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The economic, socio-political, and cultural significance of camelids in the Andean region is well-recognized, yet an understanding of their management evolution over pre-historical periods remains limited. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting the first cross-regional assessment of camelid pastoralism in Peru from 900 BCE to 1470 CE, using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions from the bone collagen and fibers of 577archaeological camelids across 21 sites. This research investigates the spatio-temporal shifts in camelid dietary habits, focusing on how the rise of intensive agriculture may have influenced change and led to the evolution of distinct roles for camelids in coastal versus non-coastal Andean economies. Our analysis indicates an increase in δ13C values over time on the coast, suggesting a shift towards maize-based camelid diets. Conversely, δ13C values decrease over time in highland environments, suggesting camelids consumed relatively more wild C3 forage and/or cultivated crops such as tubers. The study also reveals a significant positive relationship between latitude and δ15N values, suggesting increasing environmental aridity enriches δ15N in bone collagen. After controlling for this latitudinal effect, we observe a rise in δ15N values in both coastal and non-coastal camelids, suggesting that in later periods camelids may have been foddered in agricultural fields that were enriched with guano or dung fertilizer used to intensify production. Importantly, this research uncovers a distinct dietary divergence between coastal and inland camelids. The observed divergence in diets suggests contrasting socio-economic uses of camelids, where coastal camelids were predominantly involved in ceremonial and political activities, while those in non-coastal areas were crucial to the subsistence economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The large number of rural Roman settlements known from the Low Countries is generally characterised by a poor preservation of ecological proxies due to the absence of waterlogged contexts. The riverside site of Wijmeers (Wichelen, Belgium), a small rural settlement located in the Lower Scheldt basin, represents a rare exception to this pattern. Due to the presence of a waterlogged sequence with Roman (late 1st–3rd centuries AD) waste layers, located only a few metres from a main building structure, and the covering of the site with alluvial sediments shortly after its abandonment, the preservation condition of charred and uncharred organic materials was exceptional. The combined study of these proxies (pollen, seeds, charcoal, mollusc shells and animal bones) presents unique insights into the subsistence economy of a Roman rural household in the Lower Scheldt valley in general, and especially its exploitation of the valley and river environments. Besides this cultural–economical perspective, the site provides key information for understanding the chronology of fluvial and alluvial processes in the Lower Scheldt Basin for a large part of the Subatlantic period (Iron Age to Early Middle Ages, ca 800 BC–900 AD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neolithic (i.e., farming and stockbreeding) spread from the Near East across Europe since about 9000 years before the common era (BCE) until about 4000 yr BCE. It followed two main routes, namely a sea route along the northern Mediterranean coast and an inland one across the Balkans and central Europe. It is known that the dispersive behavior of farmers depended on geography, with longer movements along the Mediterranean coast than along the inland route. In sharp contrast, here we show that for both routes the percentage of farmers who interbred with hunter-gatherers and/or acculturated one of them was strikingly the same (about 3.6%). Therefore, whereas the dispersive behavior depended on the proximity to the Mediterranean sea, the interaction behavior (incorporation of hunter-gatherers) did not depend on geographical constraints but only on the transition in the subsistence economy (from hunting and gathering to farming) and its associated way of life. These conclusions are reached by analyzing the clines of haplogroup K, which was virtually absent in hunter-gatherers and the most frequent mitochondrial haplogroup in early farmers. Similarly, the most frequent Y-chromosome Neolithic haplogroup (G2a) displays an inland cline that agrees with the percentage of interbreeding reported above. The Neolithic transition spread across Europe via a coastal, southern route and an inland, central route. Here, the authors use haplogroup clines and space-time simulations to show that interbreeding between farmers and hunter-gatherers was the same along both routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agropastoralism has prevailed in Inner Asia since the Bronze Age. It is an optimal subsistence strategy of inhabitants for adaptation to arid marginal environment. However, previous studies paid little attention to different development trajectories of this mixed economy within similar habitat. The Turpan and Hami Basins, located in eastern Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, are two typical desert oases with extremely dry climate, providing us with an appropriate region to investigate the issue. In present study, radiocarbon dates (n = 154) of eight typical sites in these two basins were reviewed and used to reconstruct the prehistoric chronology sequence prior to Han Dynasty (2200 cal BP). Then the data of botanical and faunal remains and stable isotope analyses (n = 159) of human diets from these sites were also reviewed for reliably revealing the subsistence economy pattern. Combining the time scale with multiple biological proxies, results show that, from the Bronze Age to early Iron Age, inhabitant subsistence in the Turpan Basin was dominated by livestock herding and supplemented by low-investment cereal crop cultivation, while the agriculture in Turpan Basin has developed significantly by the later period of Subeixi Culture. In contrast, agriculture-based economy was continuously developed in the Hami oases. Although the climate is very dry in both basins, temperature in warm seasons is much higher in the Turpan Basin. Besides thermal condition, size, range and convenient availability of highland pasture located at the southern flank of the Tianshan Mountains, are main driving factors leading to differentiated development trajectories of agropastoralism. Apart from that, cultural factors like economy, culture and technology communication along with population migration also impact local subsistence economy pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the Spring Warrior civic-ceremonial center on Florida's Gulf Coast, which is one of the earliest centers of its kind in eastern North America. The site has recently been investigated, revealing evidence of village occupation, changes in subsistence, and a unique architectural feature using oyster shells for structural support. The findings highlight the significance of the Spring Warrior Complex in the ancient social landscape and ongoing research aims to nominate it for the National Register of Historic Places. The article provides insights into the origins and persistence of residential villages among hunter-gatherer-fishers in eastern North America, with unique local distinctions influenced by sociocultural, environmental, and climatic factors. [Extracted from the article]

