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島根県立大学は2018年4月に「自ら考え行動できる，視野の広い専門職業人」の育成を理念とした健康栄養学科が開設され，グローバル化を推進する中で，新たに管理栄養士養成課程の学生を加えた異文化研修Ⅰ（韓国）の新たなプログラムの導入が必要となった。そのような中，韓国の大邱保健大学食品栄養学科との包括協定により，異文化研修Ⅰにおいて管理栄養士養成課程どうしの学生交流の機会を得た。また，国立研究開発法人科学技術振興機構（JST）のさくらサイエンスプランの採択により1），大邱保健大学学生の本学への15 日間の短期留学が実現した。これらの学生交流に参加した島根県立大学健康栄養学科の学生のレポートをもとに学生の学びについて分析を行ったので報告する。

This report reveals the structure of a virus extracted from the Korean horn beetle Allomyrina dichotoma. The purified virus particle was 100% identical to Allomyrina virus lef‐8 sequence registered as KM_233709.1. The structure of this virus was confirmed to be closely related to that of the Nudiviridae family, and it was rod shaped and enveloped, and observed to be of approximately the mean length of a single viral nucleocapsid of 200–210 nm and mean diameter of 100–110 nm. These results provide an insight into the structural characteristics of the Nudiviridae family that can be used for nudiviral identification.

Beauveria bassiana is a common fungal pathogen of Protaetia brevitarsis larvae, and although it is less common than Metarhizium anisopliae, the pathogen still poses a great risk to humans and animals that consume infected insects, owing to B. bassiana`s production of toxins like beauvericin and mycotoxin. Interestingly, the beneficial microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses antifungal properties. In the present study, we found that S. cerevisiae inhibited the growth of B. bassiana by 97% and that S. cerevisiae failed to harm P. brevitarsis when administered via intracoelomic injection (1 × 107 cfu/mL). In addition, we also found that S. cerevisiae consumption increased the survival time of percutaneously infected P. brevitarsis larvae by 5 d and reduced the mortality of infected larvae by 12%. Therefore, S. cerevisiae is expected to be useful in the prevention and control of B. bassiana in the production of P. brevitarsis larvae.

The current market size of insect industry in Korea is estimated at 300 million dollars and more than 500 local farms are related to many insect industry. One of the strong candidates for insect industry is Korean horn beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma. Early this year, we reported a viral disease extremely fatal to A. dichotoma larvae. While we were proceeding a nationwide investigation of this disease, it was informed that similar disease symptom has been occurred occasionally during past over 10 years. The symptom can be easily confused with early stage of bacterial infection or physiological damage such as low temperature and high humidity. A peroral infection with the purified virus to healthy larvae produced a result that only 21% of larvae survived and became pupae. Although some of the survived adult beetle was deformational, many of them had no abnormal appearance and even succeeded in mating. Later, these beetles were examined if they were carrying the virus, and all except one were confirmed as live virus carrier. This implies that these beetles may fly out and spread the disease to the nature. We found the evidence for this possibility by collecting a few wild A. dichotoma larvae which were virus infected, near two local farms rearing A. dichotoma larvae. So far, transovarial transmission of this virus to the eggs, or horizontal transmission to other commercially reared insects is not known yet.

In a previous report, we identified several candidate antimicrobial peptides through de novo RNA sequencing of the centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans . Here, we identify and characterize one of these peptides, Scolopendrasin I. We identified the centipede antimicrobial peptide Cecropin from the centipede transcriptome using an SVM algorithm, and subsequently analyzed the amino acid sequence for predicted secondary structure using a GOR algorithm. We identified an alpha helical region of Cecropin and named it Scolopendrasin I. We then assessed antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of Scolopendrasin I. Scolopendrasin I showed antimicrobial activity against various microbes, including antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, in a radial diffusion assay. Scolopendrasin I had potent antibacterial activity against acne-associated microbes in a colony count assay and showed no hemolytic activity in a hemolysis assay. In addition, we confirmed that Scolopendrasin I bound to the surface of bacteria via a specific interaction with lipoteichoic acid and lipopolysaccharide, two components of bacterial cell membranes. In conclusion, the results presented here provide evidence that this is an efficient strategy for antimicrobial peptide candidate identification and that Scolopendrasin I has potential for successful antibiotic development.

Increased use of rhinoceros beetles (Allomyrina dichotoma) for food and medicine, and their elevated value as pets has led to an increase in the number of their breeding farms. Mass breeding of the insects in these farms leads to entomological diseases. In this study, we investigate cannibalism resulting from overcrowded breeding of A. dichotoma larvae, as well as secondary fungal infections in epidermal wounds in the surviving larvae. Some of the fungi detected in the present study showed entomopathogenicity, and the larvae showed different times of death. In particular, larvae infected with Clonostachys sp., an endophytic plant fungus, grew for a long time after infection, but died without pupating.

