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Centrioles are eukaryotic organelles that template the formation of cilia and flagella, as well as organize the microtubule network and the mitotic spindle in animal cells. Centrioles have proximal-distal polarity and a 9 fold radial symmetry imparted by a likewise symmetrical central scaffold, the cartwheel. The spindle assembly abnormal protein 6 (SAS-6) self-assembles into 9-fold radially symmetric ring-shaped oligomers that stack via an unknown mechanism to form the cartwheel. Here, we uncover a homo-oligomerization interaction mediated by the coiled-coil domain of SAS-6. Crystallographic structures of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii SAS-6 coiled-coil complexes suggest this interaction is asymmetric, thereby imparting polarity to the cartwheel. Using a cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) reconstitution assay, we demonstrate that amino acid substitutions disrupting this asymmetric association also impair SAS-6 ring stacking. Our work raises the possibility that the asymmetric interaction inherent to SAS-6 coiled-coil provides a polar element for cartwheel assembly, which may assist the establishment of the centriolar proximal-distal axis.

Description, Steppe ancestry among the non–Indo-European–speaking Etruscans challenges previous hypotheses on their recent Anatolian origin., The origin, development, and legacy of the enigmatic Etruscan civilization from the central region of the Italian peninsula known as Etruria have been debated for centuries. Here we report a genomic time transect of 82 individuals spanning almost two millennia (800 BCE to 1000 CE) across Etruria and southern Italy. During the Iron Age, we detect a component of Indo-European–associated steppe ancestry and the lack of recent Anatolian-related admixture among the putative non–Indo-European–speaking Etruscans. Despite comprising diverse individuals of central European, northern African, and Near Eastern ancestry, the local gene pool is largely maintained across the first millennium BCE. This drastically changes during the Roman Imperial period where we report an abrupt population-wide shift to ~50% admixture with eastern Mediterranean ancestry. Last, we identify northern European components appearing in central Italy during the Early Middle Ages, which thus formed the genetic landscape of present-day Italian populations.

Psychopathy is an extreme form of antisocial behavior, with about 1% prevalence in the general population, and 10–30% among incarcerated criminal offenders. Although the heritability of severe antisocial behavior is up to 50%, the genetic background is unclear. The underlying molecular mechanisms have remained unknown but several previous studies suggest that abnormal glucose metabolism and opioidergic neurotransmission contribute to violent offending and psychopathy. Here we show using iPSC-derived cortical neurons and astrocytes from six incarcerated extremely antisocial and violent offenders, three nonpsychopathic individuals with substance abuse, and six healthy controls that there are robust alterations in the expression of several genes and immune response-related molecular pathways which were specific for psychopathy. In neurons, psychopathy was associated with marked upregulation of RPL10P9 and ZNF132, and downregulation of CDH5 and OPRD1. In astrocytes, RPL10P9 and MT-RNR2 were upregulated. Expression of aforementioned genes explained 30–92% of the variance of psychopathic symptoms. The gene expression findings were confirmed with qPCR. These genes may be relevant to the lack of empathy and emotional callousness seen in psychopathy, since several studies have linked these genes to autism and social interaction.

The aim of this study is to suggest a model program for the students who are at the beginning level, to determine the relationship level, similar and different aspects and effect levels of Aydıntan and Cracknell methods, by means of comparative analysis. This study has been formed from a model proposition and an experimental work, in which comparative study between two different work groups. In this context, two different study groups were formed, with 5 private high school students for each, who had no knowledge of guitar playing. A pre-test was conducted to determine the readiness level of both groups. Readiness levels were found to be equal to each other. Aydıntan method was applied to one of these groups and Cracknell method was applied to other group. The groups were given guitar instructions for 28 weeks. At the end of the study 6 pieces were determined for the final test by literature review method and expert opinions. These pieces were played by students in the group setting. These performances were evaluated through "guitar performance grading scale" and comparative analysis was made via the non-parametric technique, Mann Whitney U test. In this study, based on the performance works, it was concluded that there wasn’t significant difference of basic behaviour, technical behaviour, musical effect and interpretation and total point between the two groups. A model program proposal was prepared in the light of the data obtained in the experimental study, analysis and the observations made by the researcher in the process. “The Model Program Proposition for Classical Guitar Teaching Programs for Amateurs" was prepared to improve classical guitar training at the begining level and it was organized in a manner that it can be applied for 28-weeks. Within this scope, general and specific objectives were set out, objectives and behaviors were determined, subject distribution was given weekly, and sample handling, learning-teaching activities, measurement and evaluation cases were included.