This article presents a broad overview of excavated animal taxa and methods of procurement at the Middle Iron Age site of Schroda (AD 900–1100), located in the Mapungubwe National Park. Here, a diverse animal resource base was exploited through various strategies – some of which drew on individual participation, while others relied on group effort and resource pooling. Cattle, sheep and goat herds provided a reliable supply of meat, milk and skins throughout the year, while a range of wild mammals, birds, reptiles and fish were also hunted, trapped and collected. Although procurement strategies and animals targeted generally remained unchanged for about 200 years, there is a small shift in the proportion of livestock relative to other animals and a related increase in the exploitation of wild animals. Reliance on a broad spectrum of subsistence strategies is often done as a risk management strategy in areas with unpredictable environmental conditions. Erratic rainfall patterns, evident at the end of the first millennium in the middle Limpopo Valley, would have necessitated such an approach. In addition, the updated taxonomic list for Schroda provides a deep-time record of animal presence and expands the former distribution ranges for some taxa in the Mapungubwe National Park area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvage excavations at Qlaʿ, a small fortified Iron IIB site in the southwestern Samaria Highlands, conducted in 1980, revealed several stone-built structures, numerous rock-cut olive-oil extracting installations and two large wine presses. In this article we present the main findings from this investigation, discuss technological and economic aspects of local production and evaluate the probability of royal ownership. In our opinion, the features of this site and other nearby settlements indicate that it was one of the royal production centres of the Kingdom of Israel in the 8th century BCE. The finds uncovered at the site showcase a unique attempt of transformation from a simple subsistence economy into a surplus production, profit-oriented, 'market' economy. This process was initiated and led by the central government in Samaria and probably provided economic prosperity and political strength in the days of Jeroboam II (786–746 BCE). Olive oil and wine were produced at Qlaʿ continuously until the very last days of the Kingdom of Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the potential impact of India's Act East Policy on the food systems of the Konyak Nagas, an indigenous community in Nagaland. The article studies how the traditional knowledge of the Konyak Nagas about the land, labour and ecology has influenced their food culture. The communal landholdings, shifting cultivation, natural preservation of food items, manual labour in agricultural lands and chemical-free fertilisation process have so far kept the Konyaks self-sufficient in terms of requirement of food, and kept the market forces at bay. Emphasising the significance of food security in the changing global scenario in the post-pandemic period and considering the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, the article explores how Act East Policy's capitalistic rationalisation of resources may significantly affect their sustainable means of subsistence and appropriate their farms and platters, which are an integral element of the cultural fabric of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labour markets have been undergoing significant transformations in the past few decades. The unprecedented dominance of self-employment including petty production especially in India warrants a detailed contextualisation, incorporating several complementary and simultaneous processes including rapidly declining employment especially for the most vulnerable and marginalised and the prevailing paradigm of growth delinked from development and creation of job opportunities. This paper attempts to locate the essential foundations of self-employment and petty production within the on-going process of primitive accumulation via the analysis of a burgeoning subsistence need economy especially microenterprises, and the expropriation of labour in both absolute and relative terms that masquerades as exclusion and marginalisation of even those already employed through evaluation of the components of quality of employment. Of necessity, gendered analysis is inbuilt at all levels and all layers. Also dealt with are extra-economic labour market structural inequalities as well as assessment of partisan governmentality through evaluation of budgetary support to self-employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jahangir building is one of the Sassanid sites in the catchment area of Kangir Dam in Ilam province. Due to dry and hot summers and short winters, the vegetal structure of the region includes thermophilic plants such as crops, pastures, forest and groves. Due to the lack of our knowledge about the vegetation of Ilam during the Sassanid era, this research presents the results of a study on the plant remains obtained from the Jahangir building. The purpose of these studies was to identify the types of plants in the area and its subsistence economy based on plant vestiges found from fireplace, tandoor, burnt layers and graves excavated at this site. The ecology and geographical distribution of identified plants in the Kangir basin and the nature of modern ecosystems in the region, indicates the presence of trees and shrubs such as almond, oak, maple, tamaris and willow in the Sassanid period. The presence of such species in the mentioned contexts shows that in the neighboring environment, there were forests, mountains, steppes and riverine structures similar to those are available today in the Kangir basin. The small amount of charcoal found in Jahangir building cannot be a suitable criterion for commenting on the distribution and density and identification of trees in the vegetation of this area during time. The remains of seeds and fruit stones also show that crops (especially cereals) have been consumed as the main source of food. The abundance of wheat and barley found in the in some context including the tandoor is an evidence for existence of Agricultural lands and a subsistence economy based on the agriculture in the Sassanid period. This is in parallel with the current agriculture ecosystem of the Kangir, basin that is located in an altitude between 700-2000 m above sea level. The study of possible changes in this ecosystem is subject to further archaeobotanical studies in the prehistorical and historic sites of Ilam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents a broad overview of excavated animal taxa and methods of procurement at the Middle Iron Age site of Schroda (AD 900–1100), located in the Mapungubwe National Park. Here, a diverse animal resource base was exploited through various strategies – some of which drew on individual participation, while others relied on group effort and resource pooling. Cattle, sheep and goat herds provided a reliable supply of meat, milk and skins throughout the year, while a range of wild mammals, birds, reptiles and fish were also hunted, trapped and collected. Although procurement strategies and animals targeted generally remained unchanged for about 200 years, there is a small shift in the proportion of livestock relative to other animals and a related increase in the exploitation of wild animals. Reliance on a broad spectrum of subsistence strategies is often done as a risk management strategy in areas with unpredictable environmental conditions. Erratic rainfall patterns, evident at the end of the first millennium in the middle Limpopo Valley, would have necessitated such an approach. In addition, the updated taxonomic list for Schroda provides a deep-time record of animal presence and expands the former distribution ranges for some taxa in the Mapungubwe National Park area.

