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Motivation: Industrial policies, as tools for economic advancement, disrupt established systems and practices, leading to disputes. The Nigerian Sugar Master Plan (2013–2024) is just such a case. The Plan proposed to stimulate domestic sugar growing and refining, by restricting imports and providing incentives for investors in sugar estates and refining mills. Purpose: This study examines the impact of industrial policies on different groups, identifying the origins and impacts of subsequent disputes. Specifically, it explores how the failure to anticipate opposition caused the Nigerian Sugar Master Plan to largely fail. Methods and approach: Informed by the framework of political settlements, we divide disputes into general (public) and specific (individual), exploring the nuances of each through qualitative analysis. Empirical data from case studies, particularly focusing on disputes over land use and trade in sugar, are used to unravel the layered repercussions of policy‐induced disputes. Finding s : Unaddressed disputes, both broader societal and individual, have stymied the objectives of the Nigerian Sugar Master Plan. Land allocations to investors in large‐scale sugar estates have been disputed by dispossessed farmers, preventing establishment of several estates: production targets for sugar growing have been missed. Importers of refined sugar could not legally continue their trade; instead, some reverted to smuggling in refined sugar, driving down the local prices—and cutting the profits of companies growing and refining sugar. Opposition to the Sugar Plan, despite media campaigns to convince the public to accept it, has caused the Plan to fail in large part. Policy implications: Industrial policies need to address the concerns of those potentially losing their businesses, jobs, and land to the policies. If not, opposition by losing parties is likely to cause the policies to fail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry in Malaysia is currently witnessing sustained expansion, as seen by the rising demand for residential properties, commercial structures, and other infrastructures throughout our country. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify suitable materials and proportions for manufacturing lightweight bricks utilizing industrial waste materials. This study investigates the feasibility of using pressmud, a sugarcane refinery waste, as a fine bio-aggregate for the production of construction materials. Binary blended cement-pressmud bricks were formed by mixing Ordinary Portland cement with pressmud at various weights percentages (50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, and 10%). Various experiments were undertaken to investigate and compare the characteristics of pressmud bricks and commercial sand bricks. The experiments focused on density determination and compression tests (standard brick). The compression tests demonstrated that cement-pressmud bricks with a weight ratio of up to 20% exhibited a compatible strength to standard brick, with values ranging from 17.16 MPa to 23.01 MPa. The pressmud bricks exhibited reduced weight, with 10% and 20% variants weighing 17-23% less than the standard brick. Thus, it can be concluded that pressmud possesses significant potential as a bio-aggregate for producing lightweight and cost-effective construction materials when used in appropriate proportions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the dynamics of neoliberal agrarian restructuring within the Turkish sugar industry, focusing on the 2018 privatization of the Alpullu Sugar Factory. The analysis examines the transformative impact of market dependence and land commodification on relationship of farmers with the agricultural sector. Specifically, it focuses on two significant neoliberal shifts that have altered the dynamics of farming. First, the withdrawal of state support in agricultural markets prompted farmers to diversify their income streams, leading to a transition from sugar beet cultivation to alternative crops and contemplation of urban migration. Second, in the 2000s, farmers, grappling with declining agricultural revenues, increasingly relied on private bank credits as a means of financial security. This shift was propelled by changes in agricultural policy regulations and the dissolution of state‐sponsored credit systems. Employing a blend of qualitative and quantitative research methods, this study elucidated these complex transformations and their profound impact on agrarian livelihoods, land ownership shifts, production strategies and market relationships. The research revealed the complex interplay of social, economic and historical dynamics steering the trajectory of the Turkish sugar industry, providing valuable insights into neoliberal restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the commercial success of Western-style confectionery (yōgashi) of the Japanese Empire was largely built on the capital and resources of colonial Taiwan. Building on existing studies that acknowledge the importance of Taiwan’s colonization in Japan’s sugar industry, this article explores the tension between sweetness and power in the Japanese Empire through the lens of Western-style confectionery, a product regarded as a symbol of progress and modernity. Through the examination of the activities of two confectionery companies—Niitaka Confectionery and Morinaga Confectionery—in Taiwan, this article addresses how the making of Western-style confectionery required raw materials other than sugar, such as bananas and cocoa, that were obtained through the means of colonialism. By expanding the studies on sweetness and colonialism from sugar to confectionery, the article shows that the sugar industry, confectionery manufacturers, and the Japanese state wove together a complicated network that formed the foundation of Japan’s rising empire of sweetness. It also highlights the significance of the colonization of Taiwan in the rise of Japan’s Western-style confectionery industry that has long been obscured in people’s memories of sweetness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of bagasse and vinasse -residues from sugarcane processing- on the properties of a saline-sodic soil was evaluated through a greenhouse experiment. Corresponding doses for each amendment were used to displace 100 and 200% of the exchangeable sodium. Bulk density (DA) was lower in soils with vinasse application while saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), saturated extract electrical conductivity (CEes) and concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride were higher in soils amended with bagasse. Sulfate concentration was lower in soils with vinasse, whereas the opposite occurred