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This paper discusses experiences of everyday racism as narrated by South Sudanese refugee-background informants living in Australia. The paper draws on accounts of verbal and physical attacks reported during a sociolinguistic interview about the refugee experience and adaptation to the Australian lifestyle. The study contributes to the exploration of features of refugee narratives, using the socio-interactional approach to narrative analysis. Selected stories about racism are explored using positioning theory, paying attention to the discursive strategies narrators use to position themselves in the interactional world of the interview setting as well as the story-world. Their narratives demonstrate that despite the harsh experiences of everyday racism, they position themselves as resilient and strong individuals. They do this by drawing on their refugee history and making references to harder times. However, the stories also reveal their mitigation strategies to soften the accounts and either downplay or deny racism. However, by sharing their stories and making explicit evaluative statements about social injustice, they mobilise their agency to make their story heard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), set a global target of 15 percent enrolment of refugees, in higher education, by 2030. Relatedly, UNHCR stated that beyond access, higher education should build individual and collective resilience of refugee students. This paper looks at the support mechanisms various stakeholders use, to build the resilience of South Sudanese refugee higher education students, from Bidi Bidi settlement in Uganda. This is within the context of Uganda's Education Response (ERP) for refugees and host communities. The study adopted a qualitative approach, an exploratory case study design, and an advocacy/ participatory philosophical lens, using the intersectional theory. Twenty-seven (27) purposively sampled participants took part in the study. They included 12 undergraduates from two private Ugandan universities, a total of 13 government and non-governmental organization (NGO) officials, and two officials from public and private universities, all involved in refugee higher education. Data was collected through a literature review, in-depth interviews with key informants and students, and a students' focus group discussion. The study established that, within the context of Uganda's ERP, South Sudanese refugee higher education students have their resilience built through support, mainly from HEIs and NGOs. The support uses multiple approaches and takes place mainly within the HEIs, with a bit in the settlement. However, it is offered within each stakeholder's context and thus takes on a silo rather than integrated approach. Support also does not always consider the individual and complex student needs. Nevertheless, the support, which is relatively student-centred does register good social and academic resilience. The study therefore recommends that through a situational analysis and needs assessment, Uganda develops clear objectives, activities and outcomes in the ERP, to guide stakeholders, towards strengthening refugee higher education students' resilience. The study also designed a model towards enhancing student resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of how socioeconomic situations in and around refugees' settlement in Uganda affect their motivation and attitudes towards integration has not been clearly addressed in the literature. To address this gap, this study explores the integration framework, and uses thematic and content analysis to analyse data collected via in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The study finds that access to socioeconomic factors such as livelihood opportunities and social services, especially education and health, can either motivate and positively affect refugees' attitudes, or demotivate and negatively affect refugees' attitudes towards integration in the host community. Other motivating factors were family history and success stories of refugees who were successfully integrated in the host community. Suggestions for improving refugee integration included empowerment in vocational skills, access to grants and loans, access to land for agriculture, and access to labour market. These require greater cooperation among different stakeholders, including policy makers, nongovernmental organisations, international organisations, and governments, to coalesce resources and buttress integration of refugees in the host society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing political unrest and severe economic hardships in Sudan have led many Sudanese to arrive in Europe as asylum seekers. Throughout the years, after obtaining refugee status and becoming European citizens, many settle in the host countries of which they are citizens, while others move onwards to other EU countries as European labour migrants. As the migrants' legal statuses change during these different stages, so do their welfare and labour-market entitlements, as well as their aspirations and possibilities to achieve them. Drawing on 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork with Sudanese families across the Netherlands, the UK and Sudan, this article explores the strategies deployed by male and female migrants to navigate the current welfare states, labour-market and migration regimes according to their life-course-related needs and aspirations. The article evidences the existing expectations and contradictions in