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This paper presents several methods for minimizing packet service time in networks using 5G and beyond. We propose leveraging network coding alongside Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) to reduce service time as well as optimizing Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) selection based on the service time. Our network coding approach includes a method to increase the number of packets in flight, adhering to the current standard of the 16 HARQ process limit, demonstrating that these strategies can enhance throughput and reduce latency. Experimental results show that network coding reduces service times by up to 7% in low SNR regimes, with greater reduction across all SNR as the number of packets in flight increases, suggesting that future 6G standards should consider increasing the number of HARQ processes for better performance.

To support millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands in cellular communications, both the base station and the mobile platform utilize large antenna arrays to steer narrow beams towards each other to compensate the path loss and improve communication performance. The time-frequency resource allocated for initial access, however, is limited, which gives rise to need for efficient approaches for beam detection. For hybrid analog-digital beamforming (HB) architectures, which are used to reduce power consumption, we propose a compressed sensing (CS) based approach for 5G initial access beam detection that is for a HB architecture and that is compliant with the 3GPP standard. The CS-based approach is compared with the exhaustive search in terms of beam detection accuracy and by simulation is shown to outperform. Up to 256 antennas are considered, and the importance of a careful codebook design is reaffirmed., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, SPAWC2020

In millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems, beamforming with large antenna arrays is critical to overcome high path losses. Separating all-digital beamforming into analog and digital stages can provide the large reduction in power consumption and small loss in spectral efficiency needed for practical implementations. Developing algorithms with this favorable tradeoff is challenging due to the additional degrees of freedom in the analog stage and its accompanying hardware constraints. In hybrid beamforming systems, for example, channel estimation algorithms do not directly observe the channels, face a high channel count, and operate at low SNR before transmit-receive beam alignment. Since mmWave channels are sparse in time and beam domains, many compressed sensing (CS) channel estimation algorithms have been developed that randomly configure the analog beamformers, digital beamformers, and/or pilot symbols. In this paper, we propose to design deterministic beamformers and pilot symbols for open-loop channel estimation. We use CS approaches that rely on low coherence for their recovery guarantees, and hence seek to minimize the mutual coherence of the compressed sensing matrix. We also propose a precoder column ordering to design the pilot symbols. Simulation results show that our beamformer designs reduce channel estimation error over competing methods.

Hybrid beamforming (HB) architectures are attractive for wireless communication systems with large antenna arrays because the analog beamforming stage can significantly reduce the number of RF transceivers and hence power consumption. In HB systems, channel estimation (CE) becomes challenging due to indirect access by the baseband processing to the communication channels and due to low SNR before beam alignment. Compressed sensing (CS) based algorithms have been adopted to address these challenges by leveraging the sparse nature of millimeter wave multi-input multi-output (mmWave MIMO) channels. In many CS algorithms for narrowband CE, the hybrid beamformers are randomly configured which does not always yield the low-coherence sensing matrices desirable for those CS algorithms whose recovery guarantees rely on coherence. In this paper, we propose a versatile deterministic HB codebook design framework for CS algorithms with coherence-based recovery guarantees to enhance CE accuracy. Simulation results show that the proposed design can obtain lower channel estimation error and higher spectral efficiency compared with random codebook for phase-shifter-, switch-, and lens-based HB architectures.

This paper investigates antenna selection at a base station with large antenna arrays and low-resolution analog-to-digital converters. For downlink transmit antenna selection for narrowband channels, we show (1) a selection criterion that maximizes sum rate with zero-forcing precoding equivalent to that of a perfect quantization system; (2) maximum sum rate increases with number of selected antennas; (3) derivation of the sum rate loss function from using a subset of antennas; and (4) unlike high-resolution converter systems, sum rate loss reaches a maximum at a point of total transmit power and decreases beyond that point to converge to zero. For wideband orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) systems, our results hold when entire subcarriers share a common subset of antennas. For uplink receive antenna selection for narrowband channels, we (1) generalize a greedy antenna selection criterion to capture tradeoffs between channel gain and quantization error; (2) propose a quantization-aware fast antenna selection algorithm using the criterion; and (3) derive a lower bound on sum rate achieved by the proposed algorithm based on submodular functions. For wideband OFDM systems, we extend our algorithm and derive a lower bound on its sum rate. Simulation results validate theoretical analyses and show increases in sum rate over conventional algorithms., Comment: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Communications