in the case of potassiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how Taiwanese farmers adopted irrigation pumps to enhance their livelihoods under the shifting relationship of sugar and rice production in late colonial Taiwan. I argue that farmers utilized commercial technologies to make a living and prosper within the established order of Japanese colonial rule. With allocated procurement districts granting exclusive purchasing rights over sugarcane, sugar companies maintained substantial influence over sugarcane cultivation. However, with the proliferation of Penglai rice and new agricultural implements, the situation of the farmers changed substantially. Serious problems in the sugar industry due to economic depression and the rising price of rice in the 1930s led farmers to shift from sugarcane to rice cultivation by introducing a variety of pumps. Those with the means installed new motor pumps, while others independently constructed wind pumps by combining newly introduced parts with older techniques. Despite a prohibition by the colonial government, farmers continued installing pumps until the government established a planned economy in preparation for war. Moreover, distribution of pump capacity through both sales and sharing shows that Taiwanese farmers sought to maintain an informal yet significant cohesion throughout the process of agricultural commercialization. By focusing on the social dynamics surrounding agricultural technologies, this article challenges simplistic portrayals of technology transfer from Japan to the colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soils formed in treatment facilities of sugar beet factories in the forest-steppe zone of Kursk oblast were studied. Technogenic factors of soil formation associated with the industrial sugar beet activity and post-technogenic processes during the abandonment of treatment facilities are considered. The alternation of settling ponds and the earth walls separating them are the main factors determining "cellular" pattern of the soil cover. The mode of inflow and discharge and the composition of wastewater, as well as the duration of the abandonment of settling ponds determine the specifics of soils forming in the bottoms of the ponds. Mucky–humus quasi-gley stratified soils (Calcaric Gleysol) are formed in operating settling ponds under the periodic impact of sewage mixed with other wastes. When calcareous sewage sludge (press mud) is previously removed from abandoned ponds, dark-humus quasi-gley soils (Gleyic Cambisol) are formed in 30 years in the presence of perched water table, and quasi-gley zooturbated Chernozems are developed in 40 years under the conditions of periodic moistening. Soil formation in settling ponds with preserved sewage sludge and abandoned 20 years ago is noticeably intensive only in the upper 10–15 cm, and properties of the stratified sediment are preserved below. Dark-humus technogenic artistratified soils (Spolic Technosols) are identified there. Typical dark-humus soils (Eutric Cambisols (Organotransportic) are formed on earth walls in about 50–60 years, and incompletely developed strongly alkaline technogenic pelozems (Spolic Technosols (Transportic)) are formed on earth walls covered with calcareous sewage sludge; these soils consist of the virtually unchanged mixed material of technogenic sediments. All soils are alkaline and strongly alkaline and rich in organic matter, carbonates, phosphates, nutrients and some heavy metals from wastewater. According to the combination of properties, the soils of the sugar industry treatment facilities have no direct natural analogues in the central chernozemic region and are a vivid example of soils forming under extreme conditions of resource excess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siwalan is one of the community's agricultural crops, where this plant is often found in rural areas, and this plant is one of the crops that are managed in the small-scale agricultural business sector, the management of this agricultural business sector is classified as traditional both in terms of management methods and tools, because this business sector is an agricultural business that has been passed down from generation to generation. Palm plants are very beneficial for rural communities, because from all parts of the palm plant can almost be used. The results that can be produced from this plant are sap and palm fiber. The purpose of this research is the first to determine the factors that affect palm sugar business income, the second to determine the most dominant factors that affect palm sugar business income. This type of research is a quantitative study using multiple linear regression analysis method. The object of this research is Jadung Village, Dungkek District, Sumenep Regency with a research sample of 70 respondents. The results showed that the variables age, education, length of business, number of dependents, number of trees, and cosmopolitan level had a significant effect on palm sugar business income. Based on the results of research on socioeconomic factors that affect palm sugar business income, it shows that. Socio-economic factors that affect palm sugar business income are age, education, length of business, family dependents, number of trees and cosmopolitan level, both jointly and partially. The most dominant factor that affects palm sugar business income in Jadung Village, Dungkek District, Sumenep Regency is the Number of Trees Factor, this can be seen from the amount of the beta coefficient variable the number of trees which is 0.396 greater than the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar industry and sugar cane cropping is one of the main economic and social activities in the northwestern region of Argentina. The goal of this study was to analyze the growth dynamic and productivity of three varieties grown in two agro-ecological regions of Tucumán, Argentina. Two trials were established in different locations where EEAOC's sugar cane nurseries were established (plot 11-15 and Los Trejos). From the beginning of sprout emergence, periodic measurements of stalk population dynamics and stalk height were carried out. At the end of the cycle, cane and sugar yield per hectare (TSCH and TAH) was estimated. Plot 11-15 presented higher tiller population, between 44 and 40 stalks m-1 for LCP 85-384 and TUC 97-8 respectively. TUC 95-10 registered 30 stalks m-1 in both locations. Final number of stalks per linear meter (FN) did not evidence differences between locations, but a significant interaction location*variety was determined. In this case, LCP 85-384 registered 20 stems m-1 in Los Trejos. Individual variables stalk weight showed significant differences between locations and the highest value was observed in Los