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Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs) are vital for global climate change mitigation and offer diverse local ecosystem co-benefits. Despite existing literatures on integrating national and international BCE agendas at the local level, the development and implementation of localized BCE strategies often lag behind. To provide insights on this knowledge gap, we present a case study conducted in Eastern Samar, Philippines. Employing a multi-framework analysis- encompassing DPSIR (drivers, pressures, state, impact, responses), SOAR (strengths, opportunities, aspirations, results), and PESTLE (political, economic, social, technological, legal, environmental) frameworks, stakeholder perceptions collected from focus group discussions highlight issues and challenges in developing and implementing a BCE strategy. Findings reveal that the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 in the study sites stimulated conservation efforts and raised awareness, but governance structures and policy enforcement influence the success and longevity of management and conservation efforts. Through the integration of multiple frameworks, this study outlined a potential localized BCE strategy, emphasizing both internal priorities such as stakeholder engagement and alternative livelihoods and external priorities related to policy and technological supports. While developed based on a specific case study in the Philippines, the proposed strategy is presented in a general manner, enabling its potential replication in other provinces in the Philippines or in countries with similar geographic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how natural disasters affect local public finances and their interplay with intergovernmental transfers and external resources. Exploiting the randomized nature of the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan, one of the most devastating natural disasters in recent history, we document its causal effect on the local government fiscal dynamics. Combining data on local government finance with reports on the level of damages and using difference-in-differences with instrumental variable to analyze the data, we show that local public revenue and expenditures remain largely unaffected, except for debt payments. However, we find important heterogeneity in local revenue responses: poorer municipalities raised comparatively lower revenue in the aftermath of the Typhoon. We also provide evidence that external funding did not lead to lower tax collection efforts, but instead leads to higher local expenditures, suggesting that disaster aid does not cause a moral hazard problem in local governments' spending decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present estimates of gravity wave momentum fluxes calculated from Project Loon superpressure balloon data collected between 2013 and 2021. In total, we analyzed more than 5,000 days of data from balloon flights in the lower stratosphere, flights often over regions or during times of the year without any previous in‐situ observations of gravity waves. Maps of mean momentum fluxes show significant regional variability; we analyze that variability using the statistics of the momentum flux probability distributions for six regions: the Southern Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the tropical and extratropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The probability distributions are all approximately log‐normal, and using their geometric means and geometric standard deviations we statistically explain the sign and magnitude of regional mean and 99th percentile zonal momentum fluxes and regional momentum flux intermittencies. We study the dependence of the zonal momentum flux on the background zonal wind and argue that the increase of the momentum flux with the wind speed over the Southern Ocean is likely due to a varying combination of both wave sources and filtering. Finally, we show that as the magnitude of the momentum flux increases, the fractional contributions by high‐frequency waves increases, waves which need to be parameterized in large‐scale models of the atmosphere. In particular, the near‐universality of the log‐normal momentum flux probability distribution, and the relation of its statistical moments to the mean momentum flux and intermittency, offer useful checks when evaluating parameterized or resolved gravity waves in models. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric gravity waves flux momentum away from their sources, depositing it as drag when they dissipate. Global climate models cannot resolve the entire gravity wave spectrum, so they must parameterize this drag by making assumptions about the gravity wave field developed from wave theory and validated by observations. We present new estimates of gravity wave momentum fluxes observed by Project Loon balloons, which flew on surfaces of constant density in the lower stratosphere and could detect gravity waves using their GPS sensors. The balloons detected significant regional and temporal variability in the momentum fluxes, which we explain by analyzing the statistics of their probability distributions. We also find that the momentum flux varied with the background wind over the Southern Ocean in ways that point to the competing effects of changing wave sources and filtering of the waves by the background flow, and that high‐frequency waves were important contributors to large values of the momentum flux. These new estimates of the momentum flux come from many regions of the stratosphere that have never been sampled by neutral‐density balloons before and provide observational constraints for the development and validation of the representation of gravity waves in models. Key Points: We estimate and analyze atmospheric gravity wave momentum fluxes from Project Loon balloon data collected in the lower stratosphereWe relate regional momentum flux variability to the statistics of the approximately log‐normal flux probability distributionsOur results can be used as observational constraints when developing and validating gravity wave parameterizations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the deliberate use of code-switching in Daryll Delgado's novel Remains (2019), which narrates the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. Through this reading, I argue that the alternation of various languages such as Filipino, Waray and English in the novel enhances the development of its characters, setting and narrative structure to access a kind of trauma that resists being signified by one language. I posit that the code-switching within the novel goes beyond the literary genre's propensity for heteroglossia and instead situates trauma as a moment of convergence and interruption. Moreover, such linguistic motion between languages supplements the gaps of the unspeakable trauma of survivors and witnesses. As an ethic, code-switching's deployment carefully accesses trauma from the material and intangible debris of the catastrophe. Remains complicates trauma within the work of languages traversing the local and global, and the real and the imagined, in order to disclose wounds exacerbated by both imperial and environmental violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the challenges faced by governments in Southeast Asia in recovering from disasters and the initiative of the 'Build Back Better' (BBB) framework to address these challenges. It highlights the importance of integrating disaster risk reduction measures into various aspects of recovery and reconstruction to create safer and more resilient communities. The article also provides an overview of a book titled "Post-Disaster Governance in Southeast Asia: Response, Recovery, and Resilient Societies," which explores the disaster management practices and experiences of ASEAN countries. The book covers topics such as national response to the COVID-19 pandemic, institutional arrangements for disaster management, the role of culture in disaster resilience, and the use of village funds for disaster risk financing. It concludes by emphasizing the need for collaboration and innovation in disaster management to improve response and recovery in the ASEAN region. [Extracted from the article]