To investigate whether Serratia marcescens (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) isolated from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis(Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) acts as an opportunistic bacterium in peroral infection, the primary entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) and Paenibacillus popilliae (Eubacteriales: Bacillaceae) were added to sawdust to perform a bioassay experiment. We found that peroral infection caused by S. marcescens could be fatal beyond a concentration of 4 × 10 8 pfu/mL in 2 nd stage P. b. seulensis larvae

Beetles Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis Kolbe (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) and Allomyrina dichotoma Linn. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) are widely used in traditional medicine, and the number of insect-rearing farms is increasing in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to establish a multiplex PCR-based assay for rapid simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens causing insect diseases. Six insect parasites such as fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae), Pseudomonas aeruginosa Migula (Pseudomonadales: Pseudomonadaceae), and Serratia marcescens Bizio (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae), and Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus were chosen based on the severity and incidence rate of insect diseases in South Korea. Pathogen-specific primers were designed and successfully applied for simultaneous detection of multiple infectious agents in farm-bred insects P. b. seulensis and A. dichotoma using multiplex PCR and high resolution capillary electrophoresis. Our results indicate that multiplex PCR is an effective and time-saving method for simultaneous detection of multiple infections in insects, and the QIAxcel capillary electrophoresis system is useful for quantitative evaluation of the individual impact of each infectious agent on the severity of insect disease. The approach designed in this study can be utilized for rapid and accurate diagnostics of infection in insect farms.

CopA3 is a homodimeric α-helical peptide derived from coprisin which is a defensin-like antimicrobial peptide that was identified from the dung beetle, Copris tripartitus. CopA3 has been reported to have anticancer activity against leukemia cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer activity of CopA3 in human gastric cancer cells. CopA3 reduced cell viability and it was cytotoxic to gastric cancer cells in the MTS and LDH release assay, respectively. CopA3 was shown to induce necrotic cell death of the gastric cancer cells by flow cytometric analysis and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. CopA3-induced cell death was mediated by specific interactions with phosphatidylserine, a membrane component of cancer cells. Taken together, these data indicated that CopA3 mainly caused necrosis of gastric cancer cells, probably through interactions with phosphatidylserine, which suggests the potential utility of CopA3 as a cancer therapeutic. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(6): 324-329]

In this study, the compositions of Ophiocordyceps longissima mycelia, synnemata, and fruiting bodies were first analyzed in order to clarify its chemical basis for development as a health food or medicine. We found that the contents of crude protein, polysaccharides, and macroelements were highest in mycelia, whereas effective components, including mannitol, ergosterol, adenosine, inosine, Zn, and Se, were lowest in mycelia. Polysaccharide, mannitol, and ergosterol levels in synnemata (2.33, 4.54, and 0.66 g/100 g, respectively) were similar to those in fruiting bodies, but was significantly different from those of mycelia (4.79, 1.77, and 0.43 g/100 g). Trehalose content in fruiting bodies (2.15 g/100 g) was >4 times higher than that in synnemata (0.5 g/100 g). Adenosine content in fruiting bodies (0.024 g/100 g) was 3-4 times higher than that of synnemata, whereas inosine, cytosine, guanosine, and uridine (0.093, 0.145, 0.053, and 0.073 g/100 g) were highest in synnemata. Cu and Se were lower in mycelia (3.30 × 10⁻⁴ and 3.1 × 10⁻⁵ g/100 g) than in synnemata (1.85 × 10⁻³ and 7.2 × 10⁻⁵ g/100 g) and fruiting bodies (1.67 × 10⁻³ and 4.3 × 10⁻⁵ g/100 g). As, Hg, Cd, and Pb in mycelia were under the limit of edible fungus health standard; Pb was not found, but Cd, Hg, and As were detected in fruiting bodies. These findings suggest that O. longissima could be utilized in different culture methods according to market demand and might be a possible health food or medicinal resource.

The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as a animal feedstuff.Insect resources have been widely recognized that it exhibits its own biological activity by whole body or its metabolicintermediates. To accomplish this, its general and biological activities were measured. The present study was conductedto compare antioxidant activity of black soldier fly larva, pupa and grasshopper by examining radical scavenging activ-ity using DPPH (2,2 diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl). DPPH radical scavenging activity was conducted on the EtOH,MeOH, H2O fractions of black soldier fly larvae. Results showed that black soldier fly pupa on the H2O fraction con-tained the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among the samples. FRAP assay are more suitable methods to eval-uate antioxidant activity of black soldier fly extracts. Among the samples, the FRAP value showed higher antioxidantactivity in the extracts from black soldier fly pupa extract on H2O fraction. These results suggest that black soldier flylarva and pupa extract has antioxidant activity and its fractions can be utilized to develop functional feedstuff.Key words : Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, Antioxidant activity