Trejos even though no significant interaction location*variety was determined. TSCH was significantly higher in Los Trejos where TUC 95-10 produced 113 t ha-1, presenting significant differences between the rests of the interactions. TUC 95-10 showed better adaptation to different agro-ecological conditions, presenting high sugar cane yields in both considered regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current project of Biomass Power Plants in the sugar industry of Cuba, has as limitation the access to the water required for condensation. A possible solution would be the use of air-cooled condenser (ACC), however, the thermal assessment of a ACC is imprecise since the available methods are in extreme complex and do not characterize adequately the overall heat transfer coefficient (K), being required the use of excesses of heat transfer surface, which increments costs of the facilities. The objective was to develop a valid model for any zone of operation and regimen of flow that computes the coefficient K with a smaller index of dispersion than the available models. The current status of the thermal analysis in an ACC and the methods used for each zone of operation, characteristics and limitations are shown. A differential and correlation analysis to obtain a single model, which is just for the four zones of dominant flow, was made. In the validation it is verified that the proposed model correlates with an average error of ±22% in 88,7 % of available experimental data, reducing in a third part the errors of the current methods used. This work shows that the use of the dominant flow criteria enables reducing the indexes of uncertainty in the thermal evaluation of the ACC, which derive in a larger reliability in the assessment analysis and eludes the use of excesses of heat transfer surface due to a low reliability in the thermal analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digestion to obtain biogas is considered a technology for producing energy from a wide variety of waste and byproducts of industrial processes. This research is aim to determine the production potential of biomethane generated through the anaerobic co-digestion of the distillery stillage and filter cake as a mixture product to increase the energy potential. Continuous operating equipment was chosen, for which up flow anaerobic reactors (UASB) were selected. The pre-treatment of the filter cake was established through the simultaneous use of alkaline and thermal treatment, an aspect without precedent in specialized literature and considered a contribution to research. A post-treatment stage was designed to increase the specific production of biogas, which constitutes a contribution to the design this kind of facilities in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this work, based on the necessary technological linkage that exists in a raw sugar factory with a nearby sugar refinery, a strategy is proposed to strengthen its material and energy linkage in its development, extracting the juice from the filters. Objective: To evaluate the impact of extracting the juice from the filters on the influence on the quality of raw sugar, determining the optimal percentage of extraction to achieve the energy linkage of the combined raw sugar factory, refinery and torula cream. Materials and methods: The effect of the extraction of the juice from the filters on the quality of this type of sugar, and with it on that of refined sugar, is evaluated through the statistical modeling of the process through the aggregation of the models of the component elements, considering variations of the models in the purification stage for different per hundreds of extraction. Results and discussion: The global models of the process obtained through the aggregation of models of the partial stages are effective for predicting the sugar quality parameters. The extraction of the juice from the filters significantly increases the amount of leftover bagasse in the production of raw sugar. Conclusions: The extraction of the juice from the filters benefits the quality parameters of the produced sugar and significantly increases the amount of excess bagasse in the production of raw sugar, being an alternative to contribute to other productive demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The work presents the experiences in development to make possible the alternatives of production chain in environmentally compatible conditions, of the sugar cane company Heriberto Duquesne based on the concept of biorefinery and using the circular economy. Objective: To show an effective and improving path for training doctors who contribute with their research to strengthen the production chain of the company for its operation and development as a biorefinery so that its business volumes gradually grow. Materials and methods: The research is carried out by articulating the postgraduate activities of the company's professionals who are surpassed in postgraduate master's degrees and doctorates who act as coordinators of projects that bring together the actions of the master's degree and of professionals who are not incorporated into the master's degree courses in a project work system. Results and discussion: This action is a component of an anticipatory system of strategic management, whose mission is to contribute to learning the best way of sustainable development through increasing linkage with other sectors of the country's economic and social life. Conclusions: The work offers the possibility of contributing to the generation of knowledge for sustainable industrial development that favors economy, and also the social impact of the territories through the resuscitation of the batey of this company in the sugar cane industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: White castings with a high Cr content of the hypoeutectic type are one of the most used in hardfacing to reduce wear by abrasion, in parts used in mineral processing, and in the sugar industry. Objective: To know the effect of a peripheral coating with a high C content, applied to a commercial AWS E FeCr-A8 electrode, on the microstructure of the deposited metal, as well as the behavior of resistance to abrasive wear. Materials and methods: Specimens were prepared for the characterization of the metal deposited with the original electrode (EO) and the modified one (EM) by means of hardness, optical metallography (OM), and analysis of the chemical composition using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using the test proposed by the ASTM G65, (2017) standard the resistance to abrasive wear was determined. Results and Discussion: The hardness of the metal deposited with the original electrode is 560 HV, while the hardness reached with the modified electrode reaches 750 