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This study investigates the use of the lexical item, suggest, in the speech act of advising. Data from two large corpora, SOAP Corpus and COCA, are examined to check the frequency of suggest as a performative verb. It was found that the frequency depends not so much on whether it is from the spoken or written mode, but rather on the topic, speaker and context. Suggest was frequently used in introducing proposals, and this raises a question of whether proposals should be considered one type of advice-giving.

The suggester functionality is an important feature of modern search engines. The aim of the thesis is to implement it for the OpenGrok project. The OpenGrok search engine is based on Apache Lucene and supports its query syntax. Presented suggester implementation supports this query syntax and provides suggestions not only for prefixes but also for wildcards, regular expressions, or phrases. The implementation also takes into account the possibility of grouping queries. That means, if one query is already specified and user is typing another query, then the first query will restrict the suggestions for the second query. The promotion of specific suggestions is based on the underlying Lucene index data structure and previous searches of the users.

The art market has completely shifted, and as such, the artist’s role within its ecosystem appears impaired. Artists’ status has become blurred; they are infantilized and used by the art world and market. Crucial questioning thus emerges: Will artists reposition themselves in such a way as to gain autonomy? My own experience has led me to think that creating artist enterprises, with the project of artist-run businesses, could provide an interesting response to the current situation. This approach is anchored in reality and also leaves room for critical thinking in link with research team Art & Flux (a CNRS research team who is working on art, economy & society). My research furthermore combines thoughts and is structured by the ideas developed by Édouard Glissant concerning «Creolization», Gilles Deleuze and FelixGuattari’s «Rhizome», Michel Bauwens thinking about peer-to-peer methods, and Jeremy Rifkin’s research regarding the economics of sharing. My surveys and in-depth conversations with a selection of art world stakeholders have allowed me to carry out a worthwhile analysis of collectors’ changing habits. They appear ever more likely to gradually become connoisseurs, active contributors and users. Thanks to these consistent efforts, the stage of developing a platform of participatory artworks has been reached. This platform is a gateway for artists to gain direct access to their audience. This project’s overarching objective is to render all human riches accessible - beyond purely economic or financial preoccupations - to reinforce connections between people, through sharing and creativity.; La position de l’artiste dans l’écosystème du marché de l’art contemporain n’est pas satisfaisante à l’heure actuelle en raison de la mutation du milieu socio-économique de l’art. Son statut reste flou, il se voit infantilisé et instrumentalisé par son environnement proche. Aussi, l’interrogation cruciale tourne autour de savoir si l’artiste réussira à trouver d’autres voies pour se positionner différemment et y gagner en autonomie. Mes propres expériences m’ont conduit à penser que l’entreprise-artiste, concept porté par l’équipe de recherches Art&Flux depuis 2006, peut apporter une solution intéressante à cette question. Il s’agit alors d’un positionnement ancré dans la réalité qui permet une posture critique. Ma réflexion s’articule autour des concepts développés par Edouard Glissant sur la créolisation, de Gilles Deleuze et Felix Guattari sur le rhizome, de Michel Bauwens sur le peer-to-peer (pair-à-pair) et de Jeremy Rifkin sur l’économie du partage. En m’appuyant sur mon étude du terrain auprès des acteurs de l’art, j’analyse l’évolution des comportements des collectionneurs, plus enclins à devenir des amateurs ou des usagers. Cela me permet d’en arriver à la création d’une entreprise-artiste qui prend l’aspect d’une plateforme d’oeuvres participatives régie par la rencontre entre des artistes et leurs publics. Le but est de rendre visible et de développer toutes les richesses humaines au-delà de la seule richesse économique ou financière, pour développer le lien dans la relation aux autres, la créativité et le partage.

The Web is an integral part of today's busi- ness dealings. Companies and institutions exploit the Web to conduct their business; customers make daily use of the Net to per- form all kinds of transactions. In addition, most users browse through pages of per- sonal interest. The Web, as we know, is massive and its data collected from count- less sources. Consequently, search tools should be able to accurately extract, filter, and select what is "hidden" from such tools.