The occurrence of super typhoons outside the normal typhoon season can result in devastating loss of life and property damage. Our research reveals that the 11-year solar cycle can affect the incidence of these off-season typhoons (from November to April) in the western North Pacific by influencing sea surface temperature (SST) through a footprint mechanism. The solar cycle, once amplified by atmospheric and ocean interactions, generates a noticeable SST footprint in the subtropical North Pacific during winter and spring, which eventually intrudes into the tropical central Pacific and affects the atmospheric conditions, resulting in an increase or decrease in the occurrence of super typhoons during active or inactive solar periods. This mechanism has become more effective since the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) shifted to a warm phase in the 1990s, intensifying the subtropical Pacific couplings. An example of this type of off-season super typhoon during an active solar period is Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. By incorporating information about the solar cycle, we can anticipate the likelihood of super typhoon occurrences, thus improving decadal disaster preparation and planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global public interest in a natural disaster event will help disaster-stricken areas obtain post-disaster international relief and assistance. However, knowledge gaps still exist in regard to global online social responses and their socioeconomic influencing factors. We used big social media data regarding the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan to explore global online social responses and to investigate the socioeconomic factors influencing this behavior based on the Geographical Detector (Geodetector) model and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. The results show that global online social responses have little relation with geographical distance and follow the disaster's development. In addition to the most response in the disaster-affected countries, Western countries and neighboring countries have more online social response to the disaster than other regions. Among all the influencing factors, economic factors have the strongest effect on public interest both before and after the typhoon's landfall. Our findings indicate that online social users are of great potential for volunteers and donors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental psychology is a subdiscipline of psychology that deals with the interplay between people and their environment (Stern, [60]), with a huge part of the discipline dedicated to conservation and sustainability (Giuliani & Scopelliti, [33]). This can be partly addressed if psychology scholars in the country will pursue graduate research training from established environmental psychology programmes abroad and return to the country to pursue their respective research programmes. First, environmental psychology in the country continues to receive active support from professional organisations in psychology and allied fields, which facilitates the increased awareness of environmental psychology in professional circles. Third and last, psychology in the Philippines has an active recognition and promotion of indigenous conceptualisation and approaches to understanding the psychology of Filipinos, which has been useful in the emerging studies in environmental psychology in the country. [Extracted from the article]

This quantitative study aims to evaluate the perceptions of stakeholders towards the benefits of flat organizational structures over hierarchical structures for disaster response management. Conclusion Trends from the study with an adequate sample size, suitably represented by all strata in the disaster response ecosystem, indicated a perception of acceptability for flatter disaster response structures. Trends from the study with a sizable sample, adequately represented by all strata in the disaster response eco-system, and representation from all countries in the region, clearly indicate a perception of acceptability for flatter disaster response structures, rather than the preferred hierarchical/bureaucratic approach. They traditionally prefer structures that are hierarchical, promoting well-defined channels of information flow and clear accountability through a rigid "Chain of Command".[22] But there are various other stakeholders also forming part of the disaster response ecosystem and are to be included in the organizational structure. [Extracted from the article]

Climate change poses serious risks to mental health and well-being, concludes a new WHO policy brief, launched last month at the Stockholm+50 conference. "The impact of climate change is compounding the already extremely challenging situation for mental health and mental health services globally. [Extracted from the article]

Mangrove forests are among the most productive ecosystems with important services such as food and livelihood provisions, recreations, and regulations (e.g., coastal protection) in local scales. At global scale, they are gaining salience for their carbon sequestration capacities, currently conceptualized as "blue carbon." However, their essential benefits are reduced or lost when degraded. There is, therefore, a need to explore long-term mangrove cover change (MCC) and its underpinning drivers to develop sustainable management strategies. MCC has been analyzed extensively, including satellite images and field surveys, with drivers of changes frequently embedded in local contexts. Thus, in this study, MCC and the causal factors are evaluated at the local scale by gathering community perceptions in Eastern Samar, a typhoon-prone province in the Philippines, with a timeframe since the 1970s until the present. Results show that mangrove cover loss was observed following the occurrence of Typhoon Agnes in 1984 and Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 while conversion of mangrove areas to residential spaces was identified as a recurring driver of mangrove depletion from the early 1970s to 1990s. Study participants perceived that natural threats and lack of law enforcement were the leading proximate and underlying drivers of degradation, respectively. Respondents perceived that mangrove cover is increasing mainly due to successive reforestation programs coupled with stricter implementation of local ordinances in the sites. The results indicate the increased role of mangrove forests in disaster risk reduction and climate change mitigation strategies, while the perceptions of drivers change in long terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the critical conversation regarding climate change by assessing arguments from skeptics' and optimists' points of view and offers a possible resolution. It argues that it is not the framing of climate change as a national security threat but the disastrous impact of climate change that will only bolster militarism. The arguments and counterarguments are evaluated in light of the strategic implications of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines.