The demand for energy is growing at an unprecedented pace that is much higher than the energy generation capacity growth rate using both conventional and green technologies.In particular, the electric power sector is consistently rated among the most dynamic growth markets over all other energy markets. Distributed (decentralized) energy generation based on renewable energy sources is an efficient and reliable solution to serve such huge energy demand growth [1]. However, to manage dynamic and complex distributed systems, a massive amount of data has to be measured, collected, exchanged and processed in real time. Smart grids manage an intelligent energy delivery network enabled two-way communications between data concentrators operated by utility companies and smart meters installed at the end users. In particular, dynamic power-grid loading and peak load management are the two main driving forces for bidirectional communications over the grid. Narrowband power line communications (NB-PLC) and wireless communications in the unlicensed frequency band (sub-1 GHz or 2.4 GHz) are the two main communications systems adopted to support the growing smart grid applications. Moreover, since NB-PLC and unlicensed wireless links experience channel and interference with markedly different statistics, transmitting the same information signal concurrently over both links significantly enhances the smart grid communications reliability. In this article, we compare various diversity combining schemes for simultaneous power line and wireless transmissions. Furthermore, we developed a real-time testbed for the hybrid PLC/wireless system to demonstrate the performance enhancement achieved by PLC/wireless diversity combining over a single link performance., Comment: IEEE Communications Magazine, submitted July 5, 2018

One way to reduce the power consumption in large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems is to employ low-resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). In this paper, we investigate antenna selection for large-scale MIMO receivers with low-resolution ADCs, thereby providing more flexibility in resolution and number of ADCs. To incorporate quantization effects, we generalize an existing objective function for a greedy capacity-maximization antenna selection approach. The derived objective function offers an opportunity to select an antenna with the best tradeoff between the additional channel gain and increase in quantization error. Using the generalized objective function, we propose an antenna selection algorithm based on a conventional antenna selection algorithm without an increase in overall complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional algorithm in achievable capacity for the same number of antennas., Comment: IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing 2018

A spectrum- and energy-efficient system is essential for millimeter wave communication systems that require large antenna arrays with power-demanding ADCs. We propose an ADC bit allocation (BA) algorithm that solves a minimum mean squared quantization error problem under a power constraint. Unlike existing BA methods that only consider an ADC power constraint, the proposed algorithm regards total receiver power constraint for a hybrid analog-digital beamforming architecture. The major challenge is the non-linearities in the minimization problem. To address this issue, we first convert the problem into a convex optimization problem through real number relaxation and substitution of ADC resolution switching power with constant average switching power. Then, we derive a closed-form solution by fixing the number of activated radio frequency (RF) chains M. Leveraging the solution, the binary search finds the optimal M and its corresponding optimal solution. We also provide an off-line training and modeling approach to estimate the average switching power. Simulation results validate the spectral and energy efficiency of the proposed algorithm. In particular, existing state-of-the-art digital beamformers can be used in the system in conjunction with the BA algorithm as it makes the quantization error negligible in the low-resolution regime., Comment: Accepted to Globecom 2017 Singapore

A potential tremendous spectrum resource makes millimeter wave (mmWave) communications a promising technology. High power consumption due to a large number of antennas and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for beamforming to overcome the large propagation losses is problematic in practice. As a hybrid beamforming architecture and low-resolution ADCs are considered to reduce power consumption, estimation of mmWave channels becomes challenging. We evaluate several channel estimation algorithms for wideband mmWave systems with hybrid beamforming and low-resolution ADCs. Through simulation, we show that 1) infinite bit ADCs with least-squares estimation have worse channel estimation performance than do one-bit ADCs with orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) in an SNR range of interest, 2) three- and four-bit quantizers can achieve channel estimation performance close to the unquantized case when using OMP, 3) a receiver with a single RF chain can yield better estimates than that with four RF chains if enough frames are exploited, and 4) for one-bit ADCs, exploitation of higher transmit power and more frames for performance enhancement adversely affects estimation performance after a certain point., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, submitted to ICC 2018

Millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum has drawn attention due to its tremendous available bandwidth. The high propagation losses in the mmWave bands necessitate beamforming with a large number of antennas. Traditionally each antenna is paired with a high-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which results in high power consumption. A hybrid beamforming architecture and one-bit resolution ADCs have been proposed to reduce power consumption. However, analog beamforming and one-bit quantization make channel estimation more challenging. In this paper, we propose a narrowband channel estimation algorithm for mmWave communication systems with one-bit ADCs and hybrid beamforming based on generalized approximate message passing (GAMP). We show through simulation that 1) GAMP variants with one-bit ADCs have better performance than do least-squares estimation methods without quantization, 2) the proposed one-bit GAMP algorithm achieves the lowest estimation error among the GAMP variants, and 3) exploiting more frames and RF chains enhances the channel estimation performance., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, accepted to ICASSP 2018

Two-way communication is a key feature in a smart grid. It is enabled by either powerline communication or wireless communication technologies. Utilizing both technologies can potentially enhance communication reliability, and many diversity combining schemes have been proposed. In this paper, we propose a flexible real-time testbed to evaluate diversity combining schemes over physical channels. The testbed provides essential parts of physical layers on which both powerline and wireless communications operate. The contributions of this paper are 1) design and implementation of a real-time testbed for diversity of simultaneous powerline and wireless communications, 2) release of the setup information and complete source code for the testbed, and 3) performance evaluation of maximal ratio combining (MRC) on the testbed. As initial results, we show that performance of MRC from measurements obtained on the testbed over physical channels is very close to that in simulations in various test cases under a controlled laboratory environment., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, submitted to ICC 2018