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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Currently, one of the global concerns is to meet the present water demand, without compromising the quantity and water quality for the next generations. Globally, it is known that climate change is intensifying the phases of the hydrological cycle, which when altered cause extreme events, being common to report regions in severe drought and locations that suffer from impacts from high intensities of precipitation. In addition, more attention should be paid to pressures on water resources, such as growing demand, a reflection of world population growth, agricultural productivity, expansion of the industrial sector, and changes in land use and cover. In this sense, this work was developed in the 4th order of the hydrographic sub-basins of the Piracicaba River Basin (BHRP), located in the southeast region of the State of São Paulo, which presents contemporaneously a water criticality per capita. The study consists of qualitatively classifying the 180 sub-basins as to the surface water supply considering the rainy semester, the dry semester and the average accumulated in the period from 2011 to 2020. Of these sub-basins, four pairs of sample areas were chosen defined by means of a cluster analysis based on morphometric indices and area, which were called Study Objects Hydrographic Sub-basins (SBH-OE). In the SBH-OE, rainfall and fluviometric monitoring were performed (from May 2019 to April 2020), in addition to mapping the physical and anthropic means, in order to understand the water dynamics of each pair, for this were carried out: flow rate analysis measured in situ with reference flows; rainfall x flow rate correlations; analysis of the attributes of the physical environment, through the elaboration of Charts of Potential to Surface Runoff (CPES) for SBH-OE. These analyses carried out in the SBH-OE allowed to understand the water behavior, thus making it possible to assist in the classification of the hydrographic sub-basins in terms of surface water supply. For this classification required the realization of intermediate interpretive charts (Charter of Importance of Territorial Coverage of Water Catchment Sub-Basins-CIAT, CPES and the Charter of Difference between Rainfall and Royal Evapotranspiration-CDPE). Sequentially, by means of the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) technique, these information plans and their respective classes were weighted, superimposed and summed in the Arcgis10.5.1® software. Finally, each hydrographic sub-basin was classified according to the predominant class, considering the rainy semesters (COHS-SC) and dry (COHS-SS) and the accumulated average (COHS-MA). Thus, COHS-SC classified 11 sub-basins as Very Low, 159 (Low), 10 (Middle). COHS-SS presents 174 sub-basins classified as Very low, 6 (Low). Regarding COHS-MA, 5 were classified as Very low, 112 (Low), 60 (Middle), 3 (High). It is worth mentioning that the methods approached can be applied in any hydrographic region that has the data used in this study. The results of this work may assist managers and planners in decision-making and in the elaboration of public policies aimed at minimizing the negative impacts on water resources. Atualmente, uma das preocupações mundiais refere-se em atender a demanda hídrica do presente, sem comprometer a quantidade e a qualidade hídrica para as próximas gerações. Em âmbito global, sabe-se que as mudanças climáticas estão intensificando as fases do ciclo hidrológico, que quando alteradas provocam eventos extremos, sendo comum noticiar regiões em seca severa e localidades que sofrem com impactos provenientes de altas intensidades de precipitações. Além disso, mais atenção deve-se conceder às pressões provocadas aos recursos hídricos, como a demanda crescente, reflexo do crescimento populacional mundial, da produtividade agropecuária, da expansão do setor industrial, e as alterações no uso e cobertura do solo. Neste sentido, esse trabalho foi desenvolvido em sub-bacias hidrográficas de 4ª ordem de ramificação, da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Piracicaba (BHRP), localizada na região sudeste do Estado de São Paulo, que apresenta contemporaneamente uma criticidade hídrica per capita. O estudo consiste em classificar qualitativamente as 180 sub-bacias hidrográficas quanto à oferta hídrica superficial considerando o semestre chuvoso, o semestre seco e a média acumulada no período de 2011 a 2020. Destas sub-bacias hidrográficas foram escolhidos quatro pares de áreas amostrais definidos por meio de uma análise de agrupamentos baseada em índices morfométricos e área, os quais foram denominados de Sub-bacias Hidrográficas Objetos de Estudo (SBH-OE). Nas SBH-OE foram realizados monitoramentos pluviométrico e fluviométrico (de maio de 2019 a abril de 2020), além do mapeamento dos meios físico e antrópico, com o intuito de compreender a dinâmica hídrica de cada par, para isto foram realizadas: análises das vazões medidas in situ com vazões de referência; correlações de chuva x vazão; análise dos atributos do meio físico, por meio da elaboração das Cartas de Potencial ao Escoamento Superficial (CPES) para as SBH-OE. Essas análises realizadas nas SBH-OE permitiram compreender o comportamento hídrico, possibilitando, dessa forma, auxiliar na classificação das sub-bacias hidrográficas quanto à oferta hídrica superficial. Para esta classificação foi necessária a realização de cartas interpretativas intermediárias (Carta de Importância da Abrangência Territorial das sub-bacias hidrográficas-CIAT, a CPES e a Carta da Diferença entre a Pluviosidade e a Evapotranspiração Real-CDPE). Sequencialmente, por meio da técnica AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) foram ponderados esses planos de informação e suas respectivas classes, sobrepostos e somados no software ArcGIS10.5.1®. Por fim, foi classificada cada sub-bacia hidrográfica de acordo com a classe predominante, considerando os semestres chuvoso (COHS-SC) e seco (COHS-SS) e a média acumulada (COHS-MA). Dessa forma, a COHS-SC classificou 11 sub-bacias como Muito baixa, 159 (Baixa), 10 (Média). A COHS-SS apresenta 174 sub-bacias classificadas como Muito baixa, 6 (Baixa). Com relação à COHS-MA, 5 foram classificadas como Muito baixa, 112 (Baixa), 60 (Média), 3 (Alta). Vale mencionar que os métodos abordados podem ser aplicados em qualquer região hidrográfica que possuam os dados utilizados neste estudo. Os resultados deste trabalho poderão auxiliar os gestores e planejadores em tomadas de decisão e na elaboração de políticas públicas visando minimizar os impactos negativos sobre os recursos hídricos. Código de financiamento 001 2020/05220-2