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "The Myth of Man the Hunter: Women's contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts." The authors acknowledge concerns about the reliability and replicability of the results and provide additional methodological information to address these concerns. They clarify the definition of "forager" and explain the selection criteria for the included societies. The authors also outline the procedure for assessing the content and reliability of the research reports and describe the methods used for determining hunting behavior, game size categories, and game types. The updated data table with page numbers is provided as supporting information. [Extracted from the article]

The lower Yangtze Valley is a fruitful area to examine the interplay between the origins and intensification of agriculture and socio-political complexity. Most archaeological research on the emergence and decline of the complex society in this region has focused on large late Neolithic centres, such as the Liangzhu ancient city. Many small- to medium-size sites were also involved in dynamic regional social networks and further investigations into these smaller sites can help archaeologists contextualise core–hinterland relationships. In this paper, we report a zooarchaeological analysis of Daxie, a late Neolithic island village located in Ningbo, China. The faunal assemblage is dominated by wild animals with a few livestock, indicating a subsistence economy reliant primarily on wild resources incorporating limited use of domesticates. The heavy exploitation of marine resources is also a distinctive feature: marine fish were procured and sea salt production was developed. Such a self-sustaining village economy, on one hand, was loosely connected to the Liangzhu core area's subsistence. On the other hand, the island industry specialised in salt production might have forged Daxie's connection within the regional society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal capitalism, fuelled mainly by drug trafficking, creates social consensus and determines a social order that plays a not-always marginal role in the fragmented social reality of the contemporary capitalist mode of production. Drug trafficking not only feeds the sophisticated machine of corruption that reaches the highest institutional spheres, but, in some regions, also represents the only form of subsistence economy. The growing importance of criminal capitalism is in large part the consequence of financial liberalisation, which has facilitated the mechanisms for the laundering and illegal investment of accumulated wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a robust radiocarbon (14C) chronology for burials at Sakhtysh, in European Russia, where nearly 180 inhumations of Lyalovo and Volosovo pottery-using hunter-gatherer- fishers represent the largest known populations of both groups. Past dating attempts were restricted by poor understanding of dietary 14C reservoir effects (DREs). We developed a DRE correction approach that uses multiple linear regression of differences in 14C, d13C, and d15N between bones and teeth of the same individuals to predict DREs of up to approximately 900 years. Our chronological model dates Lyalovo burials to the early fifth millennium BCE, and Volosovo burials to the mid-fourth to early third millennium. It reveals a change in the subsistence economy at approximately 3300 BCE, coinciding with a reorientation of trade networks, and dates the final burial to the early Fatyanovo period, the regional expression of the Yamnaya/Corded Ware expansion. Our approach is applicable when freshwater 14C reservoir effects are poorly constrained and grave goods cannot be dated directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current models of early human subsistence economies suggest a focus on large mammal hunting. To evaluate this hypothesis, we examine human bone stable isotope chemistry of 24 individuals from the early Holocene sites of Wilamaya Patjxa (9.0–8.7 cal. ka) and Soro Mik'aya Patjxa (8.0–6.5 cal. ka) located at 3800 meters above sea level on the Andean Altiplano, Peru. Contrary to expectation, Bayesian mixing models based on the isotope chemistry reveal that plants dominated the diet, comprising 70–95% of the average diet. Paleoethnobotanical data further show that tubers may have been the most prominent subsistence resource. These findings update our understanding of earliest forager economies and the pathway to agricultural economies in the Andean highlands. The findings furthermore suggest that the initial subsistence economies of early human populations adapting to new landscapes may have been more plant oriented than current models suggest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chengziya Site had been the central city site in the northern Shandong region since the Longshan culture period. Results of phytolith show that Yueshi period maintained the combination of Setaria Italica, Panicum Miliaceum, Oryza Sativa, Triticum Aestivum and Echinochloa formed in Longshan period, and inherited the complete processing procedures. In addition, plant food resources also included wild plants such as Panicoideae and Pooideae, which shows the subsistence economy for the coexistence development of agriculture and gathering. Compared with the Longshan period, the scale of Setaria Italica and Oryza Sativa planting expanded and shrunk to different degrees, and the types of wild plants used were slightly different. These phenomena reflected adaptability and dynamism in the survival strategies of the ancestors, which might be the driving force for the continued development of Yueshi Culture in northern Shangdong region and even in Haidai region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of traditional extractivism as a vector of development for the Amazon in the late twentieth century, it has currently been associated with a subsistence economy. This article aimed to analyze the correlation between extractive activity and social welfare in the Canutama State Extractive Reserve (Resex) in the State of Amazonas, in the Amazon region. For this, information was collected through field visits to the local office of the Secretary of Environment of the State of Amazonas, in the municipality of Canutama (AM) and in specialized databases, between 2021 and 2022. The analysis showed that the extractive activity in Resex is mainly based on the production and marketing of Brazil nuts (B. excelsa Humb. & Bonpl.), fish (fresh and dried), açaí (E. oleracea), as well as agricultural products (cassava flour (M. esculenta Crantz) and watermelon (C. lanatus)). These products represented 80.70% (U$D 2,858,200.20) of the sales of the 50 products marketed between 2015 and 2021. The economic concentration in a few