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The ills of global capitalism, the critical issues of climate change, global warming, and environmental justice, have all collectively continued to generate concerns, with the world itching for alternate ideological solutions. This article aims to provide a comprehensive critique of the amalgamation of Anarchism and Marxism as a theoretical framework for addressing contemporary world development challenges. While both ideologies share common ground in their critique of capitalism, this paper argues that their synthesis even though may fall short in adequately addressing the complexities of today's globalised and interconnected world might offer a realistic pathway to the contradictions of capitalism. To this end, this study interrogates the Marx-Proudhon debate on three major areas of differences or similarities, namely, (1) The Tyranny of Exchange Value; (2) Crisis in the Evolution of Capitalism and (3) Method of intervention; and their response to contemporary challenges. The method of analysis is essentially historical, providing an in-depth critique of the theoretical standpoint of both ideologies. We conclude that scholarly solutions to current global challenges should be approached with a view to adequately situate them within the ideological context. Thus a return to the Marx-Proudhon debate provides a path forward in our search for alternatives to capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the methods of extracting surplus value in Mexico. Marxist theory identifies two: absolute and relative, assuming that the latter is capitalist. In the case of Mexico, however, it is concluded that the relative mechanism dominates during periods of higher accumulation and the absolute mechanism dominates during periods of lower growth. In order to confirm this, a method has been proposed to decompose the exploitation rate and measure each method's impact. Since the 2008 crisis, the absolute method has become the basic method of extracting surplus value, and therefore, the procedures adopted are described in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to discuss the combined effects of Industry 4.0 and lean production in the context of global supply chains on working conditions. Our thesis is that the changes of technique based on integrating Industry 4.0 technologies with lean production incur a substantial cost to labour, manifesting as increased work intensity. In Marxian terminology, they have increased the extraction rate of relative surplus value. Our contribution is closely related to the critical global value chain literature and proposes to contribute to this literature by emphasising the relevance of Industry 4.0 technologies in implementing lean production methods and reinforcing control by head companies over the entire chain. Additionally, it discusses how these dynamics manifest in companies and impact the world of work through surveys conducted with workers. These surveys were carried out in a set of Italian metal-mechanical companies involved in various global chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mülkiye Dergisi is the property of Mulkiye Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract With the continuous updating and progress of medical equipment, the overdue medical device has problems such as management difficulties, resource waste, and potential security risks. Therefore, this paper used the Kohonen network algorithm to quantitatively evaluate and analyze the surplus value of overdue medical devices. In this paper, the Kohonen network algorithm was used to build a quantitative model of the surplus value of the overdue medical device, and the self-organization characteristics and data-driven learning ability of the Kohonen network were used to predict the surplus value of the equipment more accurately. Support vector machine was used to quantitatively evaluate and predict the surplus value of overdue medical devices, and further optimize the model performance, to provide more accurate and reliable decision support for medical equipment management. The Kohonen network algorithm used in this paper evaluated the correlation between the service life and maintenance cost of eight types of overdue medical devices and quantitatively predicted the surplus value of overdue medical devices with the random forest algorithm. According to the comparison of prediction bias, the maximum deviation between the expected surplus value and the actual surplus value is only 1, and the deviation value by the random forest algorithm is as low as 6, the Kohonen network algorithm in this paper has better prediction performance than the random forest algorithm. In the experiment of comparative analysis and verification by introducing the decision tree algorithm, the average error rate of the Kohonen network algorithm in this paper was only 20.57%, which was far lower than 46.34% of the random forest algorithm and 65.31% of decision tree algorithm. The Kohonen network algorithm used in this paper can effectively quantitatively evaluate and predict the surplus value of overdue medical devices, thus improving the efficiency of medical equipment management, reducing costs, and ensuring patient safety.