Natural disasters have caused substantial economic losses and numerous casualties. The demand analysis of relief supplies is the premise and basis for efficient relief operations after disasters. With the widespread use of social media, it has become a vital channel for people to report their demand for relief supplies and provides a way to obtain information on disaster areas. Therefore, we present a topic model-based framework and establish a demand dictionary and a gazetteer that aims to identify the spatial distribution of the demand for relief supplies by using social media data. Taking the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan (also called Yolanda) as a case study, we identify the potential topics of tweets with the biterm topic model, screen the tweets related to demands, and obtain the demand and location information from tweets to study the distribution of the relief supplies needs. The results show that, based on the demand dictionary, a gazetteer and the biterm topic model, the effective demand for relief supplies can be extracted from tweets. The proposed framework is feasible for the identification of accurate demand information and its distribution. Further, this framework can be applied to other types of disaster responses and can facilitate relief operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

They argue that Indonesia's own struggle with disasters and its identity as a member of ASEAN and a Muslim-majority country are key factors shaping its conduct of humanitarian diplomacy. This special issue contributes to the conceptual development of humanitarian diplomacy by providing perspectives from the Asia-Pacific region, which has been a site of humanitarian diplomacy and home to important actors in the international humanitarian system. Given the ramifications of humanitarian challenges for global governance, the complex dynamics unfolding in the humanitarian system, and the utility of humanitarian action for national foreign policy, humanitarian diplomacy deserves scholarly attention. [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to describe: 1) soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and schistosomiasis prevalence and intensity in preschool-age children (PSAC) and school-age children (SAC), 2) schistosomiasis seroprevalence in SAC, 3) undernutrition prevalence in SAC, 4) sanitary toilet coverage in households, and 5) association between STH, Schistosoma japonicum exposure, nutritional status, and sanitation. PSAC and SAC in two Haiyan-stricken provinces were examined using Kato–Katz technique and ELISA Antibody test. Anthropometric and hemoglobin measurements were also obtained. The reported sanitary toilet coverage was validated in a survey. The prevalence of any STH in PSAC and SAC was 50.2% and 41.3%, respectively. Moderate-heavy intensity (MHI) STH prevalence in PSAC and SAC was 20.8% and 5.9%, respectively. The prevalence of any STH, MHI STH, ascariasis, MHI ascariasis, and MHI trichuriasis was significantly higher in PSAC. Stunting, underweight, wasting, overweight/obesity, and anemia prevalence was 38.4%, 24.5%, 4.8%, 2.7%, and 34.7% in PSAC, while the prevalence was 34.3%, 21.6%, 8.7%, 3.0%, and 19.2% in SAC, respectively. Anemia and wasting prevalence were significantly higher in PSAC and SAC, respectively. There were five schistosomiasis cases found (0.8% prevalence), while schistosomiasis seroprevalence was 60.1%. Validated and reported sanitary toilet coverage was significantly different in eight out of 13 barangays. Stunting and anemia were associated with STH. STH and anemia prevalence were significantly higher in non-ZOD barangays. High STH burden in PSAC and SAC persists. A more coordinated response addressing STH, undernutrition, and WASH in disaster-stricken areas will require strengthening local health systems and promoting intersectoral collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survey questionnaires were administered among populations affected by Super Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines in 2013 and Hurricane Maria in Dominica in 2017 to test the efficacy of early warning systems in prompting residents to take appropriate action ahead of severe hazards. Both events were rare and extreme but occurred in locations that regularly experience less severe tropical cyclones. The research assessed if, how, and when residents received warnings, what instructions were given, and where and when people decided to seek safety. In both of the cases under review, residents were aware of the approaching storms, but critical information on their severity and potential impacts was either not received in time or not understood fully, resulting in low levels of evacuation and safety‐seeking behaviour. This paper suggests that planning and public communication need to focus on the uncertainty surrounding the severity and multifaceted nature of tropical cyclones and accompanying hazards and their consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Three years after the 2013 Yolanda Typhoon, this study sought to determine the factors associated with the stress of the affected mothers and the health of the children on Leyte island, and the preparedness of the community to mitigate future potential disasters. Methods: Three hundred mothers with children from 0 to 7 years old were selected through convenience sampling, structured interviews conducted using the Hurricane-Related Traumatic Experiences questionnaire and the PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) Checklist 5 (PCL5), and the children's weights and heights were measured. Results: The provisional PTSD prevalence was found to be 53.3% 3 y after Yolanda. The multiple regression analysis with multiple imputation for the missing values found that housing and childcare attitudes were significantly associated with preparedness. Conclusions: This study concluded that living in multistoried houses was useful for disaster mitigation and that the caregiving responsibility for their children could be a disaster preparedness motivation for mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do governments deploy their armed forces to respond to certain foreign natural disasters but not others? What factors influence successful coordination between national and foreign militaries implementing disaster response activities once on the ground? We argue that