these regimes towards mobile populations and the consequent social and gender inequalities they perpetuate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This photo essay reflects on Rafiki Theatre's recent work exploring Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) issues in refugee camps in Northern Uganda. The images portray the context, challenges and ways in which Rafiki responded to the aims set by the project donor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A core goal of the Healthy Homes and Neighbourhoods (HHAN) integrated care program is sector-capacity building, engagement and identification of the needs of the communities served. Enduring civil war in Sudan has led to a refugee diaspora, with Australian resettlement of mostly South Sudanese people peaking in 2004-5. Sudanese people living in Australia experience poorer health outcomes. We endeavour to identify the needs and barriers in accessing and engaging with the health and social care system for ethnically Sudanese women living in a disadvantaged suburb of Sydney. A secondary aim was to provide a structure for community participation in the design of service delivery. Theory/Methods: Participants were recruited via multi-modal direct and indirect community engagement strategies, and were invited to participate in a community consultation specifically for Sudanese women living in the area of interest. The session was conducted in English with Arabic interpretation. Emerging key themes were recorded, summarised and analysed. Key themes will be further explored in individual interviews, with anticipated completion by December 2018. Results: Fifteen women participated in the community consultation. Preliminary results suggest barriers to health and social care utilisation included accessibility of appropriate housing options, cost of physical therapies and local inaccessibility of culturally appropriate primary care physicians. A key theme identified was the alienation experienced by Sudanese women who have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM) and who are accessing perinatal care and childbirth services. Further exploration revealed reasons for feeling alienated included childbirth interventions that were unexpected or poorly communicated and post-birth complications for which they felt ashamed to seek follow-up care. Other emerging themes identified ways in which the health sector could deliver improved care, including better coordination of acute and community-based services, ensuring services are advertised effectively and in Arabic and improved training of birth attendants in the effects of FGM on pregnancy and birthing. Discussion: Ethnically Sudanese women who have resettled in Australia experience a range of barriers to accessing and engaging in a complex health and social care system. Further alienation occurs when women access the healthcare system specifically for perinatal care and childbirth services. Lessons learned: Access to the local community relied on long-term, consistent relationship building, identification of key leaders and shared planning and goal development. Female Genital Mutilation and its consequent morbidity is a common issue for Sudanese women who have resettled in Australia. Limitations: The views expressed in this focus group represent the individuals who participated and though FGM was a strong theme, the externalisability of these results should be carefully considered. The exploration of sensitive issues was limited by the consult methodology and varying levels of English comprehension. Suggestions for future research: Future research will focus on gaining information on the cultural, moral and social acceptability of FGM and the breadth of experiences of women exposed to FGM generationally and across the lifespan. Research should inform the implementation of the Sudanese community’s self-determined values and needs and the facilitation of supportive partnerships to guide responses from the health and social care sector.

The article focuses on building sustainable peace and conflict prevention to the South Sudanese refugee communities by providing humanitarian assistance, developing programs and by addressing their root causes for displacement in Uganda. The article also discusses the role of UN agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGO) and humanitarian actors on providing support and resolving violence within the refugee communities in Uganda.

The article focuses on the returns and relocation of the South Sudanese refugees and Internally displaced persons who have been displaced due to the civil war since 2013. The article also discusses the support for the returnees by the Humanitarian agencies and humanitarian assistance by United Nations, political and non-governmental organizations (NGO).

The article discusses a study on perceptions, responses and experiences of South Sudanese returning refugees, to be able to further support and enhance their programming in camps to have a safe durable return and reintegration. The article also discusses the need to foster viable livelihoods, safety and economic security for the displaced refugees by the nongovernmental organisations (NGO) and the government of South Sudan.

The article discusses the common obstacles faced by Rohingya refugees and South Sudanese internally displaced people and their voluntary return from Bangladesh and South Sudan, as a part of repatriation agreement. The article also discusses the the lack of transparency by the governments and United Nations plans to address their root causes.