With the continuous updating and progress of medical equipment, the overdue medical device has problems such as management difficulties, resource waste, and potential security risks. Therefore, this paper used the Kohonen network algorithm to quantitatively evaluate and analyze the surplus value of overdue medical devices. In this paper, the Kohonen network algorithm was used to build a quantitative model of the surplus value of the overdue medical device, and the self-organization characteristics and data-driven learning ability of the Kohonen network were used to predict the surplus value of the equipment more accurately. Support vector machine was used to quantitatively evaluate and predict the surplus value of overdue medical devices, and further optimize the model performance, to provide more accurate and reliable decision support for medical equipment management. The Kohonen network algorithm used in this paper evaluated the correlation between the service life and maintenance cost of eight types of overdue medical devices and quantitatively predicted the surplus value of overdue medical devices with the random forest algorithm. According to the comparison of prediction bias, the maximum deviation between the expected surplus value and the actual surplus value is only 1, and the deviation value by the random forest algorithm is as low as 6, the Kohonen network algorithm in this paper has better prediction performance than the random forest algorithm. In the experiment of comparative analysis and verification by introducing the decision tree algorithm, the average error rate of the Kohonen network algorithm in this paper was only 20.57%, which was far lower than 46.34% of the random forest algorithm and 65.31% of decision tree algorithm. The Kohonen network algorithm used in this paper can effectively quantitatively evaluate and predict the surplus value of overdue medical devices, thus improving the efficiency of medical equipment management, reducing costs, and ensuring patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly one in ten Canadians in the private sector works in the franchised sector of the economy. For the most part, franchisors operate as rentiers, extracting value from franchisees for the use of their brand. Research has demonstrated that this arrangement puts additional pressure on franchisees to extract surplus value from their employees that tend toward substandard and unlawful working conditions. In this scenario, franchisors benefit from but are only indirectly involved in the extract of surplus value. In some cases, however, the vertical controls exercised by “franchisors” over “franchisees” are so extensive, and the financial contribution of “franchisees” is so limited, that the franchisor becomes involved in directly extracting surplus value from franchisees. We explore this latter phenomenon through an excavation of the history of the legal distinction in Canadian business-format franchising in Canada and detailed studies of two recent Canadian cases in which “franchisees” successfully claimed employment status.

The 'political economy' of academic publishing industry has come under scrutiny in recent years, as scholars logically seek to understand how for-profit publishers can earn the exorbitant profits they report year after year. One explanation argues that academic publishers exploit scientists acting as peer reviewers and appropriate their 'unpaid labour', and that such 'free labour' is a major source of profit for publishing companies. These two assertions form the core tenets of the 'unpaid academic labour thesis', as this explanation has been termed. The purpose of this article is to subject the unpaid academic labour thesis to a systematic analysis and critique, aiming to elucidate whether it represents a valid explanation of the political economy of journal publishing. This question is considered in the light of the quantitative and qualitative determinations of surplus value production. The analysis conducted will show that peer review is neither an unpaid activity nor a source of profits (be it large of small) for the academic publishing industry. Moreover, by drawing on the distinction between labour time and production time expounded by Marx in Capital, volume II, the investigation will reveal that peer review represents for academic publishers a barrier to the valorisation of their capitals and, also, an unprofitable expense. Without a proper understanding of how capital accumulation operates in the industry of academic publishing, any political action or strategy against the current system of academic publishing will be powerless and ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basically, economic policy knows the theory of money fertilization, how capital is created, how surplus value is created. Also, it should be underlined again the fact that it is not possible to convert some amount of money into capital, namely, it is not possible to create surplus value if that amount is not invested in the production process in which hired labor functions as a specific commodity, as a creator of value, therefore as the only creator of surplus value. In this paper, we will show how and by what methods the production of surplus value can be increased. Precisely, according to the applied methods for increasing the mass of surplus value, we can say that there are three types of surplus value: absolute surplus value, relative surplus value and extra surplus value.

