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Copyright of Dirasat: Educational Sciences is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. There is no consensus in literature data about the influence of biological maturation (BM) on swim performance in young athletes. We analysed the relationship of BM, upper-limb power (ULP), and lower-limb power (LLP) with adolescent athletes' performance in crawl swim. Methods. This observational study determined the BM of 16 competitive swimmers (50% males and 50% females; 12.90 ± 0.88 years) by a mathematical model based on bone age and anthropometric measures. ULP and LLP were established by the horizontal launch test and the vertical and countermovement jump tests on a force platform, respectively. Swim performance was evaluated by the average speed in a 100-m crawl sprint. Results. BM was related to ULP (males: r = 0.76, p = 0.001; females: r = 0.39, p = 0.02), LLP (males: vertical jump r = 0.80, p = 0.02, countermovement jump r = 0.48, p = 0.02; females: vertical jump r = 0.30, p = 0.04, countermovement jump r = 0.80, p = 0.01), and crawl swim performance (males: r = -0.91, p = 0.001; females: r = -0.72, p = 0.04). BM had a 87% contribution to crawl swim performance in males and a 66% contribution in females. ULP and LLP showed < 50% contribution to crawl swim performance in both females and males. Conclusions. BM was associated with crawl swim performance of adolescent athletes of both sexes. BM exhibited a stronger contribution to crawl swim performance than ULP and LLP in adolescent swimmers at the puberty window. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author talks about how self-agency is related to learning to swim by explaining it deals with how adults interact with children in the water and during swimming. Topics discussed include the author stating that the sense of self to make one's own choices being the essence of self-agency, and the choice of saying no being a sign of one's personal discipline.

African American children ages 5 - 19 years drown in swimming pools at rates of 5.5 times higher than those of whites (Gilchrist & Parker, 2014). Literature suggested culture is the culprit for this disparity. A fear of water dates to slavery (Pitts, 2007). After slavery was abolished, the memory of drowning remained part of the African American culture. In the twentieth century, the popularity of swimming grew with the increase in public pools. The era of the Jim Crow laws kept African Americans out of public pools (Pitts, 2007). Although the political landscape has shifted since the Jim Crow era, inequities have continued to linger. Despite the reported disparity between drowning among African Americans and others, a gap exists in the literature regarding aquatic programming at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). Delaware State University (DSU) is addressing the fear of water among students on campus and among members of the surrounding community to DSU by implementing the American Red Cross Parent Orientation to Swim Curriculum. DSU's current motto is "Making our mark on the world;" the previous motto was, "Only an educated man is free." We prefer to recall that Plato said, "A man is not learned until he can read, write, and swim" (Silver, 2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the Orca Certification which provides swimming lessons for children. Topics include the objectives of Orca Certification, teaching of survival skills in the deep water, and the 2014 Lifesaving Foundation Conference. Particular focus is also given to adaptations in the swimming pool which are based on three body parts such as the head, torso, and limbs.