HV, which is due to the fact that the morphology of the austenite and the eutectic zone is different for both deposits. The test of resistance to abrasive wear for the deposit obtained with the modified electrode showed a volume loss of 0.0531 mm3, lower than that manifested by the deposit made with the original electrode (0.0669 mm3). Conclusions: By applying a peripheral coating to the AWS FeCr-A8 electrode, the volumetric fraction of carbides in the eutectic zone of the deposit microstructure increases, improving the resistance to abrasive wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root−soil underground interactions mediated by soil microorganisms and metabolites are crucial for fertilizer utilization efficiency and crop growth regulation. This study employed a combined approach of soil microbial community profiling and non-targeted metabolomics to investigate the patterns of root-associated microbial aggregation and the mechanisms associated with metabolites under varying controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) application rates. The experimental treatments included five field application rates of CRF (D1: 675 kg/ha; D15: 1012.5 kg/ha; D2: 1350 kg/ha; D25: 1687.5 kg/ha; and D3: 2025 kg/ha) along with traditional fertilizer as a control (CK: 1687.5 kg/ha). The results indicated that the growth of sugarcane in the field was significantly influenced by the CRF application rate (p < 0.05). Compared with CK, the optimal field application of CRF was observed at D25, resulting in a 16.3% to 53.6% increase in sugarcane yield. Under the condition of reducing fertilizer application by 20%, D2 showed a 13.3% increase in stem yield and a 6.7% increase in sugar production. The bacterial ACE index exhibited significant differences between D25 and D1, while the Chao1 index showed significance among the D25, D1, and CK treatments. The dominant bacterial phyla in sugarcane rhizosphere aggregation included Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Acidobacteriota. Fungal phyla comprised Rozellomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota. The annotated metabolic pathways encompassed biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Differential analysis and random forest selection identified distinctive biomarkers including Leotiomycetes, Cercospora, Anaeromyxobacter, isoleucyl-proline, and methylmalonic acid. Redundancy analysis unveiled soil pH, soil organic carbon, and available nitrogen as the primary drivers of microbial communities, while the metabolic profiles were notably influenced by the available potassium and phosphorus. The correlation heatmaps illustrated potential microbial−metabolite regulatory mechanisms under CRF application conditions. These findings underscore the significant potential of CRF in sugarcane field production, laying a theoretical foundation for sustainable development in the sugarcane industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article identifies elements of standardization, metrology, and quality that contribute to the elevation and transformation of the competitiveness of the Cuban sugar sector. Previous research and strategic prospecting assessments carried out in the companies studied in the last two years were studied. Actions for its solution that contribute to the search for a new management model for the elements that are part of the sugarcane value chain were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cuban sugar industry has experience in the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) since 2001, with the limitation of using proprietary tools and without accessible centralized databases. As a higher step, a Spatial Data Infrastructure (IDE-Azcuba) has been developed by Geocuba for the management of the sugarcane areas of Villa Clara. The IDE-Azcuba manages geospatial images from satellites (Sentinel-2) which allows the calculation of various indices of agricultural importance. For its deployment, this application consumes a large amount of data and is relatively highly complex, which makes it inaccessible to sugar companies and producers. As a solution, a Geoportal is proposed as a light version of the IDE-Azcuba, accessible from cell phones, within the reach of sugar producers and companies. The information on sugarcane variables obtained from INICA's technical scientific services has been integrated into the Geoportal. Such as: Territorial Planning, Varieties and Seeds, Integral Weeds, Fertilizers and Amendments; and Phytosanitary. Having a built-in cache version that allows you to work offline with the most important information, directly in the plantations and productive units, where there are major connectivity problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pith is the internal part of the sugarcane plant with short and variable fiber length. The presence of pith creates process-related issues in papermaking, so it must be removed from the bagasse. Pith has low calorific value, and burning of pith in boilers also creates boiler operational issues as well as environmental pollution and health hazards. The imposition of stringent emission norms by the environmental regulatory bodies is compelling these industries to search for cleaner alternatives to fuels. Pith is generated in huge quantities so its disposal or management will become a major challenge if industries shift to cleaner fuel. Considering these pressing issues and some recent relevant research reported on pith valorization, this study was planned to explore the potential of pith valorization. Therefore, in the present review, research studies available on alternate routes for the valorization of pith into value-added products have been extensively covered. Since pith is also lignocellulosic biomass, therefore, its valorization after pretreatment and as such direct utilization (without pretreatment) has also been categorically discussed. Furthermore, the promising pathways and prospective research in pith valorization are discussed that will make the sugar and associated pulp and paper mill more economically and environmentally sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this article, I utilize the concept of the Plantationocene as an analytical framework to generate a holistic and historical understanding of the present-day struggles of a mostly Haitian migrant workforce on sugar plantations in the Dominican Republic. Methods: Inspired by Paul Farmer's methodology, I combine political economy, history, and ethnography approaches to interpret the experiences of sugarcane cutters across historical and contemporary iterations of colonial, post-colonial, and neo-colonial practices over the course of five centuries. Results: My findings elucidate the enduring power of capitalism, implicating corporate and