The growing role of knowledge and the cognitive dimension of labour is one of the outstanding features of the new capitalism. However, the importance of knowledge in economic dynamics is not, as such, a historical novelty. So the question is which theoretical tools are best suited to understanding its new role in the development of contemporary metamorphoses within the capital-labour relationship. In the wake of Smith's conception of the division of labour and technical progress, the neoclassical theories of endogenous growth and the knowledge economy interpret this evolution through an approach that abstracts from historical time and the social relations of production. This article aims to show the relevance of the critical Marxist perspective, whose antithesis in this methodological context is based on the centrality of the capital-labour antagonism and the conflicts of knowledge and power that provide the framework for the development of the productive forces. To this end, after recalling the theoretical foundations of Marx's approach to the elaboration of a historical economy of knowledge, we will analyze some persuasive mutations in the organization of production in contemporary capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the result of research that aimed to show how child labor is naturalized and integrated into capitalism. The analysis sought to understand the exploration of child labor from the historical materialist conception of society, based on the production of surplus value and the accumulation of capital. The goal of capitalism is the accumulation of capital, and the devaluation of labor force is one of the mechanisms for achieving this goal. The child labor has been reducing the value of the workforce, which is why it ends up being naturalised. The results showed that the naturalization of this phenomenon is based on misconceptions that the work of children and teenagers brings benefits to them and their families. It was found that child labor increases exploration through absolute surplus value and therefore increases social inequality and damages childhood development. Bibliographical and documentary research was used. The research is applied and descriptive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent post-capitalist theorizing, particularly Winant, revives the question of service sector growth. At stake is whether an economic system built on the extraction of surplus value can continue to function when ever-larger shares of workers do not produce this; also, whether their growing predominance prefigures post-capitalist relations of production. Most contributions offer imprecise concepts of service work and capitalist productivity, however. This article sharpens these with Marxian theoretical tools and assesses them using 2016–2020 US Census data, finding that less than one-fifth of service employees produce surplus value, while nearly half of non-service employees do. The majority of service and all formal US employees create important use values outside of direct capitalist exploitation. They thus pose a potentially post-capitalist constituency that is heavily—and non-randomly—female and Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). The implications of this for the transition away from capitalism, as well as for the transition debate itself, are then considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the aftermath of the financial and economic recession of 2008, 130 Spanish students of five age groups (8 to 17 years) and two socioeconomic backgrounds were individually interviewed about unemployment and lower wages. The participants were presented with two hypothetical situations, and their responses were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The results indicated that children bring their conceptions of work when attempting to explain those phenomena. Specifically, it was found that the explanations were closely associated with the comprehension of the notion of surplus value (i.e., the idea that workers create more value than the cost of their salaries), and that the development of this notion proceeds in three levels. Younger children were simply unaware of the capacity of workers to create value (Level 1), which gave rise to some alternative conceptions (e.g., the idea that money for salaries comes from external sources). The children within the age range of 12–13 began to understand that workers create some value (Level 2). At this level, however, the notion of surplus value was not fully understood, and the idea that money for salaries comes from external sources persisted in a variety of ways. From the ages of 13–14, the children begin to understand that a wage is the price of labor and that the employer earns a profit because workers create more value than the cost of their wages (Level 3). The article presents a discussion of the possible reasons behind the slow progress observed and highlights some suggestions for educational practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Science Information is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims at advancing an explanation, still to be completed, of the paradox of productivity differences and surplus value rate at an international level. New empirical evidence is presented, and it is suggested that an explanation should be developed based on the analysis of the problem of value transfers in international trade. According to the findings of Martínez and Valle (2011), there is empirical evidence that suggests a pattern in which underdeveloped countries with low productivity have a high value composition of capital and a high