The development of antimelanogenic agents is important for the prevention of serious aesthetic problems such as melasmas, freckles, age spots, and chloasmas. In the course of screening for melanin synthesis inhibitors, we found that the culture broth from an insect morphopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana CS1029, exhibits potent antimelanogenic activity. We isolated and purified an active metabolite and identified it as S-(-)-10,11-dihydroxyfarnesoic acid methyl ester (dhFAME), an insect juvenile hormone. To address whether dhFAME inhibits melanin synthesis, we first measured the size of the melanin biosynthesis inhibition zone caused by dhFAME. dhFAME also showed inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase in Melan-a cells. Intracellular, dose-dependent tyrosinase inhibition activity was also confirmed by zymography. In addition, we showed that dhFAME strongly inhibits melanin synthesis in Melan-a cells. Furthermore, we compared levels of TYR, TRP-1, TRP-2, MITF, and MC1R mRNA expression by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and showed that treatment of Melan-a cells with 35 mu M dhFAME led to an 11-fold decrease in TYR expression, a 6-fold decrease in TRP-2 expression, and a 5-fold decrease in MITF expression. Together, these results indicate that dhFAME is a potent inhibitor of melanin synthesis that can potentially be used for cosmetic biomaterial(s).

【Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) is widely used in Korea, as a protein-rich, alternate, functional food with pharmacological benefits. In addition to anti-oxidant properties, the larvae of P. b. seulensis also show positive effects against hepatic disorder and diabetes; therefore, P. b. seulensis larvae are being reared on a large scale in Korea. We evaluated reared larvae of P. b. seulensis from Gyeong-gi in Korea. Using 16SrRNA PCR, electro-microscopy, and bioassay techniques, we found that the larvae harbored Spo-1, a bacterium identified as the insect pathogen Serratia marcescens. Therefore, we highlight the use of this insect as an alternate food and the need for its sanitary rearing conditions, as contamination may affect public health.】

This study was performed to determine the whitening effect of organic solvent extracts from the centipede, Scolopendrasubspinipes mutilans. We prepared different concentrations (50%, 70% and 100%) of ethanol, methanol, 100% ethylacetate and water extracts. We tested melanin inhibitory effect and tyrosinase activity using B16/F10 melanoma cell.As a result, treatment of organic solvent extracts is decreased the biosynthesis of melanin and tyrosinase activity to36 ~ 86%. Especially the 70% ethanol extracts was the most effective in B16/F10 melanoma cells. In the study on mel-anogenic protein expression, 70% ethanol extracts of Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans blocked glycosylation of tyro-sinase. Therefore this result suggests that 70% ethanol extracts could be developed as skin whitening agents.Key words : Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans, Glycosylation, Tyrosinase, Melanin, Organic solvent extracts 서론 피부가 자외선의 노출로 인해 자극을 받게 되면 멜라닌을 생성하여 자외선으로 야기되는 손상으로부터 피부를보호한다(Hwang et al. 2013). 하지만 오늘날 과도한 자외선의 노출로 인해 멜라닌(melanin)이 과다 생성되면서 기미, 주근깨 등의 피부 반점이 형성되고 더 나아가서는 피부 노화, 피부암 등을 야기시켜 피부 건강을 위협하고 있다(You et al. 2009). 따라서 최근 식물, 곰팡이 등 여러천연물 추출물들을 이용한 멜라닌 합성 저해를 위한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다(Oh et al. 2007).멜라닌은 적, 노랑색의 페오멜라닌(pheomelanin)과 흑,갈색의 유멜라닌(eumelanin)으로 구분되는데(Ko and Kim2010) 이는 티로시나아제(tyrosinase) 효소에 의해 조절되며(Jeon et al. 2009), 특히 유멜라닌의 경우 티로시나아제와 함께 TRP-1, TRP-2 효소에 의해 조절된다고 알려져있다(Kim et al. 2011). 멜라닌의 구체적인 합성경로는 멜라닌 형성세포내의 멜라노좀(melanosome)에 의해 만들어지며(Sim et al. 2008) 형성된 멜라닌은 피부에 축적되어색소 침착 현상이 일어나게 되는데 이는 L-티로신(tyrosine)을 기질로 티로시나아제에 의해 L-DOPA, DOPA quinine,DOPA chrome을 거쳐 최종 단계로 멜라닌 polymer를 형성한다(Kim et al. 2010). 따라서 멜라닌 합성 저해제의개발은 티로시나아제의 활성 억제가 중요환 부분을 차지하고 있으며 지금까지 알려진 티로시나아제 억제제로는 알부틴(albutin), kojic acid 등이 있다(Sim et al. 2008). 또한fatty acid, glucosamine 등은 티로시나아제의 glycosylation을 저해하여 멜라닌의 합성을 저해하는 저해제로 알려져있다(Jeon et al. 2009). 왕지네(Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans)는 왕지네목 왕지네과의 절지동물로 한국, 중국, 일본 등지에 많이 분포하며, 몸 빛깔은 흑록색이고 머리는 붉은색이며, 몸은 수

Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from Bemisia tabaci in an Oriental melon field, and their growth characteristics, factors related to a natural outbreak, and infectivity against Bemisia tabaci, Tetranychus urticae, and Frankliniella intonsa were investigated. The isolates had erect conidiophores bearing whorls of 4-6 phialides with a swollen base where cylindrical conidia of were attached. The isolates were identified as Isaria fumosorosea on the basis of morphological characteristics and an ITS sequence with 99% similarity. I. fumosorosea IFs-08 grew well on Sabouraud dextrose agar+yeast extract medium(3.2 mm/day/); it grew better at than at . The isolates of I. fumosorosea-IFs were highly infective and killed 93.9-96.7% B. tabaci, 84.9-92.0% T. urticae, and 81.5-84.4% F. intonsa in bioassay, whereas three isolates (Isaria tenuipes, Isaria farinosa, and Isaria fumosorosea) from KACC showed a low infectivity of 10-20%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of I. fumosorosea isolated from B. tabaci in Korea.

Parenting style is regarded as one of the most significant factors for children's development, especially for children with or at risk of developmental delay. Due to the importance of parenting style, this study explored factors that affect the parenting style in families with children at risk for or with developmental delay in South Korea. Guided by the Transactional Model of Development and the Belsky's Model of Parenting, this study specifically addressed the influence that parent, child, and social context characteristics have on parenting style. This study is a secondary data analysis of 470 mothers who participated in the second wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children conducted in 2009. The results showed that mother's employment, mother's age, parenting stress, and social support were significantly related to mother's parenting style. There were two major implications. First, early intervention programs need to provide services to both parents and children in order to improve children's outcomes. Second, mothers of children at risk of developmental delay need to be encouraged to participate as active agents in their children's development.

The experiment was conducted to determine the value of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae and pupae as feed supplements for fresh-water fish (Carassius auratus). Black soldier fly larvae grown on food waste were fed to freshwater fish, live larvae alone, dried larvae, dried pupae and combination with commercial fish diet. A 16-week feed trial was conducted to determine whether black soldier fly larvae could be used as a feed supplement in fresh-water fish. The growth performance indicated that fish fed the live larvae ranked consistently higher, and in combination with commercial fish diet and dried larvae and pupae were next higher. The finding of this study suggest that black soldier fly larvae and pupae may be valuable feedstuff in commercial fish production.

The centipede Scolopendra subpinipes mutilans is a medicinally important arthropod species. However, its transcriptome is not currently available and transcriptome analysis would be useful in providing insight into a molecular level approach. Hence, we performed de novo RNA sequencing of S. subpinipes mutilans using next-generation sequencing. We generated a novel peptide (scolopendrasin II) based on a SVM algorithm, and biochemically evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of scolopendrasin II against various microbes. Scolopendrasin II showed antibacterial activities against gram-positive and -negative bacterial strains, including the yeast Candida albicans and antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria, as determined by a radial diffusion assay and colony count assay without hemolytic activity. In addition, we confirmed that scolopendrasin II bound to the surface of bacteria through a specific interaction with lipoteichoic acid and a lipopolysaccharide, which was one of the bacterial cell-wall components. In conclusion, our results suggest that scolopendrasin II may be useful for developing peptide antibiotics.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of the black soldier fly (bsf) larvaeon growth performance, carcass rate, and fatty acid profile of chicken meat in broiler chicks. Four hundred eighty 1-d-old broilers (Ross 308) were distributed into 3 treatments with 4 pens at 30 birds per replicate. Treatments were corn-soybean meal based broiler diet (control) and the basal diet replaced with bsf at the level of 3 and 6% respectively. Via-bility was not different significantly. Body weight gain was higher in control than other treatments. Feed intake was notstatistically different of treatments. Feed conversion ratio was lower in control than other treatments. Relative weightof breast meat was significantly increased in all treated groups than in control. But, another relative weights of chickenmeat cuts (thigh, wing, neck, back) were not significantly different among the groups. In conclusion, it could be sug-gested that dietary supplementation of black soldier flylarvae could beneficially improved the performanceon broiler.Key words : black soldier fly (bsf), Hermetia illucens, organic wastes

Chymotrypsin serine protease is one of the main digestive proteases in the midgut of and is involved in various essential processes. In a previous study, a gene encoding a chymotrypsin-like protease, Hi-SP1, was cloned from the larvae of Hermetia illucens and characterized. In this study, we produced the recombinant chymotrypsin-like protease Hi-SP1 in Escherichia coli cells. The molecular weight of the recombinant Hi-SP1 was estimated to be approximately 26 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western-blotting. Chymotrypsin activity was detected when AAPF was used as the substrate. Examination of the effects of temperature and pH revealed that the proteolytic activity of recombinant Hi-SP1 decreased markedly at temperatures above 30oC, and the optimum pH was found to be 10.0.