products, the variation in production and commercialization, and the absence of public policies for this sector has weakened this economy in the Resex. Limiting the ability of this activity to promote the well-being of families, which is aggravated by the absence and low quality of public policies for social development. Thus, this activity needs to be understood within a broader debate of environmental policy in the Resex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Through a preliminary analysis of animal remains from the large settlement site of Yucun, located east of the Longshan Mountain and associated with the Zhou people during the first half of the first millennium BC, the authors investigated the subsistence practices in relation to the exploitation of animal resources by the site's residents. The examination of animal species representation and the mortality profiles of major domesticates suggest similarities between Yucun and sites associated with the Qin people, located to the west of the Longshan Mountain. However, differences were observed when comparing Yucun to other contemporaneous sites in the middle and lower Yellow River valley. These patterns in animal use strategies appear to have been influenced by local environmental conditions. The first millennium BC saw the expansion of the Western Zhou dynasty in its northwestern frontier, alongside the rise and development of the Qin State in the Longshan Mountain region of northern China. Exploring the subsistence practices of these communities is crucial to gaining a better understanding of the social, cultural, and political landscape in this region at the time. While much of the research to date has focused on the Qin people, the subsistence practices of the Zhou people remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed animal remains from Yucun, a large settlement site associated with the Zhou people, located to the east of the Longshan Mountain. These animal remains were recovered in the excavation seasons of 2018–2020. Our results show that pigs, dogs, cattle, caprines, and horses, which were the major domestic animals at Yucun, accounted for over 90.8% of the animal remains examined in terms of the number of identified specimens (NISP) and 72.8% in terms of the minimum number of individuals (MNI), with cattle and caprines playing dominant roles. In terms of the taxonomic composition and the mortality profiles of pigs, caprines, and cattle, Yucun shared similarities with Maojiaping and Xishan, two contemporaneous Qin cultural sites located to the west of the Longshan Mountain, and differ from other farming societies in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River valley. Considering the cultural attributes and topographic conditions of these various sites, these findings imply that environmental conditions may have played a more significant role than cultural factors in shaping the animal-related subsistence practices in northern China during the first millennium BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper archaeologically investigates three representative Eastern Zhou cemeteries in south-central Inner Mongolia. Through analysis, two types of tombs can be distinguished, according to the forms of tombs and assemblages of grave goods. Type A tombs belong to Zhao state agricultural immigrants from the south; Type B, pastoralists from the north. The coexistence of two groups of people with distinct subsistence economies in one cemetery reflects the integration process of agriculturalists and pastoralists. The emergence of agropastoralist integration in central-southern Inner Mongolia cross-confirms historical trajectory of the southward advance of pastoralists and the strategic management of northwestern areas by the Zhao state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical scholarship on twenty-first century capitalist development has called attention to certain structural limits on employment growth. Large populations excluded from formal employment are seen to eke out a precarious subsistence in informal economies, seemingly "surplus" to the needs of capital. This article, by contrast, aims to recast labor in the "peripheries," not as an externalized quantity redundant to emerging economic formations, but rather as integral if often hidden features of capitalist value extraction. Rethinking, in this way, "surplus populations," we argue for particular attention to the heterogeneity of contemporary capitalist labor arrangements and to associated patterns of ideological devaluation, which underpin capitalist markets in the South and East as well as in peripheralized spaces in the North and West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are currently living in an extremely volatile business environment emanating from accelerated changes in technology. This condition compels firms' Top managements to strategically think so as to adapt to such environmental shifts. In consequence, strategies built towards their internationalization goal are essential for their subsistence. They include e-commerce strategies and relevant dynamic capabilities. Being thus enlightened, the study endeavors to conceptualize E-commerce strategy as a tool for Internationalization Performance. However, a stumbling block was identified. It pertained to the lack of clear and exhaustive definitions of the main constructs, and to the scantiness and inadequacy of theories essential to their underpinning. The study also includes a comprehensive conceptual review touching the subjects of E-commerce strategy, Firm's Dynamic Capabilities, and Internationalization Performance and furthermore included relevant empirical studies. The major constructs were grounded on theories like UTAUT, the theory of flow, the institutional theory, the resourced-based view and the Uppsala model. As a result of this extensive study, a case for a new theoretical framework was presented, designed and thoroughly explained. Future studies should concentrate on offering thorough definitions of e-commerce strategy and internationalization performance. Additionally, it is vital such research be conducted in a variety of contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropologists have long studied how small-scale societies manage climate variation. Here, we investigate how Yucatec Maya subsistence farmers respond to climate stress, and the ways in which market integration may enhance or disturb response stategies. Using information on harvest returns, climate perceptions, household economics and helping networks, modelling results show that as farmers rely more on market inputs (e.g. seed, tractors, fertilizer) for a successful yield, the reasons given for a bad harvest shift from climate variables to access to quality inputs. We also find that social and economic diversification is key to mediating a household's experience of climate and market shocks. The Maya are astute stewards of climate knowledge, and have effective social and economic means to mitigate potential fluctuations in food availability. In the transition from a subsistence to a market integrated economy, these traditional strategies become strained. Reliance on market inputs forges a more rigid food production system that conflicts with the diversity and flexibility on which traditional strategies depend to manage climate variation. Moving forward, the best policies would be those that facilitate maintaining an equal footing in both a subsistence maize economy, while incorporating new market opportunities. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change adaptation needs a science of culture'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-subsistence households in developing countries play a considerable role as both producers and consumers of agricultural products, with a substantial part of their consumption contributed by home production for home consumption (HPHC). This study employs a modeling framework that integrates an HPHC augmented database with a modified economywide model that accommodates the distinct features of these households. Results from model simulations with border price shocks and several policy responses indicate that farm households are less influenced by external price shocks but are more responsive to enhancements in the local marketing system. Subsidies to strategic non-food imports during soaring prices appear less effective in inducing agents to engage in production. This finding suggests that the welfare gains reported by studies on price incentives locally, and agricultural policy reforms in developed market economies are likely to be large overestimates of the welfare implications for semi-subsistence households in many of the least developed economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How could we conceptualize path development taking place in regions dominated by extracting industries and subsistence economies? The article expands existing Evolutionary Economic Geography theory by focussing on extractive economies in a peripheral region that has, thus far, barely been covered. It challenges existing conceptualizations by highlighting a tin producing island in Indonesia. The article introduces the concept of path marginalization and its reinforcing mechanisms that explain the dynamics between large and artisanal mining activities. It examines how the mining path is reproduced by the interaction between multiple forms of labour organization that are normally unaccounted for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multinational companies increasingly focus on subsistence marketplaces, given their enormous market potential. Nevertheless, their potential is untapped because subsistence consumers face extreme constraints. The authors contend that subsistence consumers need marketplace literacy to participate effectively and beneficially in marketplaces. Marketplace literacy entails the knowledge and skills that enable them to participate in a marketplace as both consumers and entrepreneurs. This is crucial for subsistence consumers, as they often must function in both roles to survive. Previous research, however, has not empirically examined the influence of marketplace literacy on well-being or marketing outcomes related to well-being. To address this gap, the authors implemented three large-scale field experiments with approximately 1,000 people in 34 remote villages in India and Tanzania. They find that marketplace literacy causes an increase in psychological well-being and consumer outcomes related to well-being (e.g., consumer confidence, decision-making ability), especially for subsistence consumers with lower marketplace access, and it causes an increase in entrepreneurial outcomes related to well-being (e.g., starting a microenterprise) for those with higher marketplace access. Overall, this research generates practical implications for the use of marketplace literacy as a pathway to a better world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition of human societies from high mobility to sedentary lifestyles had a profound impact on subsistence, technology, and the origin of civilization. Sedentism was influenced by various factors such as climate change, population growth, resource pressure, and technological innovation. The Tibetan Plateau, due to its alpine and hypoxic conditions, is an ideal region to study human adaptation to extreme environments. However, the prehistoric process of sedentism on the Tibetan Plateau is unclear and the chronological sequence and driving mechanism of sedentism on the Tibetan Plateau are still controversial. Previous studies have focused on the diffusion of agriculture from low to high elevation areas, with little attention given to the role of animal resources in sedentism. Seasonality analysis using animal remains is crucial in determining whether a site was occupied year-round. To establish the seasonal calendar of animal resource utilization, it is recommended to create a database of skeletal morphology, whole genome, and proteome of contemporary Tibetan Plateau fauna to aid in the identification of animal remains from archaeological sites. Thus, intricate web of human-animal-environment relationship and the role of animal resources in human sedentism on the Tibetan Plateau can then be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chris Wickham's theory regarding the feudal economy is predicated on the continuing existence and numerical majority of peasant producers with direct access to their means of subsistence. While his theory holds good for the period up to c.1200, after that point, the numbers of those without direct access to their full means of subsistence increased so much that their impact on the economy has to be considered in any explanatory model. Furthermore, subsistence needs to be understood not only as what is needed for biological survival, but also what is needed for social survival and reproduction. Because of the extent of market demand and dependence in the period after c.1200, the economic logic of societies in core regions during this period does not accord well with the model Wickham proposes. It is also, however, not to be understood as capitalist, proto-capitalist, or necessarily leading towards capitalism. This period needs to be understood on its own terms as neither feudal nor capitalist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Southern Patagonian (SP) hunter‐gatherers were adapted to diverse environments and subsistence strategies. However, ecological factors affecting variation in upper‐limb proportions have not been thoroughly examined. This study analyses whether size‐related