rate of surplus value, the former being as high as or higher than the corresponding one in a developed country. This work is a contribution to the development of the state of the empirical analysis. Said contribution is made based on econometric and statistical evidence of the relationship between rate of surplus value and value composition of capital of a selection of countries and a sample of 70 countries. Data from Penn World (PWT) v.10, v.9 or Extended Penn World Table (EPWT), v.4 are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to offer a comprehensive restatement and critical assessment of Marx's theory regarding the subsumption of labor under capital (SLC). The core hypothesis of this account asserts a correspondence between forms of SLC and forms of surplus value extraction that is not evidently supported by his historical comparisons of capitalist production with antecedent forms of the circuit of capital. Moreover, Marx's comparative historical analysis of SLC does not establish a distinct and necessary role for direct capitalist oversight of production in the process of surplus value extraction. Possible theoretical foundations for inferring such a role are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legacy that Marx’s critique of political economy has bequeathed us who are thinking in a non-Marxian time, the time of supermodern capitalism, is a contradictory set of problems. Within it, one can criticize both the solutions proposed by Marx and the problems he raised; and first and foremost, what Marx unproblematically assumes to be self-evident. This is precisely what is at stake in my theory of surplus value – clearly incommensurable with Marx’s – that I have long summarized in the aphorism “Schumpeterizing Marx, Marxisizing Schumpeter”. Nevertheless, the theory of structures of mediation – being a critical theory of supermodern capitalism – follows, perhaps with quite a few caveats, the lessons of the revolutionary form of science that Marx has bequeathed us. I’ll say it again: the society we live in is not the one whose historical fate is critically theorized in Capital; nor is it Weber’s “modern capitalism” – what at the beginning of the previous century he called “the most fateful force in our modern life”; we live in supermodern capitalism and our problem is its historical fate; or, to put it more theoretically, its historical limits. My paper proceeds from those traps that the Marxian problematic has set beneath his theories of value and surplus value, goes through the theory of surplus value that I propose in opposition to that of Marx, and, finally, suggests the scenarios which the future has in store for us beyond these historical limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to build a family of tutorial Goodwinian (essentially Marxist) models of capital accumulation through industrial cycles that are less complicated than the author’s models of the extended capitalist reproduction in the USA already published. The subordinate purpose is to advance refinement of these models from the standard “neoclassical” assumptions that distort the generic structures determining perpetual disequilibrium in the reproduction of the aggregate social capital. The ascending from abstract to concrete applies the notion of twofold nature of capitalist production as creation of use value and labour value (prioritizing surplus value). This approach reveals substantial facets of endogenous increasing returns and technological progress induced by capitalist production relations. A three-dimensional Goodwinian model L-1, containing the greed feedback loops, reflects destabilizing cooperation and stabilizing competition of investors. Monopoly capital implements proportional and derivative control over the capital accumulation rate. The growth rate of output per worker directly depends on the growth rates of capital intensity and employment ratio in a technical progress function, whereas the capital-output ratio is constant. Oscillations imitating growth cycles are endogenous. A recession (mild crisis) is a manifestation of relative and absolute over-accumulation of capital. A knife-edge limit cycle maintains a growth cycle with the Kondratiev duration; a more solid limit cycle with a period of about 7.5 years upholds a business cycle with a recession without reduced net output. These limit cycles result from the subsequent supercritical Andronov–Hopf bifurcations. The transformation of the growth cycle into industrial cycle gives credit to raising status of capital-output ratio from auxiliary in L-1 to the level (phase) variable in four-dimensional L-2. A mechanization (automation) function mirrors induced technical progress. L-2 embraces new 11 intensive feedback loops involving capital-output ratio. Proportional and derivative control over this ratio by monopoly capital is taken into account. Pair of supercritical Andronov–Hopf bifurcations gives birth to two limit cycles. The second is a remote analogue for Kuznets cycle with the period of about 18 years; the first upholds the industrial cycle with period of about 7 years and declining net output in the outright crisis. Besides relative and absolute over-accumulation of capital, the specific positive and negative feedback loops containing capital-output ratio are required for crises in industrial cycles. Long-term enhancement of monopoly profit through lowering a targeted domestic capital accumulation rate and diminishing a targeted output-capital ratio is substantiated analytically and validated by computer simulations. The gained insights highlight caveats for hastily policy recommendations.