Swimming can be an important source of physical activity across the life-span. Researchers have found that parents influence physical activity behaviors of their children. The purpose of this study was to determine what parental factors influenced the number of days that children swam. Survey respondents (n = 1,909) from six cities across the United States were surveyed at local YMCAs. Children were found to swim significantly more if their parents encouraged them to swim, members of the family knew how to swim and swam with them, or their parents were not afraid of the children drowning or afraid of drowning themselves. The number of times that parents swam was the strongest predictor of the number of times children swam and explained 41% of the variance. A cyclical, familial pattern was found which included encouragement, fear of drowning, and swimming frequency. Introducing strategies to reduce fear of drowning may prove to be an effective intervention to increase physical activity in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study was to quantify and summarize the various aquatic interventions in children with disabilities, including studies of all levels of evidence. Forty-five intervention studies were included and were described within nine disability groups. The largest number of articles was found in the groups of "diseases and disabilities of the nervous system" (N = 15) and "mental and behavioral disorders" (N = 15). Swimming or aquatic interventions in children with sensory system and integration deficits, circulatory system problems, congenital malformations, and chromosomal abnormalities did not reveal any published literature. The categorization of aquatic interventions was difficult due to several concerns: the lack of common definitions, the absence of intervention details, individualized therapy or training plans without a decision-making model, different types of pools (temperature and depth), and an undefined mix of several intervention types. Training intensity was missing in 68% of the interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On children, HIIT program is being used by coaches as a way of rapid improvement. The values of the intervals vary from the target of the period. The study's purpose was to find out if HIIT in different interval protocols improves children's swimming performance. In the study participated 18 rookie swimmers (9 boys and 9 girls), aged 11.6 ±1.5. The HIIT protocol in both groups included the set of 2 × 4 × 17.5 m (freestyle and freestyle kick, respectively). The first group (HIIT 1) had a 10 sec interval while the second (HIIT 2) - a 1 min between the HIIT reps. Swimmers performed in 35 m freestyle (35F) and 2 min free kick (2' FK) trials at maximum effort. The performance (T), the number of strokes (SN) and the stroke length (SL) were measured at 35F, the covered distance at 2' FK and the heart rate (HR), the rated perception of exertion (RPE) at 35F and 2' FK. Regarding the results, all parameters improved significantly (p = 0.01). The use of a 4-week swimming program with training 4 times per week, in which two were HIIT, improved children's performance and efficiency in swimming. Intervals of 10 sec or 1 min did not alter the improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated swimming performance and the influence of task complexity among children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Two groups of children were matched by age -11 Controls without DCD and 11 children with DCD. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed that children with DCD performed at a significantly lower level than age-matched controls for all the water competency tasks and front crawl. Both groups improved significantly in water competency and front crawl over the 10 lessons. Significant interactions suggested that children with DCD showed different rates of change during the acquisition of the glide and front crawl. Both groups regressed with increased task complexity. Awareness of motor learning difficulties experienced by children enables teachers, parents, and children to have realistic expectations. A supportive environment for children with DCD will enable them to achieve the important swimming skill competencies and reduce drop-out rates in learn-to-swim programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose for this research was to determine if reported swimming participation myths (barriers) for minority children were authentic. Previous research on minority children's swimming patterns has been limited, while drowning rates for these groups are high. Nation-wide survey research supported by USA Swimming was conducted using six cities across the U.S. Trained staff members from YMCA non-swimming programs were used to solicit participants and to supervise survey administration. A large, purposeful sample (n = 1,680) was gathered that targeted poor, minority children. Parents of children aged 4-11 years and adolescents (12-17 years) completed surveys. Descriptive statistics were observed on selected myth statements by demographic variables. Several barriers were revealed to be myths and not real barriers. Potential barriers revealed, which include parental involvement factors, were noteworthy for marginalized children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the energy cost of swimming, body composition, and technical parameters on swimming performance in young swimmers. Twenty-nine swimmers, 15 prepubertal (11.9 ± 0.3 years; Tanner Stages 1-2) and 14 pubertal (14.3 ± 1.4 years; Tanner Stages 3-4) boys participated in the study. The energy cost of swimming (Cs) and stroking parameters were assessed over maximal 400-m front-crawl swimming in a 25-m swimming pool. The backward extrapolation technique was used to evaluate peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). A stroke index (SI; m² · s-1 · cycles-1) was calculated by multiplying the swimming speed by the stroke length. VO2peak results were compared with VO2peak test in the laboratory (bicycle, 2.86 ± 0.74 L/min, vs. in water, 2.53 ± 0.50 L/min; R² = .713; p = .0001). Stepwise-regression analyses revealed that SI (R² = .898), in-water VO2peak (R² = .358), and arm span (R² = .454) were the best predictors of swimming performance. The backward-extrapolation method could be used to assess VO2peak in young swimmers. SI, arm span, and VO2peak appear to be the major determinants of front-crawl swimming performance in young swimmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the nature of the relationship between precompetitive state anxiety (CSAI-2C), subjective (race position) and objective (satisfaction) performance outcomes, and self-rated causal attributions (CDS-IIC) for performance in competitive child swimmers. Race position, subjective satisfaction, self-confidence, and, to a lesser extent, cognitive state anxiety (but not somatic state anxiety) were associated with the attributions provided by the children for their swimming performance. The study partially supported the self-serving bias hypothesis; winners used the ego-enhancing attributional strategy, but the losers did not use an ego-protecting attributional style. Age but not gender appeared to influence the attributions provided in achievement situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the impacts of shallow water aerobic exercise training on older people with arterial disease, drowning prevention, and parental factors that affect swimming in children.

