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Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss and preventable blindness, particularly in middle- and high-income countries. Aim: This study aimed to assess the characteristics and associated factors of DR in Sudanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Setting: A cross-sectional hospital-based study included 119 patients with type 2 DM was conducted at EL-Walidain Eye Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan, from February 2021 to May 2021. Methods: A non-mydriatic digital fundus camera was used for fundus photography, and Scottish Diabetic Retinopathy Grading Scheme was used for the final classification of DR. Results: Females comprised 53.8% of patients, mean age of 58.8 ± 8.5 years. Uncontrolled DM was found in 37.8% with a mean duration of 10.5 ± 4.8 years. Myopia was the most common refractive error found in 57.8% of the uncontrolled group, followed by emmetropia (17.8%). Whereas in the controlled group, 47.3% were hyperopic and 39.2% were myopic. Maculopathy grade M1 was found to be 37.8% in the uncontrolled group and 18.9% in the controlled group, with no significant difference (p = 0.361). Conversely, the difference in retinopathy between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.043). Conclusion: Decreased vision and increased retinopathy were associated with an increase in patients’ age. More widespread diabetes awareness and screening programmes to improve diabetes management and control in Sudan and other developing countries. Contribution: This study observed maculopathy grade M1 and myopia were more common in uncontrolled DM, and vision function was inversely correlated with age (p 0.05).

El Cuerno de África fue la cuna de los estados más antiguos del África Subsahariana, pero son escasamente conocidos y raramente se tienen en cuenta en discusiones generales sobre el origen de las sociedades jerarquizadas y las formaciones estatales. Sin embargo, durante tres milenios, el Cuerno fue testigo de la emergencia, desarrollo y colapso de diferentes organizaciones estatales, las cuales con frecuencia contradicen nuestras concepciones de lo que es un estado. Tienen mucho en común con otros estados africanos, como sus tendencias heterárquicas o la importancia de los símbolos materiales, los mitos y el ritual. En este artículo paso revista a los diferentes modelos de estado que se pueden identificar en el Cuerno de África desde una perspectiva arqueológica. Se advierten varios rasgos generales, como el carácter fragmentario y heterogéneo de su territorio, las fronteras porosas, la persistencia de comunidades no asimiladas en el interior del estado o la tendencia a la fisión y el colapso, que se relaciona con una fricción permanente entre fuerzas centrípetas y centrífugas.

Spaceborne impact ionization mass spectrometers, such as the Cosmic Dust Analyzer on board the past Cassini spacecraft or the SUrface Dust Analyzer being built for NASA's upcoming Europa Clipper mission, are of crucial importance for the exploration of icy moons in the Solar System, such as Saturn's moon Enceladus or Jupiter's moon Europa. For the interpretation of data produced by these instruments, analogue experiments on Earth are essential. To date, thousands of laboratory mass spectra have been recorded with an analogue experiment for impact ionization mass spectrometers. Simulation of mass spectra of ice grains in space is achieved by a Laser Induced Liquid Beam Ion Desorption (LILBID) approach. The desorbed cations or anions are analyzed in a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The amount of unstructured raw data is increasingly challenging to sort, process, interpret and compare with data from space. Thus far this has been achieved manually for individual mass spectra because no database containing the recorded reference spectra was available. Here we describe the development of a comprehensive, extendable database containing cation and anion mass spectra from the laboratory LILBID facility. The database is based on a Relational Database Management System with a web server interface and enables filtering of the laboratory data using a wide range of parameters. The mass spectra can be compared not only with data from past and future space missions but also mass spectral data generated by other, terrestrial, techniques. The validated and approved subset of the database is available for general public (https://lilbid-db.planet.fu-berlin.de). Plain Language Summary: Thousands of laboratory mass spectra, each with an individual set of experimental parameters, have been recorded so far using a facility situated at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany. The mass spectra help analyze and interpret data returned from spacecraft in the vicinity of icy moons in the Solar System. The unstructured laboratory data is increasingly challenging to sort and compare to the data from space. We developed an extendable database containing the laboratory data. The database is available for general public and allows filtering the stored data for a wide range of experimental parameters and, in turn, significantly improves analysis of data not only from past space missions but also future missions in particular. Key Points: We describe the development of a comprehensive spectral database containing laboratory analogue data for spaceborne mass spectrometersThe database is based on a Relational Database Management System with a web interface and accessible for community useFiltering the laboratory data using a wide range of experimental parameters allows a straightforward analysis of returned flight data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This collaborative autoethnography describes the multiple subject positions and dynamics of our identities as transnational female teacher educators. Decolonizing mainstream epistemology and research tradition, we explore a unique