state elites, as the structural scaffolding for acts of racialized violence that condition the life-and-death circumstances of Black laborers on Caribbean plantations to this day. Although today's sugarcane cutters may suffer differently than their enslaved or wage labor ancestors on the plantation, I argue that an unfettered racialized pattern of lethal exploitation is sustained through the structural violence of neoliberalism that links present conditions with the colonial past. Conclusions: Ultimately, this paper contributes understandings of the plantationocene's enduring effects in the global south by demonstrating how imperialist arrangements of capitalism are not a distant memory from the colonial past but instead are present yet hidden and obscured while relocated and reanimated overseas to countries like the Dominican Republic, where American capitalists still exploit Black bodies for profit and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Beet filter cake (BFC) is a by-product of sugar beet processing, which is difficult to dispose of and involves severe environmental concerns. Spirulina platensis is a microalga with a high protein content essential for human and animal nutrition. The present study aimed to utilize the beet filter cake extract (BFCE) to produce Spirulina platensis commercially. However, the cultivation of S. platensis on BFCE to produce economically single-cell protein has not been reported previously. Results: The batch experiment revealed the maximum dry weight at Zarrouk's medium (0.4 g/L) followed by 0.34 g/L in the treatment of 75% BFCE. The highest protein content was 50% in Zarrouk's medium, followed by 46.5% in 25% BFCE. However, adding a higher concentration of 100% BFCE led to a protein content of 31.1%. In the adaption experiment, S platensis showed an increase in dry cell weight and protein content from 25 to 75% BFCE (0.69 g/L to 1.12 g/L and 47.0% to 52.54%, respectively) with an insignificant variation compared to Zarrouk's medium (p ≤ 0.05), indicating that S. platensis can be economically produced when cultivated on 75% BFCE The predicated parameters from response surface methodology were NaNO3 (2.5 g/L), NaHCO3 (0.67 g/L), BFCE (33%) and pH = 8, which resulted in biomass yield and protein content (0.56 g/L and 52.5%, respectively) closer to that achieved using the standard Zarrouk's medium (0.6 g/L and 55.11%). Moreover, the total essential amino acid content was slightly higher in the optimized medium (38.73%) than SZM (36.98%). Conclusions: Therefore, BFCE supplemented medium could be used as a novel low-cost alternative growth medium for producing a single-cell protein with acceptable quantity and quality compared to the standard Zarrouk's medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food safety has received considerable attention in recent years. Methods for rapid identification of a variety contaminants in both the final product and the manufacturing process are constantly developing. This study used Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-MIR) spectroscopy to identify various contaminants endangering white sugar production. It was demonstrated that inorganic compounds (calcium carbonate—CaCO3), plastic contaminants (polypropylene), and oily contaminants (compressor sealing and lubrication lubricant) can be identified with a high degree of precision. FT-MIR spectroscopy was proved to be a useful technique for detecting sugar contaminants rapidly and precisely even without the application of a sophisticated spectra analysis. Commercial databases of reference spectra usage significantly simplify and facilitate the application of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Most of the ethyl alcohol produced is from sugar sources, molasses, but this is becoming more and more sought after due to the increase in biotechnological productions, so it is necessary to study other sources of sugar substrates and/or their mixtures. Objective: To carry out a preliminary study in the alcoholic fermentation stage of the use of filter juice mixture, molasses and syrup. Materials and Methods: A simple trellis-type design of experiments was carried out, performing the preparation of culture media, some as a base and the rest are combinations of them. Up to 100% of sugars in total reducing agents (ART) of the substrates are taken into account. The response variable is alcoholic percentage. Results and Discussion: The fermented musts had percentages between 5.22 and 5.50. The highest was reached in experiments four and five, where the substrates molasses and syrup were used, 5.48 and 5.50 % respectively. On the other hand, when using the juice from the filters (experiments one, two and three), the lowest levels of alcoholic concentration in the medium were obtained, values that differ from those reached in other fermentation studies. Conclusions: The use of syrup in fermentation allows a better utilization of cane that should not be destined for sugar production, given its low quality. In the study, the highest alcoholic percentage is reached when this stream is used as substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) represents an added value in the sugar agroindustry; therefore, it is necessary to incorporate practices that include commitments beyond their social purpose. In this sense, the improvement of social performance is essential in these companies in Mayabeque province, because of the role they play in the value chain of Havana Club Rum, which, if they do not meet international standards in terms of social responsibility, their international market presence is at risk. Objective: To propose an instrument for the assessment of compliance with Corporate Social Responsibility practices based on the elements of quality directive. Materials and methods: The study variables were established. They are correlated through Spearman's Correlation Coefficient. The items that respond to each one are developed and the measurement instrument is proposed. Results and discussion: The elements of managerial quality that have a strong and medium influence on corporate social responsibility were determined from the direct interrelation of the variables studied. The items that respond to each of the variables were elaborated, obtaining a consistency of 0.8351, proposing an instrument for the assessment of corporate social responsibility based on the elements of management quality. Conclusions: The proposed instrument with 35 items, represents an approximation of the analysis of corporate social responsibility. It is based on the elements of managerial quality contextualizing the Cuban reality and its validation shows each convenience and potential for its implementation in the company under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic climate change loss and damage (L&D) is a key area of climate policy. Much of the L&D governance has been situated within the international climate regime. A major gap in L&D governance is the lack of understanding of how institutions are dealing with L&D policy and decision-making at national and industry scales. This study examines L&D governance with an emphasis on policy gaps, capacity constraints, availability of data, and access to climate finance in Fiji's sugar industry. Systematic policy analysis and in-depth semi-structured interviews (n = 28) are conducted to gain insights into L&D governance in Fiji's sugar industry. To date, the Ministry of Sugar Industry has been unable to develop climate change and disaster risk reduction policies and plans. Other institutional constraints in Fiji's sugar industry to avert, minimise, and address L&D include lack of human resources with technical skills as well as limited data and access to financial resources. This research recommends key policy interventions such as developing L&D policy and action plans, building capacity, and implementing a standardised practice of data management between stakeholders for urgent climate action. At the international level, the Warsaw International Mechanism and the Santiago Network for Loss and Damage could be strengthened to mobilise urgent support and action, including finance and technical assistance to avert, minimise, and address L&D in vulnerable countries. Highlights Limited national L&D policy and mechanisms in Fiji have severe implications for farming communities and could exacerbate social-ecological systems vulnerability. The Fijian Ministry of Sugar Industry has been unable to develop robust climate change and disaster risk reduction policies to avert, minimise, and address L&D. At the international level, the Santiago Network for Loss and Damage must become fully operational and provide technical assistance for L&D needs assessment and strengthen L&D governance in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to contribute to the English School's (ES) understanding of the European Regional International Society (ERIS) through the work of Karl Polanyi. While ES theory has long been interested in regional international societies, its general approach remains limited to a methodologically internationalist frame that fails to capture the dynamism and historical change of regional formations. We therefore aim to better ground the ES account of the ERIS within a more robust political economy framework that incorporates domestic dynamics with international processes. The article first examines the making of the nineteenth-century liberal order and its eventual breakdown during the turn of the century—the "great transformation", which ultimately informed the rationale for the European Community (EC). We then focus our analysis on the EC's Common Agricultural Policy. With specific examination of sugar production, we explore the tensions and contradictions bound up with the formation of a protected domestic and regional sugar market, the pressures it exerted on the wider international society, and the ways in which European officials skillfully exploited the post-Cold War liberalization of international society as a means of (partially) "disembedding" European sugar. Lastly, we hope that this article begins a new conversation on how the tenets of political economy (Polanyian or otherwise) might, at long last, make an impact on ES theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of real beet sugar mill effluent by a modified electrocoagulation process is proposed. An innovative design of an electromagnetic field-enhanced electrochemical cell consisting of a tubular screen roll anode and two cathodes (an inner and outer cathode) has been used. Different parameters have been investigated including current density, effluent concentration, NaCl concentration, rpm, number of screen layers per anode, and the effect of addition and direction of an electromagnetic field. The results showed that, under the optimum conditions, current density of 3.13 A/m2, two screens per anode, NaCl concentration of 12 g/l, and rotation speed of 120 rpm, the percentage of color removal was 85.5% and the electrical energy consumption was 3.595 kWh/m3. However, the presence of an electromagnetic field distinctly enhanced the energy consumption and the color removal percentage. Numerically, applying the magnetic field resulted in performing a color removal efficiency of 97.7% using a power consumption of 2.569 KWh/m3 which is considered a distinct achievement in industrial wastewater treatment process. The strong enhancement in color removal using a low power consumption significantly reduced the required treatment cost; the estimated treatment cost was 0.00017 $/h.m2. This design has proven to be a promising one for the continuous treatment of beet sugar industrial effluents and to be a competitor to the currently available techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the Cuban sugar industry it is strategic to study the possible development as a biorefinery, obtaining alcohol, torula yeast and xylitol. Objective: To determine the optimal proportions of juice extraction from filters to obtain torula yeast and the use of leftover bagasse in the production of xylitol in the biorefinery concept. Materials and Methods: Statistical analysis is used to obtain the models of each stage of the process of obtaining raw sugar, using data in harvest period. The models that represent intermediate streams, such as the juice from the filters, are studied in depth, analyzing different extraction percentages of this stream, its benefits in the purification stage and in the amount of bagasse left over. Economic indicators are determined for the alternatives studied. Results and Discussion: The optimum percentage of juice extraction from the filters, in the purification stage, is 21.9%. This value allows a reduction in steam consumption in the sugar process. Sugar and molasses losses are in the order of 545322.43 USD per year and are exceeded by gains in xylitol and torula yeast production. Conclusions: The amount of filter juice extracted in the sugar process, guarantees the production of molasses to obtain torula yeast, throughout the year. The economic losses, caused by the decrease in the production of sugar and molasses, when extracting juice from the filters, are surpassed by the profit from the xylitol and torula yeast production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial high-speed rotating machines entail constant and consistent monitoring to prevent downtime, affecting quantity and quality. Complex machines need advanced intelligent fault diagnosis showing minimal errors. This work offers a MATLAB-based fault diagnosis