Copyright of Timisoara Physical Education & Rehabilitation Journal is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate use of the critical power concept with swimmers ages 8 to 18 years. Critical velocity (CV) and an aerobic swimming capacity (ASC) were determined from the results of three short time trials (n = 86) or competition swims (n = 60). Data fit the critical power model well, as evidenced by high R2 and low SEE of CV and ASC estimates. CV was correlated with velocity in an endurance swim (r ≥ 0.86) and ASC was correlated with peak lactate (c ≥ 0.69). Thus, even in very young swimmers, CV and ASC provide mode-specific indices of endurance and anaerobic capacity, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to identify physiological determinants of sprint (91.4 m) swimming velocity that discriminated between performance levels in male children (n = 12, age = 10.26 ± 1.00) and in young adult (n = 16, age = 19.78 ± 1.61) competitors. Independent variables included stature, arm length, body mass, body density, body fat, muscularity, leg power, and measures taken during swimming, which included arm stroke force, leg kick force, peak oxygen consumption rate, stroke rate, and stroke efficiency. Discriminant analysis revealed that in the children, higher levels of leg-kick force, peak VO2, stroke efficiency, and muscularity were the most potent variables contributing to the classification of the faster swimmers. In the young adults, higher levels of stroke efficiency, body density, and muscularity, served as the significant discriminators of the faster swimmers. When compared across age groups, these results indicated that substantial differences in stroke efficiency and muscularity significantly accounted for higher performance in these children versus young adult sprint swimmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the century of speed, technology has penetrated very deeply into people's lives, and exercising and the time they spend outside with and among friends have greatly diminished. Unfortunately, this trend also affects children who suffer very much from a lack of exercise, which draws attention to overweight problems, obesity, motor skills problems and so on, with direct effects on their appropriate development. The proper physical development is an important goal for children aged 9-10 years. Influencing it at a higher level can be intensified by practicing sport disciplines either as an extracurricular activity during their free time or as an activity within the vocational classes. In this study, we have tried to demonstrate that practicing a larger number of motor activities each week has a greater influence on some somatic parameters. And the more the required effort goes to the aerobic area, the more beneficial its influence is. For this purpose, we measured, from the anthropometric point of view, three different groups of children aged 9-10 attending a different number of practice sessions per week. The final results have demonstrated the importance of children's participation in more motor activities every week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that sport is increasingly becoming a “no-touch zone” as some coaches, driven by a desire for self-protection, restrict their use of physical contact with (child) athletes in the belief that this reduces their risk of being accused of abuse. Research on coach–athlete physical contact is limited, however, and no studies have yet explored how athletes’ parents understand such behaviors. This article reports on a study that investigates athletes’ parents’ perspectives of appropriate coach–child athlete physical contact within youth swimming. Parents constructed physical contact as necessary and legitimate in three specific contexts and drew on children’s rights principles to rationalize this. This article discusses the significance of this and explores the benefits of adopting child-centered coaching practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of pediatric exercise studies from various sports medicine and pediatric journals. A study by C. Maffeis and colleagues looked at the energy expenditure and intake in obese children. A study by J. C. Ozmun and colleagues studied neuromuscular responses to strength training. Other studies researched how health behaviors of parents affect their children's health behaviors, home exercise training in cystic fibrosis patients, and aerobic and anaerobic characteristics of prepubertal swimmers.