dialogic research process called the suda methodology. The aims are twofold. First, to theorize suda as our framework as well as a research methodology, we explain, describe, and construct the meanings of suda, which is derived from Korean cultural background. Second, we show our suda sessions and discuss how the suda approach helped us challenge against mainstream epistemology, which is also a journey to build our academic home in a rhizomatic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Out of many disease conditions suffered by mankind since ancient ages, Migraine holds a significant position. It is derived from the word "hemi-crania" and is a type of primary headache. This disease is mentioned in the ancient scriptures dating back to the Mesopotamian era. It has been documented by Hippocrates (460–377 BC) in his treatise, further explored and explained on the basis of cause and location by Galen (131–201 AD). Later its etiopathogenesis clinical features and management was described by Al-Razi (850–923 AD), an eminent Unani physician. Migraine is a disease majorly affecting one side of the head and characterized by recurrent attacks of pulsating headache, mostly associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia, with or without an aura. It is triggered by noise and light, based on the brightness, intensity, wavelengths or type of light that is being emitted. According to Unani physicians, the word Shaqeeqa is derived from Arabic word 'Shiq', meaning 'a part' or 'a side', hence the name Shaqeeqa. They describe it as a type of headache (Suda) in which pain occurs only in one side of head, and the causative factors for it are the morbid matters and morbid vapours (Bukharat e Radiya) arising from morbid humours which are either excessive in amount, too hot or too cold. It often results due to abnormal substantial temperament (Su-e-Mizaj Maddi) giving two variants acute (Shaqeeqa haar) and chronic (Shaqeeqa barid). The treatment mainly consists of elimination of morbid matter which is accumulated in the body, and strengthening the brain using brain tonics (Muqawwiyat-e-Dimagh). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rónai - Revista de Estudos Classicos e Tradutorios is the property of Ronai - Revista de Estudos Classicos e Tradutorios and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Thiasos is the property of Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Theory of Creative Chaos in Sudan (Manifestations, Reflections and Scenarios) The study of the theory of creative chaos in Sudan (manifestations, reflections and scenarios) aimed to study the results obtained as a result of the creative chaos in Sudan by reading the reality and analyzing the expected scenarios in Sudan, which is an inevitable result of practicing the processes and elements of creative chaos. The study depends on the combination of the theory of creative chaos, such as the regional approach, as well as the morphological approach, the functional approach, and the force analysis approach. Many studies, research, specialized reports and various library references were used, which helped in giving a full perception of ideas and linking them with each other in the form of a circular ring and all complementary to the other. The study concluded with several conclusions that Sudan is internationally fair in the corridors of international forums as a failed state, and the sharp Western media has also contributed to reflecting an unrealistic and unjust image against Sudan, and this in itself is the emergence of Western powers in the management of creative chaos operations in Sudan Failures that operate threaten the stability of development and market stability Dan, which is ultimately catastrophic in its final outcome, which opened the door for Sudan to be in front of several options or future scenarios, including the first fragmentation of Sudan (the pessimist), the second assimilation and adaptation (maintaining the current situation), the third demolishing and building at the same time (the reformist) and the fourth The historical cycle (production of creative mutations) and the fifth addiction to failure (inherited linearity). In conclusion, the study recommended a number of recommendations that would address the existing situation, including the application of the principle of consensual democracy and the selection of the partners of the political game, and that and maintaining it to bring Sudan to safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of this article seeks to reinforce the case made by S. Scullion that the fabled contest between Aeschylus, Pratinas and Choerilus in about 499, which was supposed to be the occasion of Aeschylus's first dramatic production, is an invention and that ancient scholars did not possess detailed archival information (if any information at all) concerning the early years of his career. The second part argues that, while the tradition that the poet died at Gela in Sicily is very probably true, he almost certainly did not intend to settle there permanently and there is no reason to believe that he left Athens soon after presenting the Oresteia in 458. It then considers Aeschylus's possible route from Athens to Sicily and argues that he could not easily have made the journey before the Athenians seized Naupactus, probably in 456. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma: Serie I, Prehistoria y Arqueología is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article argues that Hestiaios of Amisos, mentioned by the Suda (t 1184 Adler, s. v. Τυραννίων), and Hestiaios Pontikos, mentioned by Athenaios (6, 273d), are one and the same person, namely, a scholar who lived in Amisos between the second half of the second century and the first half of the first century BC, and who was a teacher of the grammarian Tyrannion the Elder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Death due to infectious diseases is a major health concern worldwide. This is of particular concern in developing countries where poor-socio economic status and a lack of healthcare resources contribute to the high burden of disease. In some cases death due to infection can be acute and aggressive, and death may occur without a diagnosis whilst the person is still alive. These deaths may ultimately lead to a medico-legal autopsy being performed. There are various mechanisms by which sudden death due to infection may occur. In addition, there are many risk factors associated with sudden death due to infection, which differ between infants and older individuals. However, it is unclear which pathogens and risk factors are most frequently associated with sudden death due to infection. Therefore a systematic review of articles and case reports published between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2016 was undertaken in order to (1) explore the relationship between pathogens and their causative role and (2) identify the relationship between predisposing and/or risk factors associated with sudden death due to infection. Major databases were searched and after critical appraisal 143 articles were identified. It was found that respiratory infections and deaths involving bacterial pathogens were most commonly associated with these deaths. In addition the most common risk factors in infants were exposure to tobacco smoke and co-sleeping. In adults the most common risk factors were co-morbid conditions and illnesses. This information aids in a better understanding of these deaths and highlights the need for more research in this field, particularly in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A landmark in the history of Greek script is the adoption of the Ionian alphabet by the Athenian demos during the archonship of Eukleides (403/402 BC). This event, which led to the abandonment of the Attic script in Attica, is recorded in the entries of two Byzantine lexica, the lexicon of Photius and the Suda. This article investigates the entries of the two Byzantine lexica and the possible sources (Hellenistic, Roman-era, early Byzantine) from which Photius and the Suda received this entry. It focuses on the role of Pausanias and the Synagoge in the transmission of these entries to Photius; it also stresses that Pausanias' ultimate source was Didymus of Alexandria. The article investigates Didymus' possible sources on the abolition of the Attic script and tries to trace them among older Atthidographers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article touches an area of the history and technical disposition of rhetoric, which has not been considered a subject or research on rhetoric so far. Under the marginalized and rather frustrating condition of lost works of rhetoric we can see that the research concerning the history of rhetoric stops at the point where the ground of evidential rhetorical handbooks is not available. We will present rhetorical textbooks mostly unknown, since a documentation exists for them only in titles of the writings, while the books got lost. This work is a contribution to the historical development of rhetoric. We will discuss it as far as possible, since the authorship and chronological relation is in many cases not clear.

This paper considers the ruin as a special genre of representation involving special objects. The paper examines the temporality of the ruin, the mediality of the ruin – especially the relation between image and word – and the historical positioning of the idea of the ruin in relation to antiquity and the modern era. The author analyzes aspects of the basic visual and phenomenological “grammar” of the ruin and comments on some of the implications for our understanding of the representation of history and historical change. The ruin's “deep sense of voicefullness” (as Ruskin calls it) is conveyed precisely through the silence of the material remains (and hence also their quality as images). The ruin, the paper argues, is as much an ancient idea as it is a product of modernity, but it allows us, paradoxically, both to understand times other than our own and to maintain historical difference and to keep a distance from the past. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Out of many disease conditions suffered by mankind since ancient ages, Migraine holds a significant position. It is derived from the word "hemi-crania" and is a type of primary headache. This disease is mentioned in the ancient scriptures dating back to the Mesopotamian era. It has been documented by Hippocrates (460-377 BC) in his treatise, further explored and explained on the basis of cause and location by Galen (131-201 AD). Later its etiopathogenesis clinical features and management was described by Al - Razi (850-923 AD), an eminent Unani physician. Migraine is a disease majorly affecting one side of the head and characterized by recurrent attacks of pulsating headache, mostly associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia, with or without an aura. It is triggered by noise and light, based on the brightness, intensity, wavelengths or type of light that is being emitted. According to Unani physicians, the word Shaqeeqa is derived from Arabic word 'Shiq', meaning 'a part' or 'a side', hence the name Shaqeeqa . They describe it as a type of headache ( Suda) in which pain occurs only in one side of head, and the causative factors for it are the morbid matters and morbid vapours (Bukharat e Radiya) arising from morbid humours which are either excessive in amount, too hot or too cold. It often results due to abnormal substantial temperament (Su-e-Mizaj Maddi) giving two variants acute ( Shaqeeqa haar) and chronic ( Shaqeeqa barid) . The treatment mainly consists of elimination of morbid matter which is accumulated in the body, and strengthening the brain using brain tonics ( Muqawwiyat-e-Dimagh )., (© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)