This study investigates the integration process of the Sudanese "Lost Boys" living in the greater Kansas City area. The "Lost Boys" are Sudanese refugees who relocated to the United States assisted by the US government as a result of intensely bloody and protracted warfare in their home country then known as Sudan (now South Sudan). The purpose of this study, in which data was collected from 40 "Boys" participating in the study, is to find integration experiences of these "Boys" in the greater Kansas area after resettlement in 2000. The specific goal of the study is to understand the degree of integration achieved by each participant during his 14-plus years living in the US. The study uses semi-structured interviews to assess the degree of integration. An adjunct inquiry explores what factors played a key role in enhancing or hindering their adjustment into American mainstream society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using focus groups and grounded-theory methods, this study builds a situation-specific theory describing the transitional responses of 18 former South Sudanese refugees resettled in a Midwestern US city. 'Reaching for a better life' emerged as the dominant process following resettlement. Findings revealed beliefs, abilities and expectations collide with new realities in 'The Clash' zone on arrival, encompassing varied social and cultural domains while reaching for a better life. Processes of 'understanding' and 'being understood' are mediated by resources from others and perceived losses and gains, with challenges evolving unpredictably and persisting over time. Participants identified that formal resettlement programme shortcomings include neglect of their human capital, prior knowledge and abilities, and failure to consider the most pressing needs identified by former refugees themselves. Findings contribute to understanding of the refugee journey and situational life transitions among resettled South Sudan refugees, with implications for social and health service design and community participatory research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About 3,500 Darfuri male (and a few female) asylum seekers live in Israel. The majority are 25 to 40 years old. Older men, including village and community dignitaries, stand little chance of surviving the brutal trek. In Darfur, where most inhabitants live in small villages, inter- and intracommunal conflicts are traditionally resolved through the customary justice process of Judiya. But in Israel, Darfuri asylum seekers no longer reside with their kin groups (villages, tribes, clans); instead they often cohabit with asylum seekers from other tribes, clans, and villages, living in crowded conditions, mostly in the poor south side of Tel Aviv-a situation that gives rise to multiple small conflicts. In the absence of their familiar tribal structure, dignitaries, and other interveners, the refugees have no access to the traditional dispute resolution mechanisms they have grown up with. Furthermore, these asylum seekers avoid bringing their conflicts to the attention of the Israeli authorities, for fear of endangering their asylum petitions. The result is that this community finds itself trying to cope with difficult, intracommunal, conflict-rich conditions, without being able to use either traditional conflict resolution mechanisms or local formal justice processes. The response of the Darfuri asylum seekers community to this circumstance has been to develop their own multitier, quasi-customary intracommunal dispute resolution mechanism. This new mechanism combines elements of their traditional, Darfur-based processes, along with newly constructed modifications designed to compensate for the missing elements (e.g., lack of village elders) and make use of available resources (e.g., young community activists). This article employs analysis of multiple interviews and review of relevant literature to identify and describe the unique, informal dispute resolution mechanism that the Darfuri community developed in Israel. Insights developed in this article may help community activists, municipalities, policy makers, nongovernmental organizations, and other individuals and organizations in understanding and facilitating alternative dispute resolution mechanisms within similarly structured and similarly affected displaced persons and asylum seeker communities around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased demand for refugee admissions and services in developed countries like Australia makes it important for host countries to understand the refugee resettlement and integration process. Yet, the literature on pathways and processes facilitating and driving integration is under-theorized (Black 2001) and poorly understood (Spencer 2006; Ager and Strang 2008; Phillimore and Goodson 2008; Strang and Ager 2010). This article aims to explore the structures and pathways facilitating the integration of resettled refugees. Using data collected from recently settled South Sudanese refugees and Merton's typology of modes of adaptation as a theoretical framework, the article demonstrates that Australian Government institutions failed to provide accessible pathways and support to Sudanese refugees to navigate institutional means for achieving economic and social inclusion. At a broader level, the article argues that current Australian resettlement policies are dominated by an emphasis on refugees' adopting their new country's cultural goals without ensuring that there are effective processes and facilitators to achieve these goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constricted definitions of resiliency have limited application to refugees who typically negotiate complex interpersonal, intercultural, historical, and geopolitical factors in order to overcome the challenges of flight, exile, forced migration, and resettlement. Researchers were approached by eight South Sudanese refxigee women resettled in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, who were interested in exploring alternative notions of resilience through reflection, dialogue, and action. Participatory action research methodology was chosen to co-create knowledge as an alternative to Western-centric resiliency discourse. This approach prioritizes under-represented voices through democratic co-participation, reflecting the lived experiences of refugees through collaborative research strategies and maximizes the capacity of this minority population to meaningfully contribute to the academic discourse. Using Photovoice, a technique that employs still photography and text captions, participants used aesthetic expression to deconstruct and reconstruct notions of resilience. Six, monthly 3-h focus groups were conducted on topics pertaining to resilience during which still images were leviewed. Adopting a grounded theory approach, line-by-line coding and thematic analysis of the focus group transcripts were completed in order to respond to the research question. Faith and spirituality, circles of support, and the global community were the key overarching themes describing participants' resilience process which enabled participants to survive their past foster support in the present and harness hope for the future. At each stage, supporting and protective factors and threats undermining resiliency were identified. In conclusion, recommendations for an enhanced conceptualization of resilience were made for resettlement service providers and those engaging with refugee populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop intergenerational understanding of the factors perceived to be influencing the sexual health and wellbeing of young Sudanese refugees in Queensland, Australia. Data from 11 semi-structured, face-to-face interviews exploring sexual health knowledge, attitudes and behaviours with young people aged 16 to 24 years, and five focus groups with adults from the broader Queensland Sudanese community, were compared and contrasted. Findings indicate that sexual health-related knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, along with patterns of sexual behaviour, are changing post-resettlement and this creates considerable intergenerational discord and family conflict. Study findings provide an understanding of how the interplay between traditional cultural gender, parenting and relationship norms and perceived normative Australian beliefs and patterns of behaviour influence the construction of both young people’s and their parents’ attitudes to sexual health post-arrival. We suggest that sexuality education programmes adapted to the specific cultural- and age-related contexts need to be introduced early within the resettlement process for both young people and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background. Anemia is one of the major health problems among refugee pregnant women in the world. Anemia among pregnant women is multifactorial and results in detrimental consequences on the mothers and infants. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, severity, and determinants of anemia among pregnant women in South Sudanese refugees, Pugnido western, Ethiopia. Methods. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Pugnido Administration Refugee and Returnee Affairs Health Center from April 15 to June 30, 2015. Demographic and related data were collected using questionnaire based interview. Complete blood count was done using CELL-DYN 1800 (Abbott USA). Blood smear and fecal specimen were examined for hemoparasite and intestinal parasite, respectively. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done using SPSS-Version 20.0. Results. The overall prevalence of anemia was 36.1%, from whom 2.3% had severe anemia. Being in third trimester, eating meat at most once a week, drinking tea immediately after meal at least once a day, having mid-upper arm circumference below 21 centimeters, and intestinal parasitic infection were identified as independent factors of anemia. Conclusion. More than one-third of pregnant women had anemia in this study. Intervention based strategies on identified determinant factors will be very important to combat anemia among the group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation and cultural adaptation of screening tools is an essential first step when assessing the mental health status of those from diverse cultures. This article presents a translated and culturally adapted version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25), a measure of anxiety and depression, from English into Dinka, a South Sudanese tribal language. The HSCL-25 was translated and blindly back translated independently by two native South Sudanese from the Dinka tribe, a man and a woman, who came to the US as refugees. Once consensus was reached between the two translators, the Dinka translation was reviewed by a focus group of five native Dinka speakers. The original English version and the newly translated Dinka version were critically evaluated for cultural relevance and semantic congruence. Adjustments were made as a result of the focus group discussion, and a final Dinka version was created.