Many studies have explored suppression of aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus Genus. On the other hand, this study examined the inhibitory effect of the culture broth extract (CE) of A. tamarii obtained from dead silkworm on nitric oxide (NO) production and its antioxidative activity. The culture broth was extracted with EtOAc, dried, and then used in this experiment. As a result, CE did not show cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 cells at any concentration. Moreover, CE suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production of RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The total phenol content according to the Folin-Dennis method, the antioxidative activity by DPPH, and the nitrate radical scavengingcapacity of CE were increased in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, many of the phenolic compounds were considered to represent the antioxidative activity.

In reared populations of Allomyrina dichotoma, commercial insects, the skin of last instar larvae was changed softer with opaque white, and infested grubs eventually died. To clarify the cause of the symptom, we collected the larvae of A. dichotoma from five farms and examined their intestinal bacterial florae using pyrosequencing technique. From those results, a member of Paenibacillus was found only in the larvae showing the symptom of disease. Through PCR analysis using a Paenibacillus specific primer set, we obtained the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence and confirmed the microbe as Paenibacillus sp. For clear identification, a whole guts was extracted from each larva showing the sign of the disease and incubated at 70oC for 15 min to isolate spore forming bacteria. After then, each content of guts was cultured on MYPGPNAL agar medium(12.5 μg/ml of nalidixic acid) at 30oC. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for the isolated bacteria showed that they were closely related to P. rigui(97.9% similarity), to P. chinjuensis(96.1% similarity), and to P. soli(95.3% similarity). Additional tests including API test and cellular fatty acid composition analysis were performed, but the strain couldn`t be identified at species level, suggesting it may represent novel species of the genus Paenibacillus.

This study was conducted to investigated the distribution, ecological character and life cycle of Black Soldier Fly(BSF), Hermetia illucens, to determine effects of BSF on composing ability to the livestock feces. The distribution of BSF was defined in all parts of the country in Korea. Its main habitat was found to be areas near cattle sheds, feces sheds, living waste dump grounds, and food waste dump grounds. Excellent species of the bio-conversion using the livestock feces were selected out of two kinds of solider flies(Hermetia illucens and Ptecticus tenebrifer). And effects of BSF on composing ability to the livestock feces were pig feces 0.5 g, cattle feces 0.43 g and chicken feces 0.3 g per a larvae of BSF. In the examination of the ability of BSF to decompose food waste, volume of the livestock feces decreased by weight pig feces 77, cattle feces 83.62 and chicken feces 80%. Observed characteristics of BSF larvae and pupae stage were by developmental stage may be summarized as follows: size and length of larvae and pupae of BSF were higher than in pig feces and mixed sawdust treatments. In order to develop artificial indoor rearing techniques, The pupation and emergence rate were not visible the difference but important factor of the mating and egg-laying was a sun light. And it was visible the difference in mating ratio. Mating rate of H. illucens by seasonal change was the highest from May to July. Mating mostly occurred between 10 : 00 and 12 : 00 during which light intensity is high. As the egg-laying medium for artificial egg collection, calf feed and food waste were most effective. The ratio of egg-laying medium is waste food : sawdust(1 : 1) in volume. For egg-laying materials, flower foam and wood with holes were used; holes sized 3 ~ 5 mm in diameter, 7 ~ 10 mm in depth were most preferred for egg-laying.

This study was conducted to confirm the mass production of male pupae and sex-limited larval marking variety as a host for synnemata production of Isaria tenupes in RDA(Rural Development Administration). Silkworm pupation, infection rate and synnemate formation of I.tenuipes were examined. Among the silkworm varieties tested, male Hansaengjam showed the highest pupation rate at 98.7%. I. tenuipes infection rate of larvae of newly-exuviated 5th instar silkworm was 83.7 ~ 90.4% in the spring rearing season and 91.7 ~ 96.6% in the autumn rearing season. Synnemata production of I. tenuipes was execellent in female Yangwonjam with an incidence rate of 99.5% followed by male Yangwonjam(99.5%) and Baegokjam(99.4%) in the spring and autumn rearing season. Synnemata living weight ranged from 0.93 ~ 1.25 g in the spring rearing season. The female Hansaengjam had the heaviest synnemata weight(1.25 g). Synnemata dry weight ranged from 0.27 ~ 0.35 g in the spring rearing season. The female Yangwonjam had the heaviest synnemata weight(0.35 g).