when relief-sending countries deploy their military forces to respond to natural disasters abroad, they can signal their hard power capabilities to the crisis-affected government as well as the other foreign governments involved in disaster response. These strategic considerations directly shape foreign governments' decisions to deploy their military forces and a crisis-affected government's decision to accept these forces. These strategic considerations likewise constrain on-the-ground coordination between foreign and national militaries involved in the response. By leading governments to prevent and/or stall the provision of critical services and aid to crisis-affected individuals, these strategic considerations can negatively influence the effectiveness of disaster response. We assess our argument through three in-depth case studies of the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, the 2011 Tohuku Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan, and the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promises of crowdsourcing volunteered geographic information (VGI) for providing timely information about crises were recognized at least a decade ago. While cartographers and developers hone the accuracy of maps and data, social scientists critique these technologies through various theoretical lenses: in terms of knowledge politics of digital humanitarianism; as tools of neoliberal governance; and as examples of datification supporting automated or remote government. Amidst all these claims, it is time to return to the maps themselves, as empirical examples, considering the information they actually provide. This paper examines crowdsourced and collaborative maps from late 2013 following Typhoon Yolanda/Haiyan in the Philippines. Various humanitarian, mapping, and media organizations produced maps in response to the typhoon. Close qualitative analysis of map content queries what these maps reveal about the disaster and whether the maps really produce the information that proponents claim. Analysis of data curated in each map reveals that much of the situational information being mapped is already available elsewhere and that few new ground truths have emerged through these projects. By demonstrating the limitations of the information mediated in these maps, the findings have practical and policy implications for disaster practitioners and digital volunteers intending to help disaster response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the phase after disasters, particularly those of an unprecedented magnitude, governance structures often emerge specifically oriented toward rebuilding, with a post-disaster institution at its center to head the reconstruction process. However, little is understood about such institutions' actual operation, impact on recovery, and role in recovery governance. As post-disaster institutions are trending in recovery, it is important to better understand their nature. As a first step to comprehending the role of these institutions, this study explores a framework for evaluating their success and unpacking the implications of managing recovery in a compressed timeframe. Methods included literature and ethnographic analysis using first-hand knowledge accumulated through longitudinal in-person interviews. The case institution is the Office of the Presidential Assistance on Reconstruction and Recovery (OPARR), established after the 2013 typhoon Haiyan (local name Yolanda) in the national government of the Philippines. Two major findings are reported: First, seven themes – "establishment," "funding," "coordination," "politics," "leadership," "achievement," and "post-disestablishment" – are identified as useful to assess post-disaster institutions. Second, concepts of permanency versus impermanency of institutions after disasters and bottom-up participatory versus top-down structured processes are identified as key implications of operating recovery under time compression, and as areas for further research. The proposed framework provides a basis to better understand and ultimately improve these institutions' operation and will ideally further efforts to research cross-comparisons in various locations. The study results also suggest a first step in increasing knowledge toward more effective institutions and refining methodological approaches to better examine institutional operation and recovery governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 2013, Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) hit the Philippines. It caused heavy loss of lives and extensive damages to buildings and infrastructure. When collapsed buildings are focused on, it is interesting to find that these buildings did not collapse for the same reasons after the landfall of the typhoon and storm surge. The objective of this study is to develop a statistical model for building damage due to Super Typhoon Haiyan and its storm surge. The data were collected in collaboration with Tanauan Municipality, the Philippines. The data for the inundation map were obtained by field surveys conducted on-site to determine the cause of the damages inferred from satellite data. The maximum wind speed was derived from the Holland parametric hurricane model based on the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) typhoon track data and the inundation depth of storm surge was calculated using the MIKE model. Multinomial logistic regression was used to develop a model to identify the significant factors influencing the damage to buildings. The result of this work is expected to be used to prepare urban plans for preventing damage from future storms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disasters, as forms of crisis, offer opportunities to place in sharper focus historical and ongoing inequalities in the production and reproduction of everyday life. The opportunity for transformative change, however, risks being lost when representations of disaster increasingly obscure and silence the full costs and complexity of post-disaster recovery. This article identifies the construction and subsequent proliferation of survival myths in the context of the Philippines after the 2013 Typhoon Haiyan disaster from a feminist perspective. Using data from in-depth interviews and surveys, we examine the experiences of middle and lower-class households in three heavily affected communities in Tacloban