Background: Since December 2013, an armed conflict in South Sudan has resulted in the displacement of over 2.2 million people, more than 270,000 of whom are presently in refugee settlements located throughout Uganda. Existing literature suggests that refugees are at increased risk for a range of mental health and psychosocial problems. There is international consensus on the importance of needs and resource assessments to inform potential mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) interventions. Methods: We conducted a MHPSS needs and resource assessment in Rhino Camp refugee settlement in northern Uganda, between June and August 2014. We followed World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) guidelines for MHPSS needs assessments in humanitarian settings. The assessment used a range of methodologies including: 1) a desk (literature) review to understand the context for mental health service provision; 2) an analysis of data from existing health information systems (HIS); 3) an assessment of the current infrastructure for service provision using a shortened version of a Who does What Where until When (4Ws); and 4 semi-structured individual and group interviews (total n = 86) with key informants (n = 13 ) and general community members (individual interviews n = 28, four focus groups with n = 45). Results: Data from the HIS indicated that visits to health centers in refugee settlements attributable to psychotic disorders, severe emotional disorders, and other psychological complaints increased following the refugee influx between 2013 and 2014, but overall help-seeking from health centers was low compared to estimates from epidemiological studies. In semi-structured interviews the three highest ranked mental health and psychosocial problems included "overthinking", ethnic conflict, and child abuse. Other concerns included family separation, drug abuse, poverty, and unaccompanied minors. The 4Ws assessment revealed that there were very limited MHPSS services available in Rhino Camp. Conclusions: The types of MHPSS problems among South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda are diverse and the burden appears to be considerable, yet there are currently few available services. The assessment indicates the need for a range of services addressing social concerns as well as varied types of mental conditions. The idiom of "overthinking" may form a useful starting point for intervention development and mental health communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation and cultural adaptation of screening tools is an essential first step when assessing the mental health status of those from diverse cultures. This article presents a translated and culturally adapted version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25), a measure of anxiety and depression, from English into Dinka, a South Sudanese tribal language. The HSCL-25 was translated and blindly back translated independently by two native South Sudanese from the Dinka tribe, a man and a woman, who came to the US as refugees. Once consensus was reached between the two translators, the Dinka translation was reviewed by a focus group of five native Dinka speakers. The original English version and the newly translated Dinka version were critically evaluated for cultural relevance and semantic congruence. Adjustments were made as a result of the focus group discussion, and a final Dinka version was created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the controversy surrounding the death of Sudanese refugee and resident of Louisville, Kentucky Deng Manyoun who was shot by police officer Nathan Blanford on June 13, 2015. Activists in Louisville reportedly created a memorial for Manyoun the day after he died and protested against his shooting which they deem as an example of police brutality and racial violence. Also discussed are the social condition of South Sudanese refugees in Louisville, police's unwillingness to investigate crimes against refugees, and Manyoun's personality and character.

Migrant journeys are often conceived as linear movement from a sending country to a receiving country. However, a recent work suggests that the notion of linear migrant journeys is a misrepresentation. I argue that European regulations that standardise immigration policy around a common goal of ‘burden-sharing’ such as the Dublin II Regulation interact with the journeys of migrants to create paths that are not linear, circular or guided solely by intent. Rather migrant journeys can be conceived as a series of negotiations with state policies that shape experiences, choices and destinations through constructions of illegality. Mobility becomes an on-going condition rather than a temporary one. Borders then are reproduced as phenomenological rather than physical. I illustrate my argument through an ethnographic case study of a Sudanese man seeking to join his wife and child who had filed an asylum application in France. He interacts with the borders of Europe throughout his journey; however, as he becomes known as an undocumented migrant he moves further from the possibility of entering Europe with immigration status despite being within the territorial boundaries. Conversely, as his physical proximity to Europe increases and is established, his legal proximity decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

'Voluntary repatriation' to a country of origin may be necessary to restore refugees' rights, when only a country of origin will provide rights associated with citizenship. Yet, if refugees are returning because they do not have access to basic rights in a host country, their return is not voluntary according to UNHCR guidelines (1996). There is a tension between facilitating repatriation to restore rights, and ensuring that repatriation is voluntary. This article will first draw on arguments from moral philosophy to suggest an alternative policy to current UNHCR guidelines. Following this normative analysis, the article hypothesizes that, on an empirical level, a repatriation policy that attempts to only facilitate repatriation that is not coerced, out of concern for voluntariness alone, may fail both to prevent coerced returns and to restore right through repatriation. This hypothesis was then tested in the case of South Sudanese repatriation from Israel between 2009-2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research has documented the role acculturation plays in the process of adjustment to new cultures among migrants. Yet little attention has been paid thus far to the role of acculturation in the context of forced migration. In this study we examined the association between acculturation patterns and mental health symptoms among a convenience sample of Eritrean and Sudanese asylum seekers (n = 118) who accessed