This study constructs a successive Cournot model to investigate the possibility that a separated upstream input supplier can solely sell the intermediate good to a separated downstream manufacturer through an exclusive contract in the presence of a vertically integrated rival. We find that the separated firms are indifferent on whether to sign the exclusive contract or not if the downstream party is less efficient than the integrated firm in producing the final good. Next, the separated firms with an efficient downstream party are indifferent between signing or not signing, willing to sign, and not willing to sign the exclusive contract if the upstream cost differential is relatively low, medium, and high, respectively. Finally, signing such an exclusive contract does not increase consumer surplus and social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From an institutional perspective we contribute to corporate governance of firms by (1) proposing a procedurally fair mechanism that is ethically desirable, and (2) experimentally testing whether procedural fairness crowds-in ethical behavior of managers (on behalf of shareholders) and workers. The experiment sees one 'manager' and three 'workers' (possibly representing three sections of the firm) co-determining an efficiency-enhancing investment which could harm some workers. Firstly, the manager claims a share of the investment surplus, then workers 'bid' for the investment to express their willingness to satisfy the manager's claim in case the investment is implemented. If the sum of workers' bids is less than the manager's claim, the investment is not implementable, which means its surplus will be lost. Workers' behavior is 'ethical' when they veto unfair managerial claims, because the workers have to sacrifice own earnings. Hence, a manager's fair claim is the ethical response to the threat of workers' veto. If the manager claims fairly, workers' ethical behavior is to 'truthfully' bid their investment evaluations; by all doing so, they equally share whatever surplus the manager has left for them. The experimental results show ethical behavior of managers in the form of fair claims. Despite these fair claims, workers behave less ethically by strategically underbidding. So the procedurally fair mechanism only partially crowds-in ethical behavior. This study should interest theorists of stakeholder management, especially those engaged in designing the rules of corporate governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly one in ten Canadians in the private sector works in the franchised sector of the economy. For the most part, franchisors operate as rentiers, extracting value from franchisees for the use of their brand. Research has demonstrated that this arrangement puts additional pressure on franchisees to extract surplus value from their employees that tend toward substandard and unlawful working conditions. In this scenario, franchisors benefit from but are only indirectly involved in the extract of surplus value. In some cases, however, the vertical controls exercised by “franchisors” over “franchisees” are so extensive, and the financial contribution of “franchisees” is so limited, that the franchisor becomes involved in directly extracting surplus value from franchisees. We explore this latter phenomenon through an excavation of the history of the legal distinction in Canadian business-format franchising in Canada and detailed studies of two recent Canadian cases in which “franchisees” successfully claimed employment status.

Marx's scientific labour theory of value is fundamentally inseparable from his philosophical method of advancing from the thinking abstract to the thinking concrete. He employs the power of abstraction to reveal the essential determination of value, and then to accomplish a generalisation of the commonness of all commodity-money relations. Through the intermediate links, Marx advances from the abstract to the concrete, grasping the historical individuality and form of manifestation of value in the specific capitalist phase. Heinrich is acutely aware of the methodological revolution achieved by Marx in his treatment of value theory, and, therefore, advocates examining the value theory from the philosophical methodological perspective. However, in his view, it is the emphasis on the form of value that is Marx's fundamental critique to the political economy, with money as a necessity in the capitalist society. Consequently, he proposes the term 'monetary theory of value' to replace Marx's labour theory of value. Heinrich, who lacks the scientific power of abstraction, directly focuses on the concrete phase of capitalism and, thus, merely attaches great importance to the external form of manifestation of value. The underlying cause of his deficiency is the philosophical methodology he adheres to, i.e. the formal dialectics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a unified framework to evaluate the Marxian transformation models, where the exploitation rate is an endogenous variable determined within value and price of production systems. All different procedures are based on two different value‐price invariance equations. These could be chosen among either two aggregate product equations (gross or net output) or three capital invariant equations (total, variable or constant). Different combinations of invariance equations result in most Marxian solutions developed in recent decades. The solution does not imply that one model (prices) is logically prior to the other (values), but that in fact that the joint solution is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Haitian diaspora has been promoted since the beginning of the 20th century, becoming a powerful strategy to face the precariousness of social protection, financial dependence, foreign intervention and natural disasters. The sexual division of labor persists with Haitian women working as caregivers in their country of origin as well as abroad. This article offers a review of the bibliographic background and proposes to rethink the idea of global chains of affection and include children, especially Haitian girls, as a new link in the global chains of care, since they carry out reproductive work in the country. of origin, experiencing, just like women, various forms of gender violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beim vorliegenden Beitrag handelt es sich um eine kritische Lektüre von Gunther Teubners Text „Die Verfassung gesellschaftlicher Mehrwerte". Auf