Mountain regions in arid and semi-arid climates, such as California, are considered particularly sensitive to climate change because global warming is expected to alter snowpack storage and related surface water supply. It is therefore important to accurately capture snowmelt processes in watershed models for climate change impact assessment. In this study we use the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to estimate projected changes in snowpack and streamflow in four alpine tributaries to the agriculturally important but less studied southern Central Valley, California. Watershed responses are evaluated for four CMIP5 climate models (HadGEM_ES, CNRM-CM5, CanESM2 and MIROC5) and two emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) for 2020-2099. SWAT models are calibrated following a dual-objective, lumped calibration approach with an automatic calibration against observed streamflow (stage 1) and a manual calibration against reconstructed Parallel Energy Balance (ParBal) snow water equivalent (SWE) data (stage 2). Results indicate that under a warming climate, peak streamflow is expected to increase 0.5-4 times in magnitude in the coming decades and to arrive 2-4months earlier in the year because of earlier snowmelt. In the foreseeable future, snow cover will reduce gradually in the lower elevations and diminish at higher rates at higher elevation towards the end of the 21st century. Surface water supply is predicted to increase in the southern Central Valley under the evaluated scenarios but increased temporal variability (wetter wet seasons and drier dry seasons) will create new challenges for managing supply. The study further highlights that the use of remote sensing based, reconstructed SWE data could fill the current gap of limited in-situ SWE observations to improve the snow calibration of SWAT to better predict climate change impacts in semi-arid, snow-dominated watersheds.

Actualmente en Colombia se realizan cálculos de oferta hídrica para aguas superficiales, a través de la Resolución 865 de 2004 del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, sin embargo, dicha legislación es muy limitada en el componente espacial, no detalla la obtención y el procesamiento que deberían tener las variables regionalizadas; surge así la necesidad de generar un procedimiento metodológico enmarcado normativamente, pero que en su desarrollo se precise el tratamiento de la información espacial. El método elegido para aplicar los conceptos y herramientas desde la geomática, y así lograr determinar la oferta hídrica, corresponde al de la relación lluvia-escorrentía, implementado sobre la cuenca hidrográfica de la quebrada Apauta, localizada en Jurisdicción de los municipios de Guataquí, Nariño, Tocaima y Jerusalén, en el departamento de Cundinamarca; el estudio esta soportado con datos meteorológicos de precipitación para el año 2015. Currently in Colombia water supply calculations are made for surface waters, through Resolution 865 of 2004 of the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, however, that legislation is very limited in the spatial component, does not detail the obtaining and processing that should have the regionalized variables; hence the need to generate a methodological procedure framed normatively, but that in their development is explained the treatment of spatial information. The method chosen to implement the concepts and tools from the geomatics and thus achieve determine the water supply, corresponds to the relationship rain-runoff, implemented on the hydrographic basin of the Apauta ravine, located in the jurisdiction of the municipalities of Guataquí, Nariño, Tocaima and Jerusalén, in the department of Cundinamarca; the study will be supported with meteorological data for precipitation for the year 2015.