for sugar industry machines. The vibration behavior of physical industrial machines is obtained, and the signals are provided to a MATLAB program to identify the fault. The information helps to suggest remedies to include in the maintenance schedule. The ease and comprehensible nature of the method reduce time and enhance the reliability of condition monitoring for industrial machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sugar industry is one of the most wastewater‐producing industries and it contains high content of organic and inorganic substances. Treating and reusing wastewater has significant importance because sugar industry needs to use a high volume of water. In this study, sugar industry wastewater was treated under subcritical conditions and the impacts of reaction temperature and duration over TOC removal percentage were investigated. Additionally, the impact of NaOH concentration over TOC removal percentage was examined. The highest TOC removal was obtained almost 95 % in the presence of 0.1 M of NaOH at 240 °C for 90 min of reaction duration. Treatment of sugar industry wastewater by subcritical water oxidation followed the second‐order reaction kinetic model and the activation energy was found as 11.41 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the intermediate products were identified via GC‐MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This paper analyses the trends in sugar and sugarcane production in sub-Saharan Africa, including the core drivers of production by reviewing the current institutional and production arrangements. Materials and methods. The analysis is based on 35 African countries Categorized into 4 regions based on the United Nations M49 classification. A detailed literature review was conducted to explain the observed trends and to provide context for the various institutional and production arrangements. The literature reviewed key sugar-related documents at national level, websites of the core companies producing sugar in each country including their annual reports and previous empirical studies undertaken in the major sugarcane producing countries. Results and discussion. The sugarcane industry in South Africa has grown significantly over the last 6 decades, with raw sugar production and sugarcane production increasing by 200 and 215%, respectively. In terms of regional production, the average growth rate for raw sugar production over the period 1961 to 2020 was 2, 3, 3, and 13% for Eastern, Middle, Southern and Western Africa regions, respectively. The Eastern and Southern Africa regions produce a major share of both sugar and sugarcane production accounting for 90 and 86% of total production. Yields have consistently remained low and only Eswatini, Malawi, Tanzania, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia have remained competitive and low cost producers in the region. Some countries like Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania are not self-sufficient and have consistently been net importers of sugar. The countries in question have in the past imposed import restrictions particularly on import tariffs as a way of boosting domestic production. Threats to steady supply of sugar and sugarcane, especially for countries that depend on rain fed agriculture, have continued to emanate from periodic droughts, particularly the major producing Eastern and Southern regions in the early 1990s. The institutional review revealed that the proportion of sugarcane production supplied by smallholder farmers under outgrower schemes compared to the nucleus estate dictates the stability of sugar production in Africa. Outgrowers dominate the production of sugarcane, as is the case in South Africa (92%) and Kenya (90%), which poses a high risk to the steady supply of sugarcane to the milling company involved in sugar production. This may arise because outgrowers may fail to honor their contracts and engage in opportunistic behavior to side-sell their sugarcane to other offtakers. Conclusion. Key to resolving the low yields and threats to sustainable sugarcane production in sub-Saharan Africa will be addressing the institutional and production arrangements of sugarcane production, particularly addressing the issues surrounding outgrower schemes that are the major production models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inulin and oligofructose are classes of prebiotics belonging to a group of nondigestible carbohydrates referred to as inulin‐type fructans. While short‐chain fructooligosaccharides are enzymatically synthesized from the hydrolysis and transglycosylation of sucrose. Inulin‐type fructans and short‐chain fructooligosaccharides act as carbon sources for selective pathways supporting digestive health including altering the composition of the gut microbiota along with improving transit time. Due to their physicochemical properties, inulin‐type fructans and short‐chain fructooligosaccharides have been widely used in the food industry as partial replacements for both fat and sugar. Yet, levels of replacement need to be carefully considered as it may result in changes to physical and sensory properties that could be detected by consumers. Furthermore, it has been reported depending on the processing parameters used during production that inulin‐type fructans and short‐chain fructooligosaccharides may or may not undergo structural alterations. Therefore, this paper reviews the role of inulin‐type fructans and short‐chain fructooligosaccharides within the food industry as fat and sugar replacers and texture modifiers, their impact on final sensory properties, and to what degree processing parameters are likely to impact their functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the automation level and operation quality of China's beet harvester and reduce the loss due to damaged and missed excavation, this study used a self-developed sugar beet combine harvester and field simulation experiment platform, based on the single-factor bench test of the automatic row following system in the early stage, taking hydraulic flow A, spring preload B, and forward speed C which have significant influence on performance indices as test factors, and taking the missed excavation rate, breakage rate and reaction time as performance indices, the orthogonal experimental study on the parameter optimization of the three-factor and three-level automatic row following system with the first-order interaction of various factors was carried out. The results of the orthogonal experiments were analyzed using range analysis and variance analysis. The results showed that there were differences in the influence degree, factor priority order and first-order interaction, and the optimal parameter combination on each performance index. A weighted