humerus morphology differs among hunter‐gatherers from SP according to specific subsistence economy and physical environment. Materials and Methods: Thirty‐nine left humeri of adult individuals were selected from well‐documented SP archeological sites. Individuals were grouped into terrestrial or maritime hunter‐gatherers based on diet‐related archeological and stable isotope records. Five humeral head and diaphyseal metrics were taken and statistically compared among subsistence strategy groups across four ecogeographic subregions. Results: Terrestrial hunter‐gatherers exhibit greater humeral dimensions compared to maritime hunter‐gatherers. An ecogeographic pattern of humerus size variation was also found, showing significant size reduction in individuals from southern regions. Conclusion: The previously determined low genetic variability within hunter‐gatherers from SP suggests that the physical environment played an important role in humeral adaptive plasticity. These findings also highlight morphological upper‐limb responses to bioclimate factors derived from SP subregions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural–urban migration is the most adopted strategy in rural areas to overcome the risk associated with subsistence economy and to diversify income. The Garhwal Himalaya has the highest rate of rural–urban migration in India, which has serious repercussions. Despite this, there is a dearth of literature on the implications of rural–urban migration in the region. This paper attempts to fill this void. The objectives of the paper are to investigate various types, patterns, determinants, and implications of rural–urban migration in the Garhwal Himalaya. In order to meet the objectives, 15 villages were studied from five districts of the Garhwal Himalaya. A comprehensive questionnaire with diverse set of questions from various dimensions was employed in the study. Several migration related questions from both origin and destination were considered while framing and conducting the survey. Several focused group discussions and interviews were conducted in the study villages to understand the real drivers and implications of rural–urban migration in the region. The study reveals that rural–urban migration is a serious issue in Garhwal Himalayas, posing various socio-economic problems. Without immediate action, it will have serious repercussions. Finally, this study suggests minimizing the current rate of rural–urban migration in the Garhwal Himalaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indigenous village of Bykovskiy is located 40 km from Tiksi, the administrative center of Bulunskiy District (Ulus), in the northern part of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutiya), Russia. Founded as a Soviet fishing cooperative, it became home to Indigenous Sakha, Evenkis, Evens, as well as to Russian settlers and political prisoners from the Baltic states. Post-Soviet transformations, coupled with escalating environmental change processes, has been altering the local economy and subsistence activities since the 1990s. Although our interlocutors directly observed and experienced such changes, they seemed to ignore the visible problem of severe coastal erosion that was destroying a local cemetery. This article is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the study region in 2019, and combines approaches from the anthropology of climate change with reception and communication studies. It examines "ignorance" as a strategy of adaptation to multiple stressors under historically reproduced colonial structures of governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the ways in which the urban poor in Argentina help one another in the arduous task of making ends meet when neither the formal labor market nor state welfare policies are able to secure their subsistence. Drawing on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, the article makes one substantive, one analytic, and one theoretical claim. Substantively, the article argues by way of empirical illustration that the urban poor are hardworking bricoleurs. Analytically, the article demonstrates the advantages of studying poor people's strategies in a simultaneously historic and ethnographic fashion through joint collaborative fieldwork. Theoretically, the article pushes toward replacing the notions of 'strategy of survival or subsistence' with the more encompassing notion of 'strategy of persistence'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Archaeological Studies / Mutaliat-i Bastanshinasi is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of stables and pens in settlements of the Urartian Kingdom period. Urartian royal inscriptions contain references to such structures; however, the interpretation of their functions, the translation, and the meaning of these words remain ambiguous. Considering that the subsistence economy in the landscape ruled over by this kingdom was mainly based on animal husbandry, evidence for stables/corrals and sheepfolds/pens in the archaeological record appears elusive. For this reason, this study first evaluates textual evidence and then moves on to reanalyze archaeological remains obtained from Urartian royal settlements and lower towns together with the results of ethnographic research conducted in the region, and it suggests new interpretations for the functions of relevant architectural remains at Urartian settlements to identify the structures that may have served as pens and stables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saint-Marcel Cave, in the terminal part of the Ardèche Gorge, is a vast karstic network, and also a key Mousterian site close to the Rhône Valley. Numerous occupations dated between the last interglacial (MIS 5e) and the end of MIS 3/beginning of MIS 2 are well documented beneath the natural porch. Recently, two discoveries of Mousterian lithic industries in the entrance gallery, 150 and 500 m from the porch, have been uncovered. They attest to deep incursions by Neanderthals into very large galleries in the karst network, at considerable distances from the daylight zone. The association of these lithic industries with Pleistocene faunal assemblages, mainly from cave bear dens, suggests that Neanderthals exploited Ursidae. These discoveries thus provide new data for understanding how these hominids adapted their subsistence economy or symbolic practices to the underground environment. Neanderthal's use and frequentation of karst networks has long been ignored due to the lack of incontrovertible evidence. The discovery of Neanderthal activity in the deep network of Bruniquel Cave (France) around -170 000 years ago shed new light on our perception of the relationship between these hominids and the underground world. The multiplication of examples of Neanderthal consumption