City to challenge three dominant survival myths: the local culture of mutual assistance (bayanihan), the endless resourcefulness of Filipinos in times of crisis, and the positive contributions of overseas migrant remittances. We argue that these myths have served as tools for reinforcing gendered inequalities during and after the disaster because they render invisible the feminisation of care burdens, and contribute to gender gaps in ensuring accountability for post-disaster governance. The evidence from this research underscores the importance of interrogating how similar survival myths are being globalised in disaster governance at the expense of forging substantive gender equality in post-disaster settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore communication of hazard-resistant construction techniques after disaster in the absence of outside influence. It further aims to unpack the barriers and drivers in the adoption of knowledge processes to identify strategic recommendations to enlarge adoption of safer construction practices by local construction actors. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is based on an analysis of stakeholders' perspectives during post-disaster reconstruction in the Philippines in the province of Busuanga after Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Data were collected from six communities that received no external housing assistance, analyzing surveys from 220 households, 13 carpenters, 20 key actors coordinating reconstruction or recovery efforts, as well as 12 focus group discussions. Findings: This research argues for a stronger role of governmental agencies, vocational training schools and engineers. Current communication of typhoon-resistant construction knowledge is ineffective to stimulate awareness, understanding and adoption by local construction actors and self-recovering households. Research limitations/implications: The analysis in this study focuses on a small sample of communities in the west of the Philippines that are not frequently affected by typhoons. Originality/value: This is one of the few scholarly works in the Philippines focused on adoption of safer construction practices by community-based construction actors when technical housing assistance is absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As international humanitarian assistance from governments and private donors continued to increase in recent years, the pace of growth, however, has slowed down [1]. For instance, in 2018, while US$17.0 billion out of US$28.1 billion funding was committed to UN-coordinated appeals, there was still a funding shortfall of US$11.1 billion, with only 61% of requirements met [1]. Against this backdrop, international organizations are in - creasingly implementing innovative solutions to respond the needs of affected communities [2], [3]. Many of these solutions involve the use of digital technologies, such as geographic information systems (GIS), robotics, spatial decision support systems, and unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones [4]. Although drones are not the first use of robotics in commercial and industrial settings, the humanitarian use of drones represents the first wave of robotics applied in the aid sector, and is representative of emerging technologies being used for humanitarian purposes [5]. Examples of successful drone use in this setting include the 2010 Haiti earthquake (damage inspection), 2012 Hurricane Sandy in the U.S.A. (epidemic prevention), 2013 Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines (rescue logistics), the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa (medical equipment delivery), and the 2015 Nepal earthquake - the site of this case study - when Nepal was stricken by one of the most devastating natural disasters in history, leaving the country with heavy burdens of immediate emergency relief and long-term postdisaster reconstruction [6]-[8]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013 Typhoon Haiyan, devastated several portions of the Philippines, which resulted in more than 7,000 deaths and thousands made homeless. The aim of this study is to propose a design of a permanent shelter as a continuation of the I-Siguro Daan Transitional Shelter, which was successfully deployed in 2014 and produce a transitional shelter prototype, for the victims of typhoon Haiyan. In order to develop the methodological design of the Permanent Shelter, the author presented several factors into consideration: the understanding how the rural communities use the present I-Siguro Daan Transitional Shelter; to further develop and improve the interior space of the shelter; to propose a better roof design; and to design a sustainable toilet and kitchen area for the users. Methodologies used in the study were the use of surveys and interactions with the community, which focuses on gaining the understanding how the communities use the present I-Siguro Daan Transitional Shelter. By exploring related case studies and literatures, site surveys and consultations with different groups, the resulting Permanent Shelter will a promising solution for improving the lives of the communities while also providing groundwork for future shelter related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstractCoastal boulder deposits on Inishmore, one of the Aran Islands off Ireland's west coast, showcase many of the classic features. Storm-wave heights calculated by this method were often so large as to seem unreasonable in the context of local wave climate; and many coastal boulder deposits, particularly ones that were known to be quite old, were therefore interpreted as tsunamigenic (Cox I et al i ., [19]). Direct observations are of course the gold standard, and in recent years, boulder watchers have provided irrefutable evidence for storm-wave movement of colossal boulders using before-and-after pictures. 17 Cox R, Jahn KL, Watkins OG et al. 2018a. Extraordinary boulder transport by storm waves, and criteria for analysing coastal boulder deposits. [Extracted from the article]

