA). The remaining 11 were healthy speakers who served as a control group. An analysis of audio data recorded when participants produced spontaneous speech for a picture description task showed that the frequency of silent pauses, especially those classified as long (>1000 ms) was particularly useful to distinguish PPA participants from healthy controls and also to differentiate among PPA types. This was also true, albeit to a lesser extent, of the frequency of filled pauses and lengthened syllables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Words are composed of morphemes. The notion that morphemes are words is not necessarily true. While some single morphemes can function as words, some words have two or more morphemes. Furthermore, it is wrong to consider morphemes to be syllables. In contrast, many words only have one syllable and two morphemes; examples are "cats," "runs," and "barked." Morpheme can be classified as either Free or Bound Morpheme. It applies the Bound Morpheme's restriction, which included eight inflectional affixes. The goal is to determine how pupils use bound morphemes. This study's research tool was acquired through testing. Knowing the sort of error and where it happens helps with testing. The procedures for data analysis were applied by the data analysis methodologies. Counted the Bound Morpheme first. Second, they were divided into groups. Thirdly, the number of frequently occurring terms was counted. Fourthly, determined which word should be chosen and which should not be. Then, based on the total number of words with the ratings Excellent, Good, Fair, and Poor, percentages were calculated. Meanwhile, based on the results of the The student's ability in implementing the Inflectional Affixes is 38% as a very good category, 25% as a good category, 25% as a fair category, and 12% as a low category in implementing the Inflectional Affixes of Bound Morpheme on the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prose means the way to the top of the mountain or to offer something. The literal meaning of prose is the scales of poetry, but the scales on which the weight of Pashto poetry is weighed is the syllabotonic scales which consider both the intonation and the syllabic of poetry. It means that, the stressed syllables are regular in all pillars and are positioned at equal distances following the first pillar. The purpose of this research is to make the prose system in Pashto's poetry clear to the readers. The library research method was used in this study. The study found that the prose system in the poetry of Pashto has a diverse characteristic; in all the lyric poems, there is pressure in every third syllable element and on its quatrains, the stress is on its fourth syllable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been long held that languages of the world are divided into rhythm classes so that they are either stress-timed, syllable-timed or mora-timed. It is also known for a long time that duration serves various informational functions in speech. But it is unclear whether these two kinds of uses of duration are complementary to each other, or they are actually one and the same. There has been much empirical research that raises questions about the rhythm class hypothesis due to lack of evidence of the suggested isochrony in any language. Yet the alleged cross-language rhythm classification is still widely taken for granted and continues to be researched. Here we conducted a corpus study of English, an archetype of a stress-timed language, and Mandarin, an alleged syllable-timed language, to look for evidence of at least a tendency toward isochrony when much of the informational use of duration is controlled for. We examined the relationship between segment and syllable duration and the relationship of syllable and phrase duration in the two languages. The results show that in English syllables are largely incompressible to allow stress-timing because segment duration is inflexible to allow variable syllable duration beyond its functional use. Surprisingly, Mandarin does show a small tendency toward both equal syllable duration and equal phrase duration. Additionally, the duration of pre-boundary syllables in English increases linearly with break index, whereas in Mandarin, the duration increase stops after break index 2, which is accompanied by the insertion of silent pauses. We conclude, therefore, timing and duration in speech are predominantly used for encoding information rather being controlled by a rhythmic principle, and the residual equal-duration tendency in the two languages examined here show exactly the opposite patterns from the predictions of the rhythm class hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the phonetic variation of the fricative phoneme /s/ in non-professional speakers from Santiago, Chile. It was found that the elision of the /s/ phoneme is the most common variant and is mainly conditioned by the occlusive consonant context. Additionally, it is observed that the aspiration and elision of the /s/ phoneme entail changes in syllabic structure and in the gemination of the involved consonants. These results have pedagogical implications in the teaching of Spanish as a first and foreign language, and demonstrate the existence of variation between professional speech and the speech of lower classes in Santiago, Chile. [Extracted from the article]

We conducted a close replication of the seminal work by Marcus and colleagues from 1999, which showed that after a brief auditory exposure phase, 7‐month‐old infants were able to learn and generalize a rule to novel syllables not previously present in the exposure phase. This work became the foundation for the theoretical framework by which we assume that infants are able to learn abstract representations and generalize linguistic rules. While some extensions on the original work have shown evidence of rule learning, the outcomes are mixed, and an exact replication of Marcus et al.'s study has thus far not been reported. A recent meta‐analysis by Rabagliati and colleagues brings to light that the rule‐learning effect depends on stimulus type (e.g., meaningfulness, speech vs. nonspeech) and is not as robust as often assumed. In light of the theoretical importance of the issue at stake, it is appropriate and necessary to assess the replicability and robustness of Marcus et al.'s findings. Here we have undertaken a replication across four labs with a large sample of 7‐month‐old infants (N = 96), using the same exposure patterns (ABA and ABB), methodology (Headturn Preference Paradigm), and original stimuli. As in the original study, we tested the hypothesis that infants are able to learn abstract "algebraic" rules and apply them to novel input. Our results did not replicate the original findings: infants showed no difference in looking time between test patterns consistent or inconsistent with the familiarization pattern they were exposed to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is harder to learn a proper name than a common noun in association with a new face, and low-frequency (LF) or rare surnames are harder to learn than high-frequency (HF) or common surnames. A separate body of research has shown that words containing HF phonological components can be easier to retrieve and produce than words with LF phonological components. This study tested for a "downstream" benefit of increased syllable frequency (independent of name frequency) on name–face association learning: surnames with HF first syllables were predicted to be learned more easily than those with LF first syllables. Participants were tasked with learning 5 names with HF first syllables and 5 names with LF first syllables in association with 10 unfamiliar faces over repeated testing rounds with feedback. People learned more names containing HF than LF first syllables, demonstrating a benefit of increased phonological frequency to name learning. Findings support an interactive activation model that accounts for name–face association learning as well as phonological frequency effects on production, along with many other aspects of memory and language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extant literature documents a higher rate of language/speech disorders in males; however, despite sex being a potential moderator of outcomes, we do not know what role it plays in early vocal behavior of infants at high risk for such disorders. The purpose of this study was to ask: (1) Do high- risk infants demonstrate atypical vocal development patterns? (2) Is the quality and quantity of early babble distinct for male and female infants, and does this pattern vary across risk? To answer these questions, we examined the canonical babbling ratio (CBR; the ratio of canonical syllables, those with a consonant and vowel, like "ba," to all babbled syllables) and number of babbled syllables in data collected from 89 high- and low- risk 6- to 18- month- olds. The infants were divided into four groups: infants with Angelman, Down, and fragile X syndromes, and infants at low risk for speech and language disorders. Each participant was recorded for one day using a digital recorder. After recording, speech produced by the infant was extracted and annotated by 3 trained undergraduate coders for the number of canonical and other syllables produced. We ran ANOVAs to explore group and sex differences, which revealed a main effect of risk group, but no main effects or interactions of sex with our dependent variables (number of syllables, CBR). Thus, results revealed group differences, but not effects of sex, suggesting that sex does not relate to risk in vocal production, which could contribute to improved early diagnosis of speech and language disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knight tour is a mathematical problem that was first solved by Leonhard Euler (1707-1785). The problem consists in finding if it is possible that the knight piece of chess can tour through all the boxes of a chess grid, passing only once through each box. Bishop piece can only move to diagonal boxes of one color, and pawns can only move in one column. It can be easily seen that king, queen and rook can move through all the boxes. But it was not clear that the knight could move all through. Euler found several solutions for the 8x8 grid, and he numbered all the boxes of the grid in the order through which the knight passed. Surprisingly, he obtained some solutions with semi-magic squares, in which the sum of all the numbers of each row and column was the same. Nevertheless, diagonals didn't sum the same, as happens in the magic squares. One of the typical games in word game's books is the knight tour, with a 5x5 grid, that hides a 25-syllable sentence. The objective of this work was to study other grids, to obtain different sentences length with 3x3 (9-syllables), 4x4 (16-syllables), 5x5 (25 syllables), 6x6 (36 syllables) or 7x7 (49 syllables) grids. Thus, this game would be more versatile and could be used more extensively than limiting it to 25-syllable sentences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is quite clear that a person can make mistakes in the process of speech: badly pronounced letters, "missing" syllables. This situation poses certain difficulties for developments in the field of mental or inner speech-based BCI technology. The inability to separate errors from correct speech can significantly reduce the effectiveness of BCIs. In this study, we used words representing the direction in space and pseudowords made randomly from individual syllables, that is, pseudowords were phonetically close to words. The aim of the study was to explore the possibilities of neural network classification of words and pseudo-words-related EEG coherence patterns in the task of mental and spoken speech. It was shown that the preparation and pronunciation of pseudowords takes a long time and is performed non-lexically with sublexical components. It is shown that the structure of EEG patterns with high coherence values registered in both hemispheres in the gamma range is homotopically equivalent and seems to be related to attention mechanisms. The EEG patterns with low coherence are significantly different, which indicates the specifics of right hemisphere involvement in speech processes. The most stable coherence patterns with a significant difference between words and pseudo-words are found in the left hemisphere in gamma frequencies. The main conclusion is that the neural network classification of inner speech-related EEG coherence patterns based on the multilayer perceptron (MLP) demonstrates an accuracy up to 90% in the recognition of words and pseudowords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity for the implicit learning/processing of complex grammar with nonadjacent dependencies is an important feature of human language learning. In this fMRI study, using an implicit AGL paradigm, we explored the neural basis of the implicit learning of the nonadjacent dependency rule, disentangling from sequence-based chunk knowledge (i.e., local sequential regularities or substring) by focusing on the low chunk strength items (which were naturally less similar to training strings), based on tracking neural responses during training and test phases. After listening to and memorizing a series of strings of 10 syllables generated from nonadjacent artificial grammar in the training phase, participants implicitly acquired the knowledge of grammar and chunks. Regarding grammaticality, Broca's area was specifically related to low chunk strength grammatical strings relative to nongrammatical strings in the test phase. This region showed decreased activity with time in the training phase, and a lesser decrease in activity was associated with higher performance in grammar learning. Furthermore, Broca's area showed significantly higher strength of functional connectivity with the left superior temporal gyrus in the low chunk strength grammatical string compared with nongrammatical strings, and this functional connectivity increased with the training time. For the chunks, the performance of accurate discrimination of high chunk strength from low chunk strength nongrammatical strings was predicted by hippocampal activity in the training phase. Converging evidence from the training and test phases showed that Broca's area and its functional connectivity with the left superior temporal gyrus were engaged in the implicit learning/processing of the nonadjacent dependency rule, separating the effects of chunks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences (2522-3380) is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses differentiating phonological awareness activities for young students in literacy education. Topics include increasing the achievement gap between higher and lower performing students by ability grouping; teaching about syllables with clapping, blending and segmenting method; and whole class or small group activities.