activities and raw material exploitation (skin, bones) of large carnivores, and in particular bears, gives us fresh insights into the diversity of the behavior of these hominids and their organization. In Europe, many sites have yielded such evidence. The exploitation of large carnivores by Neanderthal thus seems much less marginal than it appeared until recently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global fisheries sector has undergone both rapid industrialization and considerable resource depletion. Unlike fisheries in the Northern Hemisphere, the Indonesian (and indeed Southeast Asian) sector is still largely dominated by small‐scale producers, who are partially embedded within a subsistence economy. Changes in the nature of production and livelihoods in the fisheries sector appear similar to those in land‐based agriculture but have received far less attention in the literature and demand further analysis given the distinct characteristics of the natural resource base. Using national datasets complemented by insights from a two‐month period of fieldwork in South Sulawesi, this paper presents the process of capital intensification underpinning national fisheries growth and how it is transforming small‐scale production systems. Despite increasing market integration, we found that smallholders have persisted across coastal production systems to an even stronger degree than land‐based agriculture. We suggest some reasons why this is so. However, we also observed evidence of internal class differentiation within coastal communities. Such differentiation, combined with resource degradation and depletion, exposes the poorest in the community to enhanced livelihood vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on various socio-historical sources, this article examines the impact of military service on people categorised as zigenare or tattare (historical terms referring to Roma in Finland) in the eastern borderland of the Swedish Kingdom circa 1743–1809. The article explores how military service influenced their social position and subsistence, and the ways in which they were viewed by others in society during an era when Sweden reinforced its eastern defences against the Russian Empire. I argue that military service acted to integrate people categorised as zigenare or tattare into society by providing them with legal status. Simultaneously, however, it strengthened their existing ethnic label, which was strongly connected with mobility, criminality and idleness. This was because soldiers categorised as zigenare or tattare often served in enlisted regiments that did not provide them with subsistence throughout the year. Hence, they often ended up practising itinerant occupations to make a living. This strengthened the general perception that zigenare and tattare had an innate tendency to roam, reinforcing their stigmatisation. The article adds an important dimension to the scholarship on the relationship between ethnicity and the military, hitherto inadequately examined in the early modern context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsistence smallholder economy known as the inherent production mode in ancient China hides a lot of mysteries. What is the philosophical framework behind it? How did it come about and last for two millenniums? Why did it lead China to a great prosperity in agricultural era but did not evolute furthermore? This paper offers as a tentative explanation a line of logic, where pan-humanist philosophy evolves a humanity basis and morality standard in economic practice along with Legalist approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical methods based on morphological identification of the excavated faunal and floral remains have been broadly used in reconstructing ancient subsistence economies. However, the accuracy and reliability of these methods rely heavily on the preservation state of the remains. By sequencing the ancient DNA of plants, animals, and microorganisms preserved in sediment, sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) now offers a novel approach for reconstructing the taxa composition dated back to hundreds of thousands of years. Yet, its application in open-air archaeological sites is rarely reported. In this study, we attempted to apply sedaDNA shotgun metagenomics on the archaeological deposits of the Khog Gzung site (an open-air site dated to 3160–2954 cal yr BP) on the Tibetan Plateau, and then compared the reconstructed taxonomic composition to the unearthed remains. Results showed that most of the crops and domestic animals identified by the two approaches, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and sheep (Ovis aries), are in general consistent. Some species, such as foxtail millet (Setaria italica), however, was only detected by sedaDNA. In addition, a variety of microorganisms were also detected by the sedaDNA. The two approaches combined revealed diversified food recourses at the Khog Gzung site, which included crops such as millet, barley and wheat, domestic animals such as sheep and cattle, and likely also wild animals from fishing and hunting. Our data proves that sedaDNA has a great potential in reconstructing the faunal and floral compositions from archaeological deposits, therefore laying the foundation for its border applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forest-steppe fires (i.e., wildfires on grassland or forest) have serious impacts on ecosystems and economies in many countries. Many researchers, such as ecologists, meteorologists, geographers, and economists, have studied the causes and results of such wildfires from macro viewpoints. However, prior studies on the social impacts of disasters in Mongolia have mainly focused on zuds, which are harsh snow storms that occur regularly and affect the entire country. In contrast, forest-steppe fires have a limited range and are generally restricted to a certain part of the country, specifically the forest-steppe zone. This study describes the impact of fires and firefighting activities in Mongolia, focusing on the eastern borderland between Russia and China.The main case study was conducted in Eastern Mongolia bordering Russia; however, as forest-steppe fires are moving disasters, fires occasionally cross social boundaries and both domestic and international borders. Additionally, as fires move with the wind, some fires that impact Mongolia originate in Russia.We found a high contrast between damaged and non-damaged places in terms of the loss incurred as a result of the fire. Whether an area is affected depends not only on its distance from fires’ points of origin but also on fire path and speed, which are influenced by wind direction, geography, road network (which can operate as natural and human-made firebreak or fire blocker) and human efforts.