This exploratory research aims to contribute to the growing body of critical literature investigating the 2013 Typhoon Yolanda disaster as a social phenomenon. Anchored on a convergent mixed methods research design, we gathered official government statistical data and primary data obtained through qualitative interviews with 20 couple-informants in two permanent resettlement sites in Tacloban North from 2016-2018. We also collected inputs from other stakeholders, such as local government workers, public physicians, and community and humanitarian workers, to explore the impacts of Yolanda on couples' sexual experiences and women's reproductive health (RH). The first section examined fertility rates in Tacloban City using demographic data, i.e., vital registry data and official population census data from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) for 1990-2019. Results indicate no evidence of a "fertility spike" or peculiar and irregular fertility increase a few years after Typhoon Yolanda. The second and third sections respectively analyzed the sexual experiences of couples and women's experiences related to reproductive healthcare products and services during and after the typhoon in Tacloban North. We argue that understanding and addressing the sources of challenges related to sexual and reproductive health (SRH)--along with the other social, physical, psychological, and economic aspirations and needs of resettled residents in Tacloban North--is the first step to improve their overall standard of living. We encourage other social science researchers in and beyond Eastern Visayas to expound on the narratives and analyses offered in this exploratory paper to better document and interrogate the specific dynamics among and beyond the identified themes of couples' sexual experiences and women's RH in the communities affected by Typhoon Yolanda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participation has long been considered important for post‐disaster recovery. Establishing what constitutes participation in post‐disaster shelter projects, however, has remained elusive, and the links between different types of participation and shelter programme outcomes are not well understood. Furthermore, recent case studies suggest that misguided participation strategies may be to blame for failures. This study analysed 19 shelter projects implemented in the Philippines following Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013 to identify the forms of participation employed. Using fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis, it assessed how household participation in the planning, design, and construction phases of shelter reconstruction led to outcomes of household satisfaction and safe shelter design. Participation was operationalised via eight central project tasks, revealing that the involvement of households in the early planning stages of projects and in construction activities were important for satisfaction and design outcomes, whereas engagement during the design phase of projects had little impact on the selected outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a crisis, aid providers deliver humanitarian relief across a hierarchy of organisations where influence and capacity map to their scale of operations. On the front lines of crises, 'citizen aid' is what small, local and informal groups offer to fellow citizens. These citizen aid groups are well-networked in place and tend to work through longstanding personal relationships. In the Philippines, citizen aid groups frequently support their activities by documenting their work with photos of beneficiaries to solicit donations from within the country and around the world across social media platforms. This paper builds on recent debates on brokerage through a case study of citizen aid in the relief effort after Typhoon Haiyan (2013–2017). Using this case-study approach, we demonstrate how social media has produced novel forms of brokerage shaped by circulating images online. This new kind of brokerage involves a layered network of brokers that both shapes citizen aid efforts and creates new channels for localising aid, enhancing the control of citizen groups in the Global South over aid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International military cooperation in disaster relief has become a useful illustration of Asia-Pacific regional order building in action. This is because contemporary Asia-Pacific order-building involves constant renegotiation of the existing regional hierarchy, so that states engaging in disaster relief are also competing for international standing. We should expect that disaster cooperation establishes standing because it lets these states at once demonstrate material power, establish practical international ties, and build legitimacy. These are each key building-blocks of international order. A case study of the contributions of Japan and China in response to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013 shows disaster responses mirroring patterns of status-seeking that have been highlighted in recent IR literature. Japan's disaster contribution may have clarified and strengthened its role as a security partner in South-East Asia, while China has since worked to raise its profile as a provider of international humanitarian assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philippines: Super Typhoon Noru (Karding) Consolidated Rapid Assessment Report. Keywords: disasters; Philippines; super typhoon; COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019 NOAH Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazard EN disasters Philippines super typhoon COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019 NOAH Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazard 135 136 2 01/31/23 20230201 NES 230201 To the Editor, The Philippines is located on the "Pacific Ring of Fire" and along the Pacific typhoon belt; this means that the country experiences many forms of natural disasters such as super typhoons, earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and fire. Disasters, Philippines, super typhoon, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019 NOAH Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazard. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores how disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate adaptive programming can create opportunities for political and economic elites in a situation where inequality and co-option are features of land relations. Topics discussed include introduction on the Typhoon Haiyan recovery plan, significance of land law for the relocation, and financial burden relocation imposed on project beneficiaries.