Copyright of Van Tip Dergisi is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current body of research in the language of advertising deals with the nature of segments, vowel quality, consonants, and vowel voicing, yet relatively little is understood about the impact of syllables on participants' behavior. This paper investigates syllable variation in brand names on customers' preferences in the language of advertising. A correlational-exploratory research design has been adopted. The instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire containing 40 fictitious brand names organized in two lists of 10 pairs. The first 10 pairs varied in terms of syllable type (open/ closed syllable), while the second 10 pairs varied in terms of syllable number (monosyllabic and disyllabic/ multisyllabic. The Participants were asked to choose from the first and second 10 pairs. Based on their responses, I calculated the Phi correlation coefficient (rφ) to determine the correlation between variations at the syllabic level and brand name preference. The results revealed that there is a strong correlation between syllable variation in brand names and participants’ preference with (p < .05) and (rφ=.436).In addition, participants preferred brand names containing open syllables. Moreover, Participants generally preferred disyllabic brand names. However, participants chose multisyllabic brand names over monosyllabic ones when choosing between the two. The obtained results have been very promising as they represent an initial step toward a framework that covers all variables in the language of advertising. Future work will concentrate on creating an exhaustive framework covering other stylistic and linguistic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of letter transposition effects in alphabetic scripts provide compelling evidence that letter position is encoded flexibly during reading, potentially during an early, perceptual stage of visual word recognition. Recent studies additionally suggest similar flexibility in the spatial encoding of syllabic information in the Korean Hangul script. With the present research, we conducted two experiments to investigate the locus of this syllabic transposition effect. In Experiment 1, lexical decisions for foveal stimulus presentations were less accurate and slower for four-syllable nonwords created by transposing two syllables in a base word as compared to control nonwords, replicating prior evidence for a transposed syllable effect in Korean word recognition. In Experiment 2, the same stimuli were presented to the right and left visual hemifields (i.e., RVF and LVF), which project both unilaterally and contralaterally to each participant's left and right cerebral hemisphere (i.e., LH and RH) respectively, using lateralized stimulus displays. Lexical decisions revealed a syllable transposition effect in the accuracy and latency of lexical decisions for both RVF and LVF presentations. However, response times for correct responses were longer in the LVF, and therefore the RH, as compared to the RVF/LH. As the LVF/RH appears to be selectively sensitive to the visual-perceptual attributes of words, the findings suggest that this syllable transposition effect partly finds its locus within a perceptual stage of processing. We discuss these findings in relation to current models of the spatial encoding of orthographic information during visual word recognition and accounts of visual word recognition in Korean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This correction notice addresses errors in an article titled "Phonological syllables allow children with developmental dyslexia to access words" published in the Annals of Dyslexia. The correction includes changes to the text regarding the approval of the research by the Regional School Management Office and the Local Ethics Committee, as well as the availability of data. Additionally, a typo in the legend for Figure 3 is acknowledged and corrected. The original article has been updated to reflect these changes. The publisher, Springer Nature, maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of this paper is to analyze some syllable lengthening phaenomena in oral speech of south-central area of Asturias. In local language converge both vowel harmony and syllable lengthening phaenomena linked to different pragmatic functions, either with stressed and unstressed phonetic units. This phenomena will be analysed attending to different illocutionary types and different pragmatic variables as well as considering their confluence with other kinds of prominence (intensity and pitch) and even incipent cases of grammaticalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]