der Grundlage dieses Textes wird Gunther Teubners Theodizee, d. h. seine Lehre von den faulen und irrationalen Grundlagen der modernen Gesellschaft und dem normativen Umgang mit ihnen, herausgearbeitet und genealogisch eingebettet. Der Beitrag endet dann mit Ausführungen zur „katechontischen" Rolle, die das Recht nach Gunther Teubner in einer „gefallenen" Gesellschaft zu spielen hat. The present contribution is a critical reading of Gunther Teubner's text „The Constitution of Non-Monetary Surplus Values". On the basis of this text, Gunther Teubner's theodicy, i. e. his doctrine of the rotten and irrational foundations of modern society and the normative way of dealing with them, is elaborated and embedded genealogically. The article then ends with remarks on the „katechontic" role that, according to Gunther Teubner, law has to play in a „fallen" society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to build a family of tutorial Goodwinian (essentially Marxist) models of capital accumulation through industrial cycles that are less complicated than the author's models of the extended capitalist reproduction in the USA already published. The subordinate purpose is to advance refinement of these models from the standard "neoclassical" assumptions that distort the generic structures determining perpetual disequilibrium in the reproduction of the aggregate social capital. The ascending from abstract to concrete applies the notion of twofold nature of capitalist production as creation of use value and labour value (prioritizing surplus value). This approach reveals substantial facets of endogenous increasing returns and technological progress induced by capitalist production relations. A three-dimensional Goodwinian model L-1, containing the greed feedback loops, reflects destabilizing cooperation and stabilizing competition of investors. Monopoly capital implements proportional and derivative control over the capital accumulation rate. The growth rate of output per worker directly depends on the growth rates of capital intensity and employment ratio in a technical progress function, whereas the capital-output ratio is constant. Oscillations imitating growth cycles are endogenous. A recession (mild crisis) is a manifestation of relative and absolute over-accumulation of capital. A knife-edge limit cycle maintains a growth cycle with the Kondratiev duration; a more solid limit cycle with a period of about 7.5 years upholds a business cycle with a recession without reduced net output. These limit cycles result from the subsequent supercritical Andronov–Hopf bifurcations. The transformation of the growth cycle into industrial cycle gives credit to raising status of capital-output ratio from auxiliary in L-1 to the level (phase) variable in four-dimensional L-2. A mechanization (automation) function mirrors induced technical progress. L-2 embraces new 11 intensive feedback loops involving capital-output ratio. Proportional and derivative control over this ratio by monopoly capital is taken into account. Pair of supercritical Andronov–Hopf bifurcations gives birth to two limit cycles. The second is a remote analogue for Kuznets cycle with the period of about 18 years; the first upholds the industrial cycle with period of about 7 years and declining net output in the outright crisis. Besides relative and absolute over-accumulation of capital, the specific positive and negative feedback loops containing capital-output ratio are required for crises in industrial cycles. Long-term enhancement of monopoly profit through lowering a targeted domestic capital accumulation rate and diminishing a targeted output-capital ratio is substantiated analytically and validated by computer simulations. The gained insights highlight caveats for hastily policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undergraduate economics courses have low relevance, belonging, and growth mindset levels. For instance, Bayer et al. found that less than 30 percent of the students in their sample strongly agreed with the statement “The class gave me a useful framework for thinking about important issues.” Integrating pluralist methodologies into introductory economics classes may be one solution for overcoming this issue. This article introduces an empirical activity designed to teach students about Marx’s theory of exploitation. The activity utilizes the 10-K annual report from a publicly traded company, in this case, McDonald’s, to analyze the rate of exploitation of workers. Through this exercise, students delve into the theory of exploitation, analyze data from the 10-K, calculate the rate of exploitation, and engage in discussions about its application to contemporary social and political issues.JEL Classification: A22, P16, B24 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to provide a map of the economy of social media platforms. We analyse digital labour on Instagram. The article asks: How are the users, who provide unpaid labour on Instagram, exploited? What kinds of labour do we find on Instagram? In doing so, the paper contributes to the literature on digital labour and the attention economy. Social media platforms exploit paid and unpaid labour in the creation and realisation of value. They capture user-generated content, transform it into commodities and sell it to companies. The article presents the results of a case study of the digital labour of Persian Internet users on Instagram. We conducted a Netnography of popular Instagram users (influencers, Internet users who make shoutouts to brands and influencers) and a survey where 600 Instagram users participated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the book entitled” Fundamentals of Political Economy”, which is presented from a Marxist point of view. The method of study is documentary and analytical. The result of the study is that the views of the work are criticized in terms of the production of material wealth, income distribution due to the ownership of the means of production, historical materialism, mode and relation of production, views on the laws of society, primitive man, language, labor theory of value, embodied labor, socially necessary labor time, money as a measure of value, surplus value, capitalist society, capital as the social relation of production, surplus labor, the fundamental contradiction of the capitalist system, the accumulation of capital and the deterioration of the conditions of workers and the industrial reserve army, land rent and large-scale production.