Cordyceps and its allies fungi has been described as a secret medicine that gives eternal youth and a long life. Some species of Cordyceps are sources of biochemicals, such ascordycepin, with interesting biological and pharmacological properties. Hence, it has been studied to uncover its pharmacological effect. We attempted to study the formation of fruiting bodies and to develop means of mass production Korean isolate of Paecilomyces tenuipes has been inoculated into silkworms, where it reproduced using culture container, mini-kit successfully. Culture container, mini-kit is composed of a cylinder-shaped body and lid. The container is made of translucent polyethylene terephthalate. The size of the container is 82 × 75 mm, reduced by 10 times as compared with the conventional culture kit. The mini kit has many advantages - high culture amount, ability of maintaining optimal humidity, parasite-free cultivation and high-end appearance. With the kit, the optimal cultivation condition is under 22 o C, culture period of 53 days. And synnemata of P. tenuipes could be kept fresh for 14 days at the temperature of under 10 o C. Therefore, the Min-kit can be used in both ways as a culture container and a packing kit for end-user customers.

In this study, silk gland powder of silkworm were investigated to see the possibility for baby powder cosmetics materials. To test possibility as a baby powder cosmetics, total content rate of amino acids, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, MTT assay, and clinical trial were done. According to the result of the analysis of the amino acids of silk gland powder, serin (26.77%) content was the highest and asparatic acid (15.47%), and glycine (9.62%) were followed. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of silk gland powder was lower than vitamin C by 82.3% and 97%, respectively, which is relatively good. Moisture effect were increased in silk gland powder compared to control cosmetics by 50%. Also, silk gland powder was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on the score 0.05 of primary irritation index. Thus, these results suggest that silk gland powder of silkworm may have beneficial properties as a material for baby powder cosmetics.

Our previous study demonstrated that CopA3, a disulfide dimer of the coprisin peptide analogue (LLCIALRKK), has antibacterial activity. In this study, we assessed whether CopA3 caused cellular toxicity in various mammalian cell lines. CopA3 selectively caused a marked decrease in cell viability in Jurkat T, U937, and AML-2 cells (human leukemia cells), but was not cytotoxic to Caki or Hela cells. Fragmentation of DNA, a marker of apoptosis, was also confirmed in the leukemia cell lines, but not in the other cells. CopA3-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells was mediated by apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), indicating induction of a caspase-independent signaling pathway. [BMB reports 2012; 45(2): 85-90]

Cordyceps (vegetable wasp and plant worm), an entomopathogenic fungi, has been used as a herbal medicine in Asian countries since ancient times. Cordyceps nutans is common but there is little research on this species. This study investigated the optimal culture conditions of C. nutans and the inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cell treated culture broth. The optimal conditions for the mycelial growth were and pH 7.0-8.0. Mycelial growth was highest on mushroom complete medium (MCM), V8 juice agar (V8A), and yeast malt dextrose (YMD) medium. Mycelial growth on mushroom minimal medium (MMM) did not occur, so nutrient source was essential. Dextrose and sucrose as carbon sources, and ammonium citrate as a nitrogen source were satisfactory for mycelial growth. Cytotoxicity of C. nutans culture broth was not found in RAW 264.7 cells. C. nutans culture broth suppressed NO production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, our results provided the optimal conditions for cultivation of C. nutans and showed that C. nutans may have excellent physiological activities.

Silk fibroin, a natural protein produced by silkworm, is a good biomaterial which has biodegradability and biocompatibility. To ascertain the effects of silk fibroin on cell growth, silk fibroin films were prepared using silk fibroin aqueous solutions of various concentrations. We investigated the attachment, proliferation, morphology of the cells and the expression levels of genes related to cell attachment and growth on the silk fibroin films. When the cells were cultured on the 0.1 and 1% silk fibroin film, the cell adhesion ability was very excellent. Particularly, overall cell growth on the 1% silk fibroin film was definitely superior to the others. Also, expression levels of genes related cell growth were increased on the 0.1 and 1% silk fibroin film. These results suggest silk as a material for medical applications.

This study was conducted to test the use of colored cocoon silkworm, Golden Silk, as a host for the fruiting body production of Cordyceps mushroom. Golden Silk variety had a shorter larval period than Yangwonjam at and 78.5% RH: The average larval period of the Golden Silk was 24 days and 7 hr, and that of the Yangwonjam was 24 days and 15 hr. In the infection test of I. tenuipes on silkworm, the larval period of normal silkworms was longer than the silkworms inoculated with I. tenuipes in both Golden Silk and Yangwonjam. The pupae survival percentage of Golden Silk was 94.4%, whereas it was 91.9% in Yangwonjam. Golden Silk had a higher pupation rate than Yangwonjam. The pupation rate of normal silkworms was about 5% higher than that of silkworms inoculated with I. tenuipes. Infection rate of I. tenuipes into larvae of 5th instar newly exuviated silkworm was 93.8% in Golden Silk, and 96.9% in Yangwonjam. Synnemata production of I. tenuipes was better in Yangwonjam with an incidence rate of 99.8% than Golden Silk with 98.6%. The average synnemata weight of Golden Silk was 1.12 g and that of Yangwonjam 1.29 g. Golden Silk had a lower synnemata weight than Yangwonjam. But no significant difference was observed in synnemata weight varieties. The synnemata of I. tenuipes produced on pupae were white or milky-white in color, and similar in shape and color to wild synnemata collected in Korea.