Long considered on the margins, far from the major cultural traditions, the Sechura Desert is situated at the crossroads between the cultures of southern Ecuador and those of the northern Peruvian coast and preserves a large number of varied archaeological sites. Despite this evidence, little is known about the societies that inhabited this region during the Holocene. Exposed to natural hazards, including El Niño events, and to major climatic changes, they were able to adapt and exploit the scarce resources that this extreme environment offered them. Because of this rich history, we have been conducting archaeological research in this region since 2012 in order to clarify the dynamics of human occupation and their links with climate oscillations and environmental changes. This paper present the results of a multidisciplinary study of Huaca Grande, a mound located on Nunura Bay, 300 m from the Pacific Ocean. The nature of the human occupations at Huaca Grande was varied, and several adjustments occurred over time. The subsistence economy was based mainly on local marine resources and a continual use of terrestrial vegetal resources. However, a major change occurred in the more recent occupations, with the apparition of non-local resources (maize and cotton) indicating that Huaca Grande was connected to trade networks. The results show two main phases of occupation separated by a long abandonment (mid-5th century CE to mid-7th century CE and mid-13th century to mid-15th century CE). The occupation of the site appears to have been influenced by changes in the local climate and by extreme El Niño events. Our results highlight the great adaptability of these human groups over the span of a millennium and their capacity to react to the climatic changes and hazards that characterise this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Uto-Aztecan language family is one of the largest language families in the Americas. However, there has been considerable debate about its origin and how it spread. Here we use Bayesian phylogenetic methods to analyze lexical data from thirty-four Uto-Aztecan varieties and two Kiowa-Tanoan languages. We infer the age of Proto-Uto-Aztecan to be around 4,100 years (3,258-5,025 years) and identify the most likely homeland to be near what is now Southern California. We reconstruct the most probable subsistence strategy in the ancestral Uto-Aztecan society and infer no casual or intensive cultivation, an absence of cereal crops, and a primary subsistence mode of gathering (rather than agriculture). Our results therefore support the timing, geography, and cultural practices of a northern origin and are inconsistent with alternative scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the Mostiștea River Project in the 1960s, Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic lowland dwelling sites were searched for in the vicinity of the Sultana-Malu Roșu tell. On the plateau, structures were excavated again in 2021 in Sultana-Ghețărie, which provide corresponding evidence for BoianVidra and Gumelniţa connections. Of great interest here are, on the one hand, the evidence for settlement activities on the terrace plateau before and during the tell settlement of Sultana, and on the other hand, in particular, a Cernavodă III feature (ca. 3600–3500 BCE). Compared to find assemblages of the mid-5th millennium (Boian-Vidra), the material culture from this context is characterised by reduced decoration rates and a reduced range of decoration techniques in pottery and probably primary flint tool production on site. The composition of the archaeozoological assemblage from the Cernavodă III feature, compared to the final Tell Sultana-Malu Roşu phase (ca. 4200 BCE), indicates that hunting played only a very minor role in securing subsistence and that the communities living here may have had a rather mobile (semi-nomadic) settlement behaviour. This would fit with the frequent occurrence of Stipa Awns, which seems to indicate a greater openness of the landscape and the associated spread of steppe vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the potential of GIS-based analyses of legacy survey data to inform discussions of settlement patterning, demographic change and the social organisation of agricultural production in the ancient Mediterranean. Legacy survey data represent an important body of evidence for understanding the development of past settlement systems, while their digitisation presents opportunities for novel quantitative and spatial analyses. By combining data from three contiguous intensive surveys from the Mirabello area of eastern Crete, this study investigates trajectories of demographic change and subsistence practice in the Early Iron Age (EIA) and Archaic periods (ca. 1200–550 BC), utilising GIS-based modelling of minimal agricultural catchments, and considering the relationships between communities over multiple geographic scales. This analysis highlights a transition away from clusters of small, demographically interdependent hamlets and villages in the earlier part of the EIA, toward the consolidation of nucleated population centres by the Archaic. The investigation of these developments contributes to our understanding of the scale, territorial control and management of agricultural hinterlands in the formative stages of the Greek poleis. The methods employed have wider relevance for the study of agricultural systems in the ancient Mediterranean, and highlight the important ongoing contributions of legacy survey data to theorising ancient subsistence economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]