Our paper aims to illustrate the importance and challenges of kindness management and leadership in the humanitarian aid mission experienced by the Israeli Delegation to Cebu 2013 in the context that the Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines in November 2013. Using the case study method that reflects the personal and professional experience of the first author of the paper, in her professional position as a head nurse, we highlight the different facets of kindness management application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Using lightning data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network, infrared satellite imagery, and microwave observations, this study investigates lightning outbreaks and convective evolution in the inner core (0–100 km) of Super Typhoon Haiyan (2013), the strongest storm on record to make landfall in the northwest Pacific. This storm was characterized by intense lightning activity with half of the strokes occurring in the inner core. Three major inner-core lightning outbreaks and convective bursts (CBs) were observed during rapid intensification (RI), maximum intensity (MI), and weakening stages. These outbreaks coincided with favorable large-scale environmental conditions for TC development with higher sea surface temperature (29–30 °C), higher relative humidity (75–80%), and weaker deep-layer vertical wind shear (3–8 m s−1), compared to the climatological averages for the month of November in the northwest Pacific. The RI lightning outbreak occurred primarily in the downshear quadrants and CBs were located inside the radius of maximum wind (RMW). The MI lightning outbreak occurred just after the eyewall replacement cycle, inducing marked depression of brightness temperature at 91-GHz. The lightning outbreak during Haiyan's weakening stage preferred the upshear–left quadrant outside the RMW. In contrast, relative lack of cloud-to-ground lightning in the rainbands was observed during all three main outbreaks. The radial and azimuthal distributions of lightning outbreak within the inner core provided indicative information on the relationships between convective structure and intensity changes of Haiyan. Highlights • Inner-core lightning outbreaks and convective properties of Super Typhoon Haiyan (2013) were investigated. • Three major inner-core lightning outbreaks and convective bursts were observed during the life cycle of Haiyan. • The radial and azimuthal distributions of lightning outbreak provided indicative information on intensity changes of Haiyan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After Typhoon Yolanda devastated the Philippines, 'resilient' was a term frequently used by the media, survivors, government officials and various other stakeholders in the city of Tacloban to describe those affected by the disaster. The focus of this article is therefore on how this term was articulated and experienced during this period. The analysis covers how resilience was discursively deployed to describe the condition of residents who were, in fact, often suffering from a double process of dispossession: once by the typhoon and once more by government policy and the inequitable distribution of relief goods and services due to the inadequacies of the disaster response. Despite these inadequacies, Tacloban was presented as 'an exemplary centre' of the post‐Typhoon Yolanda relief effort. I argue that the overarching rhetoric and strategies of resilience became rituals aimed at normalising modes of profit‐seeking and recreating the unequal socio‐economic status quo. These rituals occurred at multiple levels; however, the fortunes of Tacloban were indelibly intertwined with the political credibility and status pride of the Marcos/Romualdez family. I argue that 'resilience' is a complex, overused, manipulated and contested term and that a more transparent understanding of resilience for disaster relief and rehabilitation is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before landfall in the Philippines, Supertyphoon Haiyan in 2013 experienced a period of rapid intensification (RI) with the maximum wind speed increasing by 31 m s−1 in 24 h. A 2-km horizontal resolution full-physics cloud-resolving model is used to study the RI of Haiyan. To aid in the diagnosis of RI, we employ a dynamic efficiency factor (DEF), which is based on axisymmetric gradient wind vortex theory. The DEF measures the efficacy of convective heating at any point in generating kinetic energy. The DEF is large in the presence of strong baroclinicity near the eyewall. The simulated tropical cyclone (TC) becomes more symmetric and resembles the observations of Haiyan during the RI period. Our results highlight the nonlinear feedback process in which deep convection becomes collocated with the large DEF area near the eyewall. With the intensity increase, the eyewall convection results in significant subsidence warming at the edge of the eye rather than at the center of the eye. The overall eye warming enhances the baroclinicity near the eyewall and the system DEF in the eye-core region is increased by 33% before and after the RI onset. The vortex intensity increase during the RI period also leads to large unbalanced radial inflow in the boundary layer. The large radial inflow causes the deep convection to occur in the region of large inertial stability inside the radius of maximum wind. The deep convection further efficiently intensifies the TC. Our simulation emphasizes the importance of model resolution in simulating the internal nonlinear processes of RI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of mass calamity, one can discern emergent specters of collective memory, trauma, and mourning over human death as well as the destruction of human dwellings. In the Philippines, a former Spanish and U.S. colony, recent history is resplendent with all manner of cataclysms ‐ from natural disasters (earthquakes, typhoons) to mass destruction during war (Spanish‐American War and World War II). This essay is concerned with the ways in which dreams and the dead are not just after‐effects of events in linear‐time nor exclusively human affects. Drawing on scholars of experimental ethnography and postcolonial film theory converging on Gilles Deleuze's "time‐image", dreams authored by the dead here are engaged as agentive fabulators on decay, destruction, and loss – first on the local level of experiencing disaster but further connecting that more broadly to loss