Informal learning contexts may provide opportunities for adding capital to young children in their years prior to schooling. This paper explores the potential of the early-years swim context to add capital to young children that may position them favourably for the transition to school. Using Bourdieu's notion of capital, the paper discusses the results of child testing of 177 swimming children aged between three and five years. It was found that the swimming children were often significantly better from the normal populations, thus suggesting that the swim environment may be ‘adding capital’ to young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this research is to examine thoroughly the reasons why the parents guide their children to swim. The research was designed in screening model in qualitative research approaches. Methods. Study group of the research is composed of the parents of 303 (177 male; 126 female) children with the age range of 10-15 who attended the summer school of 2015 in the swimming pool at Gazi University in the city center of Ankara. As a data collection tool, unstructured interview form was used in order to get to the bottom of the personal opinions and judgments of the parents. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage and mean) and content analysis were used in data analysis. Results. When examined the findings of the study, four themes regarding opinions of the parents were obtained. It was detected that the fact that the children are guided by their family to swim and the children themselves are eager to swim lie at the bottom of why the children who are swimming are doing this sport. It was appeared that they are mostly affected by their peers in terms of environmental interaction. Parents associated swimming mostly with physical development and healthy life among the developmental dimensions of their children. It was determined that the presence of the facilities in the vicinity, suitability thereof for the religious belief, and the desire of the parent for being alone and resting are among the other reasons why the parents guide their children to swim. Conclusions. It was concluded that the parents participating in the research have a relatively high awareness level with respect to the positive contribution of swimming to all the developmental dimensions; and in terms of the tendency to this sport, guidance of the parents is more effective than the desire of the children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine which sports are most popular among parents of pupils of primary school in Serbia, in order to determine which sports would be advisable to introduce in the classes of physical education. The sample included 5865 parents. Most parents would like to introduce as an optional sport swimming, football, basketball, volleyball and at last parents would like to introduce acrobatics, wrestling, orienteering and rowing. Obtained were statistically significant differences according to gender (fathers would like to be introduced football and mothers would like swimming) and according to educational level (parents with higher educational level would most like to be introduced swimming and volleyball; while parents with the lowest educational level prefered football). The results indicates that with enlargement of educational level of parents comes higher level of interest for other sports, like skiing and basketball and decrease level interest for bicycling, football and karate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sports Science & Health / Sportske Nauke i Zdravlje is the property of Pan-European University Apeiron and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The impact of stress on children's face identification is not well understood, partly because of the ethical and methodological challenges posed by this line of research. In the present research, such challenges were addressed by having 4-year-old and 5-year-old children (n = 80) participate in swimming lessons that were anxiety provoking for some, but not all, children. Information processing conditions were also manipulated by varying event frequency and retention interval. Children's identifications were examined after both a short (1.5-4 weeks) and long (1 year) delay. Anxiety was largely unrelated to the accuracy of children's swimming instructor identifications; however, after a long delay, anxiety had a negative effect on correct line-up rejections. In addition, the confidence-accuracy relation was influenced by the quality of the information processing conditions but only after a short delay. Implications for child witnesses are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. This study aimed at introducing a method towards determining the dynamical asymmetry of the upper extremities during swimming and to find its relationship with lower-limb movements in children when swimming the breaststroke. Methods. Twenty boys participated in the research, where seven boys were found to perform incorrect lower-limb movements when swimming. Therefore, the subjects were divided into two groups, those who maintained correct lower-limb movements when swimming and those who did not. The subjects swam for short distances using either only their upper limbs or both upper and lower limbs. The water pressure that was exerted on the right and left hand of the subject was recorded for both tests. On the basis of the compiled data, the upper-limb movements' asymmetry index was calculated. Results. Incorrect lower extremity movements when performing the breaststroke resulted in increased upper-limb dynamical asymmetry. Conclusion. The method applied in this study enables one to diagnosis the dynamical asymmetry of upper-limb movements when swimming. Altogether, it was found in the examined group that incorrect lower-limb movements in the breaststroke did not decrease swimming efficiency. However, an increase of the upper extremities' dynamical asymmetry might have decreased the efficiency of the shoulder-girdle muscles' symmetrization. In the case of individuals performing incorrect lower-limb movements in the breaststroke, it is recommended to improve their performance or to swim with the upper limbs only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educação Física em Revista is the property of Educacao Fisica em Revista and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)