The purpose of this report is to present the results of an assessment of national weather, climate, and hydrological services in Central Asia and to present a program to improve these services. The report is based on the findings of three country assessments - the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan - and supporting regional documentation. These and other countries that form the Central Asian region share common concerns, regarding economic development and the vulnerability of their economies and people to weather, climate, and hydrological extremes. National assessments are based on evaluations of weather, climate, and hydrological hazards; key users’ needs; national hydro meteorological services’ (NMS) capacities; and potential economic benefits from improvement of hydro meteorological service delivery. The results of this global facility for disaster reduction and recovery (GFDRR) work and summary report will contribute directly to the development of the regional initiative to improve weather, climate, and hydrological service delivery in the Central Asia.

According to the latest census of 2011, the urbanization level in India has increased from 27.8 percent in 2001 to 31.2 percent in 2011, and for the first time, the absolute increase in urban population exceeded the increase in rural population. India has different administrative arrangements for rural and urban areas, which are based on the 73rd and 74th amendments to the Constitution of India respectively. Since the census towns (CTs) continue to be governed by rural administrative arrangements this situation raises an additional set of questions, in addition to the nature of economic transformation, related to the trade-offs-between rural and urban status. The report shall try and find answers to the following questions: (a) how does their governance affect the settlements economically and spatially?; (b) what underpins the economic dynamics of these settlements?; and (c) what are the drivers of change in land use and what relationships, if any, are there between agglomeration of settlements and economic and social and governance processes? The report is organized into two main parts. The first part provides a reading of the existing literature on small towns along the three main axis of research: governance, employment, and spatial change. It also provides a detailed rationale for the choice of sites and expands on the methodology chosen. The second part constitutes of four sections: (i) the first considers the CT as a liminal notion, enabling to unpack ones reading of urbanization; (ii) the second is concerned with the shift towards non-farm employment, the reality (or not) of sectoral differentiation in CTs, and the analysis of the new types of jobs existing in the towns; (iii) the third is concerned with the existing debates and practices around the idea that some CTs should become statutory towns; and (iv) the fourth looks at the various urban services and attempts to assess which variations (rural and urban; state) explain differences in services.

The Government of Punjab, through Government of India’s (GoI) Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) had requested the World Bank to provide non-lending technical assistance (NLTA) to provide high quality basic urban civic amenities to the residents of cities of Ludhiana and Amritsar in the areas of: water supply, sewerage, storm water drainage, solid waste management, and modern urban transport system. The study is expected to recommend measures and technologies to overcome the existing problems and transform the cities in to modern cities with substantially developed urban civic amenities. Capacity building, institution, and legal reforms will also be the component of the project report. After initial discussions with sector officials, a Bank team visited both Amritsar and Ludhiana cities to identify priority service level innovations and institutional challenges that have to be addressed under this NLTA for achieving desired transformative change. Currently, water supply is drawn from hundreds of unprotected bore wells across length and breadth of the city - which supply polluted water through an unplanned haphazard network. Utility, fully owned by the municipal corporation, will have operational autonomy to manage water and waste water services, whilst still be accountable to the corporation. Financial position will become clear, it can focus on becoming financially self-sustaining. The utility will make long term plans for water supply and sewage; and with government support may also be able to mobilize resources through this is unlikely in the short term in Amritsar.

The report looks critically at the water resources and the current and projected future water demands in the Southern Gobi Region (SGR) using the widely dispersed data and information that are currently available. An important conclusion of the report is that almost all the significant sources of groundwater in the SGR are 'fossil' or 'non-renewable', meaning that they are finite resources which cannot be replenished. Not only will that, but pumping water out of these fosil aquifers tend to cause a drop in the groundwater levels above them. The report proposes practical steps by which water resources development and management could be managed to best serve economic and infrastructure development while giving attention to environmental protection and service to communities in the SGR. The report also highlights the urgent need for more data. A more detailed picture of the distribution and quantity of the groundwater would give planners first, a better idea of both the limits to the growth of the SGR; and, second, of the future water demands, its spatial distribution, quality requirements, and the possibilities to increase water use efficiency and water re-use. Thus there is a need to bring all information and data together to form the basis for rational planning.