of heritage sites and the possible future prospect of serial calamity augured by neoliberal development and climate change in the Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pioneering work in the midtwentieth century laid the foundation for our understanding of secondary microseism generation by tropical cyclones. Yet, tracking their sources and linking them to the mechanisms that generate these signals remain challenging. Here, we successfully retrieve the seismic sources associated with Typhoon Ioke (2006) with an unprecedented 3‐hr resolution and in the entire secondary microseism period band (T= 2–9 s). Our results indicate that the seismic sources follow the tropical cyclone at a constant distance from its center, corresponding to 34‐kt winds. We also assess the link between the generation of the long‐period secondary microseism signals and the increase of the typhoon propagation speed. This accurate location of seismic sources may provide a new data set for imaging the Earth's interior and allow for new insights on the interaction between the atmosphere, the ocean, and the solid Earth. Plain Language Summary: Tropical cyclones are most known for their direct impact on the population in terms of destructiveness and economic damage. In addition to satellites, which allow us to monitor these events from the sky, seismic sensors also record the signature of faraway tropical cyclones. Although several studies analyzed these signals, the relationship between these events and the seismic sources is not yet completely understood. In this study, we employ seismic signals recorded in California to track the location of a tropical cyclone in the Pacific Ocean with an unprecedented resolution. We extract the space and time relationship between the event and the seismic sources throughout the entire life cycle of the tropical cyclone. Hence, we infer novel findings on the generation of seismic signals due to tropical cyclones. This work is a step forward in the understanding of the relationship between the atmosphere, the ocean, and the solid Earth, and potentially toward getting novel constraints on the tropical cyclone activity in remote ocean basins and back in time. Key Points: Secondary microseism sources of a tropical cyclone are observed over its complete life cycleSeismic sources are located at a nearly constant distance from the center of the cyclone, corresponding to 34‐kt windsSecondary microseism sources at long period can only be observed when the tropical cyclone moves fast [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing a bona fide network perspective, this study investigates the network processes and outcomes of organizational collaborative networks before and following Typhoon Haiyan, taking into account the influences of network factors, organizational attributes, and environmental exigencies. The analysis from an online survey with relief organizations and those organizations' Twitter data showed the consistent influence of past relationships on the formation of subsequent relationships after the disaster. In the on-the-ground network, a few highly active organizations stood out and engaging in multiple modes of communication with resource contacts was seen as an adaptive practice that helped organizations to build resource ties after the typhoon. In the online domain, organizations developed post-typhoon networks by means of becoming directly linked to one another and becoming equally resourceful in building their ties. In addition, different forms of resilience were observed as outcomes of collaborative networks. Findings of this study present theoretical and practical implications by unveiling the network dynamics of contemporary humanitarian actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Rainfall partitioning quantified for a tropical mixed-species 'reforest'. • Typhoon Haiyan temporarily reduced rainfall interception loss by one-third. • Point-scale throughfall fractions were inversely related to leaf area index. • High wet-canopy evaporation during large, high-intensity storms. • First results on typhoon-induced changes in stemflow in a tropical forest. Abstract Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in the central Philippines on 8 November 2013 as one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever. It also affected a 23-year-old multi-species 'reforest' at Manobo near Tacloban City on Leyte Island. As part of a larger hydrological investigation of the impacts of reforestation on streamflow response in the Tacloban area, gross rainfall (P), throughfall (TF; 24 roving collectors) and stemflow (SF; 12 trees) were monitored at Manobo between June 2013 and May 2014. Leaf Area Index (LAI) above each TF collector was measured regularly. Total rainfall interception losses (I) were determined using Gash's revised analytical model for three consecutive periods:(i) pre-Haiyan (baseline), (ii) post–Haiyan (damaged canopy), and (iii) after initial canopy recovery. Modeled I was 18% of P before disturbance, 12% for the period with the most extensive canopy damage, and 17.5% after initial canopy recovery. Stemflow was low, and weighted mean values accounted for 2.7%, 1.3% and 2.0% of P for the respective periods. Contrasts in period-average values of I reflected changes in LAI as well as wet-canopy evaporation rates. Storm-based TF fractions at the 5 m × 5 m sub-plot scale were inversely related to LAI, especially for small storms and low rainfall intensities. Inferred hourly rates of wet-canopy evaporation showed a strong positive relationship to hourly rainfall intensity during large storms. The revised analytical model was also run using pre-disturbance parameter values for the entire year to assess the overall effect of canopy damage on I. Estimated annual losses with and without canopy disturbance were 514 mm (15% of P) and 572 mm (17%), respectively. Thus, observed and inferred changes in rainfall partitioning after canopy disturbance and initial recovery were comparatively modest, likely because the measurement site was relatively sheltered from the winds during typhoon passage and re-foliation relatively rapid. However, given the predicted increase in occurrence of 'super-typhoons' due to continued global warming and oceanic freshening, the structure of forests in affected regions can be expected to be modified, with potential consequences for rainfall partitioning and hydrological response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]