This article is penned with the main aim of discussing whether Ibn Khaldun preceded Marxist thought, or could be considered as a source for it in other words, by demonstrating the similarities and differences between Ibn Khaldun's labour/profit and Karl Marx's surplus value theories. The main question of this study can be formulated as: Did Ibn Khaldun have a Marxian surplus value theory? Or, did he precede the Marxist surplus value theory? To answer these questions, how the two thinkers analyzed the income generated from production will be examined and the similarities as well as differences of these thoughts will be presented. The anticipated and probable conclusion is that Ibn Khaldun did not put forth a thought that preceded the Marxist thought of surplus value and there are significant differences between these two views. Another conclusion is that the livelihood-profit and surplus value thoughts of these two thinkers played certain roles on their commentary of history of humanity but there are also differences between the dynamics of their thoughts' economic history backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crisis is endemic to capitalism. But can it be proved that capitalism will bring about its own terminal crisis? This article frames this question in light of ongoing debates in theories of crisis and value by polemically comparing two related but divergent perspectives. The first, that of Robert Kurz and several Wertkritik authors, argues that cyclical crises of capital necessarily lead to a terminal crisis – and that this terminal crisis is already underway. The second, that of Michael Heinrich, argues that there is no way to demonstrate that capital will not continue reinventing new sites and forms for creating surplus value. Through this comparison, this article achieves two aims: first, it establishes the general point that how we understand value determines how we understand crisis ; and, second, it shows limitations of the 'terminal crisis' hypothesis, and concludes that Kurz's terminal crisis theory risks making crisis a transhistorical concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public/private partnerships have been a successful innovation in the implementation of urban plans and they became an ordinary instrument in city planning and management. In the partnerships, agreements on zoning allow more advantageous planning rules. The corresponding economic gain is shared between the administration and the property. Research has devoted attention to the nature of the economic gain, investigating its nature and how it should be shared. Less effort has been devoted instead to understand how general norms have found application in the administrative action of public authorities. The research focuses on these aspects and investigates methodologies and techniques with which public administrations have evaluated public/private partnerships in cities development projects. The study identified Veneto Region as a privileged area of research. We examined the administrative acts approved by the municipalities with regard to the public/private partnerships allowed by Veneto planning law (LR 11/2004) and by decree 380/2001 derogatory building permits. Attention was paid to provincial capitals and, in order to have a representative sample of smaller towns, the survey considered all the municipalities of the Vicenza province. Conclusions of the research are controversial. The economic issue seems well managed: local administrations acquired the economic ratio of the agreements and the necessity of sharing the gain resulting from administrative decisions between public authorities and landlords. Local acts focus on valuation methodologies, in particular on automatic or quasi-automatic valuations, with debatable outcomes: the application of automatic procedures does not necessarily lead to quality results. Lastly, in territories substantially homogeneous, only a few kilometers away, levy rates can be very different, posing obvious and relevant problems of effectiveness and fairness.

Against the background of the contemporary debate about financialisation, the paper conceptualises the capitalist labour economy as fundamentally a monetary system. It argues that money is not a capitalist means of organising its labour economy but that it is rather a capitalist end. The argument examines and finds wanting conceptions of money in political economy, including Keynesianism and neoliberalism, and argues that the debate about financialisation is fundamentally based on the propositions of political economy. It holds that Marx’s critique of political economy conceives of money as the form of value and expounds money-making as the purpose of the capital labour economy. Thus, the labour theory of value is fundamentally a monetary theory of value, labour is the means of valorisation, and that is, of money in process, and as such capital. Making money out of money is capital as its most rational. In the form of credit, money posits wealth as a claim on future surplus value.