Ovalicin, a secondary metabolite produced by an entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae, is currently used as an efficient biological control agent against various agricultural insect pests, but not so many biological activities have been investigated. To assess whether ovalicin has potential in ameliorating atopic dermatitis-related symptoms in mice, we first sensitized skin in the dorsal neck of Balb/c mice using compound 48/80, and scrutinized whether the compound affected the atopic dermatitis-related symptoms. The results revealed that ovalicin significantly reduces scratching behavior in a concentration-dependent fashion. Moreover, the treatment inhibits the levels of the degranulation of mast cells by 65%, and levels of histamine release by 51% at a concentration of 10 µg/ml. Together, the present data strongly suggest that ovalicin elicits potential anti-atopic activities in mice.

Laboratory trial on the control effect of Beauveria bassiana against Paratlanticus ussuriensis was carried out with fungi collected from South Korea, China and Peru. All B. bassiana species from collected at each site had a strong fungicidal activity against P. ussuriensis. The Abbott's formula was the highest showing 100% mortality and the others also showed over 60% mortality. It took 3 to 6 days until katydid attained to death after inoculation with all B. bassiana treatments. From this trial, B. bassiana fungus was found to have some effects as pathogenicity of entomopathogenic activity against P. ussuriensis. So B. bassiana could be considered as one of the environment-friendly and effective pesticides for the control of P. ussuriensis.

Lycorma delicatula is a reluctant pest capable of living in the stems of several tree species. The population has recently expanded in Korea due to several environmental factors including climate change. However, the precise reasons for this rapid and drastic increase in population size remain unknown. In order to examine the potential utility of this surplus biomass of Lycorma delicatula, we prepared an aqueous fraction from a dried imago, and tested its various anti-inflammatory activities and effects on cytokine levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. The aqueous extract of Lycorma delicatula showed potent inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production, by more than 60% at a concentration of 300 μg/mL. We also evaluated interleukin (IL)-13 level using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The anti-oxidative fraction of Lycorma delicatula inhibited LPS-induced IL-13 production in a dose-dependent manner, and T-bet promoter activity of cells treated with 300 μg/mL of Lycorma delicatula extract was also dramatically inhibited to 62% of that of LPS-treated cells. Furthermore, we compared matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), -9, -14 and -17 expressions using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which showed a drastic decrease in RNA levels in cells treated with the anti-oxidative fraction. Together, the present results suggest that the aqueous fraction of Lycorma delicatula has potential to ameliorate inflammatory characteristics during an inflammation event, supporting the idea that the fraction may be applied as a biomaterial to prevent inflammatory damage in skin tissues.

This study was conducted to investigate optimal conditions for formation of synnemata from Beauveria bassiana. The strain of B. bassiana was isolated from a host of Oncotympana fuscata in Halla mountain of Jeju island. The yield of synnemata was the highest at application of brown rice (90%) and silkworm pupae (10%) media. On the other hand, the other media did not result in formation of synnemata. The highest formation of synnemata was achieved at conditions of moderate air inflow and . The optimal moisture and light intensity for formation of synnemata were 60% and 300 lux, respectively. In addition, inoculation of the liquid spawn resulted in higher yield than that of asexual spore.

The ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region of the fourNosema sp. isolates (C01, C02, C03 and C04) fromPieris rapae in Korea has been examined. Complete DNA sequence data (3779 bp) of The rRNA gene ofNosema sp. C01 are presented for the small subunit gene (SSU rRNA: 1236 bp), the internal transcribed spacer (ITS: 37 bp), and the large subunit gene (LSU rRNA 2506 bp). The secondary structures ofNosema sp. COI SSU and LSU rRNA genes are constructed and described. The SSU rRNA showed a hypervariable V4 region identified four additional stems including a pseudoknot. Phylogenetic analysis based on the SSU rRNA suggests that the four isolates belong to the ‘true’Nosema group. In contrast to theNosema/Vairimorpha clade, the members of the group are highly divergent.