comprehensive scoring method was used to optimize and analyze each index. The optimal parameter combination of the overall operating performance of the automatic row following system was A2B2C1, that is, the hydraulic flow was 25 L/min, the forward speed was 0.8 m/s, and the spring preload was 198 N. Under this combination, the response time was 0.496 s, the missed excavation rate was 2.35%, the breakage rate was 3.65%, and the operation quality was relatively good, which can meet the harvest requirements. The comprehensive optimization results were verified by field experiments with different ridge shapes and different planting patterns. The results showed that the mean values of the missed excavation rate of different planting patterns of conventional straight ridges and extremely large "S" ridges were 2.23% and 2.69%, respectively, and the maximum values were 2.39% and 2.98%, respectively; the average damage rates were 3.38% and 4.14%, and the maximum values were 3.58% and 4.48%, which meet the industry standards of sugar beet harvester operation quality. The overall adaptability of the automatic row following system is good. This study can provide a reference for research on automatic row following harvesting systems of sugar beets and other subsoil crop harvesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown stripe disease is a severe foliar fungal disease of sugarcane worldwide and is widespread in all sugarcane planting areas in China. Brown stripe is a major disease that seriously affects the output and quality of the sugarcane industry in Yunnan Province, China's second‐largest sugar base, while the pathogen of this disease remains not yet fully understood. To address this, we isolated and identified the fungi associated with 68 leaf samples showing typical symptoms of brown stripe from 22 sugarcane varieties in different areas of Yunnan Province. A total of 113 isolates were obtained, which were morphologically similar. Of these, 64 representative isolates were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), GAPDH and EF‐1α loci. All representative isolates grouped with the type strain of Bipolaris setariae in the phylogenetic trees inferred with individual and concatenated sequences of ITS, GAPDH and EF1‐α. Pathogenicity test results showed that B. setariae strains were able to induce typical symptoms of brown stripe. The results obtained in this study clarify that only B. setariae is associated with sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, China. It is recorded here for the first time as a pathogen causing sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, and it is able to infect many major cultivars and new varieties, posing a new threat to the sugar industry in Yunnan Province. In addition, these results provide the scientific basis for the future breeding of disease‐resistant varieties and effective prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to evaluate the vegetal condensate waters from sugar cane in two cuban sugar factory: 30 de Noviembre and Boris Luis Santa Coloma, both located in western island region. Due to the large amount of water containing in the resource (70‐80 %), it use has been extended to various tasks within the factory, such as boilers, cooling towers, sanitation of premises, etc. It is important to emphasize that there is another exploitable line: the use of condensate as drinking water, which is so necessary to study its quality, taking into account the regulations for consumption, as well as its availability in sugar factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the next sugarcane harvest only 23 mills will grind to produce sugar. The rest must look for alternatives to generate income. Some are going to produce molasses, from leftover cane, as raw material for their own distilleries or to sell to others. This may imply, depending on the capacities of the facilities and transportation possibilities, storing the molasses. This, when stored for long periods with high concentrations of sucrose, tends to divide into syrup rich in reducing sugars and crystallized sucrose, so its hydrolysis is required to avoid deterioration. Objective: To obtain the best operating conditions for the investment of the molasses using the thermostable invertase enzyme GS115BfrA4X Pichia pastoris as a catalyst, produced at the UEB Bioprocesses Cuba 10. Materials and Methods: To establish a relationship between the enzyme concentration (U/g of molasses) and the molasses concentration (°Bx) on the percentage of sucrose conversion, a 2² factorial design plus a central point and a replica of the matrix of design was carried out, using the Statgraphics Centurion XVI. Results and Discussion: The best experimental result obtained was a molasses concentration at 55 °Bx, an enzyme concentration at 15 U/g of molasses to achieve a 76% conversion in 5 h of reaction. Conclusions: From the multiple regression model, from the best experimental results, it was obtained that at concentrations of 57 °Bx molasses, 11 U/g enzyme concentration and 5.3 hours of reaction, 70% conversion is reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Consolidating and quantifying information facilitates economic planning for decision making in terms of industrial development at the territorial level in an integrated manner. Objective: To propose a procedure for the projection of the development of the sugar industry in a territory based on the intersectoral balance. Materials and Methods: A procedure is proposed to carry out the intersectoral balance in a territory that facilitates the elaboration of the Leontief matrix. A database "Camagüey Database" is presented in Microsoft Access which, based on the economic survey of each municipality, the units that act in the economy and the demands and deliveries of resources, provides the necessary data for the development of the intersectoral balances. Results and Discussion: The procedure is applied in the territory of Florida where the Central "Agramonte" and the Sorbitol Company are located, belonging to the sugar industry, in function of the territorial industrial development, which facilitates productive linkages and planning between economic sectors. It is defined and quantified the demands and deliveries at 100% compliance of the different sectors that interact for the production of Sorbitol at maximum design capacity. Conclusions: The intersectoral balances allow analyzing the necessary quantities to be produced of each of the products, by-products and derivatives, in correspondence with the demands of other sectors, to guarantee the development of the territory. The results facilitate decision making for a higher development of the municipality in the context of a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]