Genetically modified plants must be approved before release in the European Union, and the approval is generally based upon a comparison of various characteristics between the transgenic plant and a conventional counterpart. As a case study, focusing on safety assessment of genetically modified plants, we here report the development and characterisation of six independently transformed ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA lines modified in the flavonoid biosynthesis. Analyses of integration events and comparative analysis for characterisation of the intended effects were performed by PCR, quantitative Real-time PCR, and High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Analysis by cDNA microarray was used as a non-targeted approach for the identification of potential unintended effects caused by the transformation. The results revealed that, although the transgenic lines possessed different types of integration events, no unintended effects were identified. However, we found that the majority of genes showing differential expression were identified as stress-related genes and that environmental conditions had a large impact on the expression of several genes, proteins, and metabolites. We suggest that the microarray approach has the potential to become a useful tool for screening of unintended effects, but state that it is crucial to have substantial information on the natural variation in traditional crops in order to be able to interpret "omics" data correctly within the framework of food safety assessment strategies of novel plant varieties, including genetically modified plant varieties.

La metáfora y la ironía ocupan un lugar central en la filosofía de Ortega. Por una parte, son las categorías estéticas fundamentales de la razón vital. La conversión de la metáfora en esencia del arte permite darle un valor estético a la ironía: el arte, al ser metáfora, creación de mundos irreales, se burla de sí mismo, ironiza sus pretensiones de realidad, se sabe juego. Por otra parte, en la base de esta potencia metafórica actúa una de las raíces de la antropología raciovital, que acaba en la definición del hombre como animal fantástico: el instinto humano de evadirse del mundo real y descansar de la vida seria, su voluntad de farsa. Pero lo decisivo es que la metáfora y la ironía representan la forma intelectual efectiva de la razón vital, el método o modo de pensar de una filosofía que impugna la identidad establecida por el idealismo entre razón y realidad, y que aloja el logos originario en el mundo vital. Metaphor and irony are in a central position in Ortega's philosophy. On the one hand, they are the fundamental aesthetic categories of vital reason. The conversion of metaphor into the essence of art allows us to give an aesthetic value to irony: Art, as it is metaphor, creation of unreal worlds, makes fun of itself, ironizes its pretensions to reality, and recognizes itself as play. On the other hand, in the base of this metaphoric power works one of the roots of ratiovital anthropology, that finishes in the definition of man as a fantastic animal: the human instinct of evasion from real world and taking a rest from serious life, the human will of farce. But the decisive point is that metaphor and irony represent the effective intellectual form of vital reason, the method or way of thinking of a philosophy that refuses the identity established by idealism between reason and reality and lodges the original logos in the life-world.

Background Scleractinian corals are currently a focus of major interest because of their ecological importance and the uncertain fate of coral reefs in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressure. Despite this, remarkably little is known about the evolutionary origins of corals. The Scleractinia suddenly appear in the fossil record about 240 Ma, but the range of morphological variation seen in these Middle Triassic fossils is comparable to that of modern scleractinians, implying much earlier origins that have so far remained elusive. A significant weakness in reconstruction(s) of early coral evolution is that deep-sea corals have been poorly represented in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Results By adding new data from a large and representative range of deep-water species to existing molecular datasets and applying a relaxed molecular clock, we show that two exclusively deep-sea families, the Gardineriidae and Micrabaciidae, diverged prior to the Complexa/Robusta coral split around 425 Ma, thereby pushing the evolutionary origin of scleractinian corals deep into the Paleozoic. Conclusions The early divergence and distinctive morphologies of the extant gardineriid and micrabaciid corals suggest a link with Ordovician "scleractiniamorph" fossils that were previously assumed to represent extinct anthozoan skeletonized lineages. Therefore, scleractinian corals most likely evolved from Paleozoic soft-bodied ancestors. Modern shallow-water Scleractinia, which are dependent on symbionts, appear to have had several independent origins from solitary, non-symbiotic precursors. The Scleractinia have survived periods of massive climate change in the past, suggesting that as a lineage they may be less vulnerable to future changes than often assumed.