The cultural characteristics and antibacterial activities of Cordyceps militaris and Paecilomyces tenuipes were compared. The mycelial growth was the highest on MCM (Mushroom Complete Medium) for C. militaris and on YMA (Yeast Malt Agar) for P. tenuipes. But the mycelial density on MMM (Mushroom Minimal Medium) was lower than other on media. The optimum mycelial growth was observed at . C. militaris was low mycelial growth when it was transferred over 5 times generation. The carbon source for the optimum mycelial growth was fructose of monosaccharide, maltose of disaccharide and dextrin of polysaccharide. The calcium nitrate of organonitrogen was found the best mycelial growth on C. militaris, while the sodium nitrate observed to be well for mycelial growth on P. tenuipes. The ammonium tartrate was observed to be the best among the inorganonitrogen used for mycelial growth. Antibacterial activities were found out just C. militaris against Bacillus cereus of Gram (+).

Occurrence of popcorn disease on mulberry fruits was surveyed in several locations in Korea from 2005 to 2007. The diseased fruits turned grayish white and changed to hard and black sclerotia during overwintering after falling onto the ground. Apothecia produced from overwintered sclerotia in the fields of mulberry trees were observed in early May. Two types of apothecia were produced from the sclerotia, which were cup-shaped or club-shaped. The fungus with cup-shaped apothecia was identified as Ciboria shiraiana, and that with club-shaped apothecia as Scleromitrula shiraiana. C. shiraiana occurred at the ratio of about 6 vs. 4 in the fields. Occurrence of the disease differed remarkably depending on years, locations, and varieties of mulberry trees investigated. Field survey of the disease incidence showed that Baekhahyeongsang, Dahojosaeng, Hasusang, a native variety and Sawonppong 22 were resistant to the disease, Cheongilppong, Daeseongppong, Guksang 20 and Turkey-D were moderately susceptible, and Cateneo, Moreji and Sanggwa were highly susceptible. Disease incidence in the fields mulched with nonwoven fabrics or plastic films was much lower than that in the non-mulched fields. Disease incidence in the fields mulched with rice straws was similar to that in the non-mulched fields.

The caterpillar-shaped Chinese medicinal mushroom (DongChongXiaCao) looks like a worm in the winter and like a grass in the summer. The fruiting body has been regarded as popular folk or effective medicines used to treat human diseases such as asthma, bronchial and lung inflammation, and kidney disease. The fruiting bodies of Paecilomyces tenuipes that formed on the living silkworm (Bombyx mori) host were used in this examination. This study was carried out to investigate the proximate composition, soluble sugar, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and contents of the bioactive ingredient including adenosine and D-mannitol in the fruiting-bodies. The moisture content was 57.56%. Soluble sugars found were glycerol, glucose, mannitol and sucrose, and the contents exceeded 24 mgg(-1)dry weight. Total free amino acid content was 17.09 mg g(-1)dry weight. Arginine, glycine, proline and tyrosine were main amino acids. The content of oleic acid in fatty acids was high. Adenosine was more abundant in fruiting bodies than corpus.

Functional Analyses of Three Gα and One Gβ Subunits in Gibberella zeaeComparison between Wild Strains of Pitoporus betulinus Collected from a Single TreeEcological Study of Sparassis crispa in Gwan...

The effects of medium components and environmental factors on the production of mycelial biomass and polysaccharide–peptide complexes (exobiopolymers) by Cordyceps sphecocephala J-201 were investigated in submerged cultures. The optimal temperature and initial pH for the production of both mycelial biomass and exobiopolymers in flask cultures were found to be 25 °C and pH 4–5, respectively. The optimal combination of the media constituents was as follows (g l−1): sucrose 40, yeast extract 6, polypepton 2, KH2PO4 0.46, K2HPO4 1, and MgSO4·7H2O 0.5. The results of bioreactor culture revealed that the maximum concentration of mycelial biomass (28.2 g l−1) was obtained at an agitation speed of 300 rpm and at an aeration rate of 2 vvm, whereas maximum exobiopolymer production (2.5 g l−1) was achieved at a milder agitation speed (150 rpm). There was a significant variance in mycelial morphology between different aeration conditions. Looser mycelial pellets were developed, and their size and hairiness increased as the aeration rate increased from 0.5 to 2.0 vvm, resulting in enhanced exobiopolymer production. The apparent viscosities of fermentation broth increased rapidly towards the end of fermentations at the conditions of high aeration rate and agitation speed, which were mainly due to high amount of mycelial biomass rather than exobiopolymers at the later stages of fermentation. The three different exobiopolymers (FR-I, -II, and -III) were fractionated by a gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B. The carbohydrate and protein contents in each fraction were significantly different and the molecular weights of FR-I, FR-II, and FR-III were determined to be 1831, 27, and 2.2 kDa, respectively. The compositional analysis revealed that the three fractions of crude exobiopolymers consisted of acidic and nonpolar amino acids, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, and valine in protein moiety, and of mainly mannose and galactose in sugar moiety.