health services at the Physicians for Human Rights Open-Clinic in Israel. Participants completed measures on sociodemographic information as well as detention history, mental health symptoms, exposure to traumatic events, and acculturation pattern, in their native language upon accessing services. Consistent with our predictions, findings showed that acculturation predicted depressive symptoms among asylum seekers beyond the effect of history of detention and reports of experiences of traumatic events. Assimilated compared with integrated asylum seekers reported higher depressive symptoms. Findings draw attention to the paradox of assimilation, and the mental health risks it poses among those wishing to integrate into the new culture at the expanse of their original culture. Asylum seekers may be particularly vulnerable to the risks of assimilation in the restrictive policies that characterize many industrial countries in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last two decades have witnessed growing research on the experiences of children and youth after migration or resettlement. However, nearly all of this research focuses on children and youth who arrived in the country with their parents. We know little of the unique experiences of refugee youngsters who came to this country without parental company. How do they negotiate the different cultures in the absence of parents? In this article, we draw on in-depth interview data with 19 Sudanese emerging adults who came to the United States as unaccompanied refugee minors to examine issues of acculturation and adaptation. Our findings show that having a strong root in their native culture and identity helped them make good choices, maintain focus, and avoid distractions associated with negative aspects of the U.S. youth culture. Our participants also discussed the importance of learning the new ways. As a result, those who maintained their native culture and combined it with the positive aspect of the U.S. culture were the ones who did best in their adaptation. Our research confirms previous findings on immigrant and refugee youth with parents that a bicultural orientation is the best for adaptation. Our findings also illustrate a more specific and agentic process of cultural appropriation with a flexible orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Community broadcasting is being displaced by digital media, the Internet, and associated technologies and the need for migrant and former refugee communities to own and control their own media remains strong, especially in response to persistent stereotyping on the part of mainstream media. We present results of a study undertaken with the South Sudanese community in Southeast Queensland to explore the needs, uses, and possibilities of online media. Focus groups with 31 Sudanese men and women indicated that they saw a need for a Sudanese community website that would assist the community with integrating into mainstream society, promoting the positive contribution made by the community to Australian society, as well as with maintenance of their own cultures and languages. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Refugees experience dietary changes as part of the daily challenges they face resettling in a new country. Sudanese women seek to care and feed their families, but face language barriers in the marketplace, limited access to familiar foods, and forced new food choices. This study aimed to understand the acceptability of a purse-sized nutrition resource, "The Market Guide", which was developed to help recently immigrated Sudanese refugee women identify and purchase healthy foods and navigate grocery stores. Methods: Eight women participated in a focus group, four of whom were also observed during accompanied grocery store visits. Individual interviews were conducted with four health care workers at the resettlement center to gather perceptions about the suitability of The Market Guide. Focus groups and interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Data from field notes and transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory for preliminary open codes, followed by selective and theoretical coding. Results: The Market Guide was of limited use to Sudanese women. Their response to this resource revealed the struggles of women acculturating during their first year in Calgary, Canada. We discovered the basic social process, "Navigating through a strange and complex environment: learning ways to feed your family." Language, transportation, and an unfamiliar marketplace challenged women and prevented them from exercising their customary role of "knowing" which foods were "safe and good" for their families. The nutrition resource fell short of informing food choices and purchases, and we discovered that "learning to feed your family" is a relational process where trusted persons, family, and friends help navigate dietary acculturation. Conclusion: Emergent theory based on the basic social process may help health care professionals consider relational learning when planning health promotion and nutrition activities with Sudanese families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many refugees become ‘stuck’ in the urban centres of transit countries, unable to move onward or to return home. This study explored the livelihoods of Sudanese refugees in Cairo, and the extent to which remittances supported them. We found that 89 per cent of our respondents were economically active, but their income seldom covered their rent plus subsistence. A quarter of our sample received remittances, but these are not a reliable source of income. An important coping strategy for refugees is borrowing, but this increases their vulnerability. We recommend that humanitarian programmes should focus on enabling refugees to minimize their debt and increase their income, by taking advantage of existing skills, or learning new ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty Sudanese women currently living in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya were interviewed regarding their coping strategies in May 2011. The three central areas of discussion for the study were informal social support, the role of the women’s beliefs, and formal supports in the camp and how these items contributed to coping strategies. It was found that women were limited in their emotional coping strategies by their many physical needs. Much of the focus of their discussion was around their attempts to meet these physical needs. Formal supports, in particular the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, were the primary form of support available and utilised by the women in the study. Beliefs in God and education were the primary means of emotional support, with little assistance from friends and family. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of the study was to identify the unique support needs and preferences of African refugees in Canada. In-depth interviews were conducted with Sudanese and Somali refugees (n=68) living in two cities in central and western Canada. Refugees were interviewed individually to identify their support needs, current sources of support, available support programmes, barriers to access to support resources, and preferred support interventions. These refugees reported major support needs, depleted social networks, and barriers to accessing services and supports. They identified distinct preferences for support from peers from the same country of origin and professionals. Participants wanted group-level support supplemented by one-to-one support. Transportation, child care, meals, and peers matched by language and gender were recommended to enhance accessibility to support programmes. These findings can inform the design of support intervention research and enhance the relevance and supportiveness of services and programmes for recent refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During fieldwork carried out from 2001-2003, I documented and analyzed processes of relocation among Sudanese migrants and refugees in Germany. The focus fell on a Protestant church community because it served as a local node of social, reli-gious and political activities in the country of immigration. But the different encounters and events at this locality made very clear that it transcended local, regional and national boundaries and that it served to connect different places, institutional and social spaces. In an earlier work, I discussed three qualities of locality that refer to classical theories on "place" and the "local," but also recent debates that reflect on the changes of the local in the context of globalization and deterritorialization. One result of these debates is the development of the concept of "translocality." I review some of the recent studies that use this new concept, including my own case study of the Sudanese migrants living in Germany. Therefore the core question of this article is what the concept of "translocality" may offer to the transnational paradigm in the analysis of practices of migrants and refugees who have to manage their lives between diverse localities, both within immigration nations and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses literature pertaining to the settlement of African refugees in regional and rural Australia, particularly focusing on the specific challenges and opportunities faced by Sudanese young people of refugee background in education. Drawing on a pilot study of the out-of-school resources of regionally located young Sudanese students, we discuss the role of social and other capitals in generating conditions that may facilitate educational success for these students. We argue the case for educational research that takes into account the resources and capital upon which Sudanese young people of refugee background and their families draw in order to achieve in education [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focus groups were conducted with Sudanese and Vietnamese refugee leaders and settlement counsellors (twenty seven participants) to identify their views about the effect of sending remittances on refugees in these two communities, and their suggestions about optimizing the situation. Leaders and counsellors noted that refugees feel pride at helping out and guilt at not being able to send sufficient money. They postponed education and skills upgrades, and worked several jobs to support family here and abroad. Newcomers were advised to focus first on settling in and creating realistic expectations about their resources before sending remittances. Changes in family reunification policy were suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research addressing sensitive topics with people from small, minority, ethnic communities can present challenges that are difficult to address using conventional methods. This paper reports on the methodological approach used to explore sexual health knowledge, attitudes and beliefs among the Sudanese community in Queensland, Australia. The multiphase, mixed-method study involved young people 16 to 24 years of age participating in a written survey and semi-structured interview and focus-group discussions with the broader Queensland Sudanese community members. Community collaboration, the key factor to the success of this research, optimised the development of a research environment that built trust and facilitated access and subsequent understanding. Research conducted in partnership with the target community can address methodological challenges and produce meaningful information when researching sensitive topics with small but ‘highly-visible’ populations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: A qualitative approach was used to explore the impact of acculturation stress on the marital relationships of South Sudanese refugees settled in Brisbane, Australia. Thirteen refugees, who were currently or previously married, participated in three gender specific focus groups. The perceived causes and possible solutions of conflict were thoroughly explored. Hypothetical scenarios were used to facilitate group discussion. Major issues causing conflict between couples were identified as: the management of finances and lack of family and social support. Several other areas of acculturation stress also emerged as factors associated with marital stress. There was a dissonance regarding the adherence to cultural gender roles. Freedom provided to women in Australia caused tension between the couples. Law enforcement officers were perceived as lacking cultural understanding and misinterpreting the couple distress. Finally, limited information provided to refugees pre and post migration was considered to hinder adjustment. The participants suggested a number of practical solutions to these issues which are potentially useful in guiding future refugee settlement programs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper discusses an ethnographic engagement with Southern Sudanese men and their experiences of resettlement as refugees in Adelaide, Australia. They use the phrase ‘walking the line’ to convey the multiple challenges of reconciling one's past within thepresent contexts of life in a new host country. This geographic metaphor hints at the contested borderlands of masculinity, social relations and raising children that highlight the dynamic complexities related to gender and institutional power. The participant voices provide helpful perspectives on the endeavour of forging one's identity in forced migration and resettlement contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]