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Highlights • Straw provision reduces the appearance of poor welfare indicators in pigs. • Straw provision does not modify putative indicators of positive emotions and welfare in pigs. • Straw provision decreases ear movement frequency in pigs. • Tail and ear movements as indicators of emotions and welfare in pigs. Abstract The present study aimed to investigate whether straw provision in pigs increases positive emotions, indicated by tail movement, and reduces poor welfare indicators (agonistic and displacement behaviours), including indicators of negative emotions (ear movement). Comparisons between Straw and Control sessions were analysed from video recording for all parameters. 15 mini-pigs participated in a three-week study. Depending on the week, animals were included in Straw or Control sessions. During Straw sessions, pigs were placed in their own pens where straw was introduced and continuously provided for one week. During Control sessions, pigs remained in their pens with no additional stimulus. Pig behaviours were video-recorded four times during each session and scored. Results showed that ear movement frequency was significantly lower in the Straw than in Control session (p = 0.005); agonistic behaviour frequency and duration were significantly lower in the Straw than in Control session (p = 0.013 and p = 0.0004, respectively), and displacement behaviour frequency and duration were significantly lower in the Straw than in Control session (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). Results suggest that straw provision reduces poor welfare but does not modify indicators of positive emotions selected for this study (tail movement frequency and duration). Our study also provides information about potential indicators of welfare, and more precisely, about emotions, which could also be useful to improve animal welfare assessment in pigs, obtaining more information about feasible behavioural indicators which could show the emotional state of the animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources and supplementation levels of yeast culture on in vitro fermentation characteristics of goats. The present study was performed in a 3×4 factorial design to examine the impacts of inclusion of three kinds of yeast culture (Se-enriched, Cr-enriched, Zn-enriched yeast culture) at four dose (0, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.40% and 0.55%) on the in vitro fermentation characteristics of cereal straw. For maize stover, the results shown that the average values of in vitro gas production, DM and NDF disappearance, pH and the ratio of acetate to propionate were increased (P<0.05), while the concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and butyrate were decreased (P<0.05) by the supplementation of Se-enriched yeast culture (YC-Se) compared with that of Cr-enriched yeast culture (YC-Cr) and Zn-enriched yeast culture (YC-Zn). For rice straw, the in vitro gas production, DM disappearance and pH were increased (P<0.05), and the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was decreased by the supplementation of YC-Se, while the concentration of acetate, propionate, butyrate and total VFA (TVFA) were increased (P<0.05) by the supplementation of YC-Zn. The current results indicate that YC-Se is more preferred as yeast culture supplements, and its optimal dose should be 0.25% substrates for maize stover and 0.10% substrates for rice straw in vitro. The present positive in vitro results should be tested using in vivo experiments in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A study was conducted to evaluate the varietal differences among faba bean straws and also to assess the potentials of faba bean straws supplemented with concentrate fed at the rate 70% straws and 30% concentrate mixture on feed intake, digestibility, body weight gain and carcass characteristics of the animals. Methods: Forty yearling Arsi-Bale sheep with initial body weight of 19.85±0.29 kg (mean± standard deviation) were grouped in a randomized complete block design into eight blocks of five animals each based on their initial body weight. Straws included in the study were from Mosisa (T1M), Walki (T2W), Degaga (T3D), Shallo (T4S), and local (T5L) varieties of faba bean and concentrate (2:1 ratio of wheat bran to "noug" seed cake). The experiment consisted of seven days of digestibility and 90 days of feeding trials followed by evaluation of carcass parameters at the end. Results: Local variety had lower (p<0.05) in grain and straw yield compared to improved varieties but higher in crude protein, metabolizable energy contents and in vitro organic matter digestibility. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of sheep fed Walki and Mosisa straws were higher than (p<0.05) straws from Shallo varieties. Sheep fed Walki straw had greater (p<0.05) dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency than sheep fed local and Shallo straws. Slaughter body weight and empty body weight were higher (p<0.05) for sheep fed Mosisa and Walki straws as compared to sheep fed Shallo straws. Apart from this, the other carcass components were not affected (p>0.05) by variety of the faba bean straws. Conclusion: There is significant varietal differences between faba bean straws both in quality and quantity. Similarly, significant variation was observed in feed intake, digestibility, body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency among sheep fed different straws of faba bean varieties with concentrate supplement. Based on these results, Walki and Mosisa varieties could be recommended as pulse crop rotation with cereals in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric ulcerations in finishing pigs can cause growth restriction, sudden death and contamination of the carcass by invading microorganisms. The aim of the study was to compare macroscopic and histological findings of the stomach mucosa in fattening pigs kept at 1m2/pig and provided with long straw (10 groups, 113 pigs) with a control group kept at 0.7m2/pig without straw (11 groups, 120 pigs). At slaughter, the gastric health of pigs was assessed by macroscopic and histological scoring of 233 stomachs ranging from 0 (no alteration of mucosa) to 3 (ulceration). Gastric scores were correlated with organ alterations, carcass lesions and blood parameters. Based onto histological findings after gold standard sensitivity and specificity of macroscopic findings for ulceration (score 3) were 53 % and 98 %, respectively. While the extent of mucosal alterations can be assessed by macroscopic scoring easily at slaughter, histological examination reveals the depth of alterations. Median group prevalences of gastric ulcerations diagnosed by macroscopic examination were 5 % in the control group (range 0-40 %) and 18 % in the straw group (range 0-50 %), with no significant difference between both groups. Macroscopic scores were significantly higher in the straw group. Prevalence of ear-tip lesions was positively correlated with gastric health (p < 0.05). Analysis of particle size distribution in feed revealed, that more than 50 % of the feed consist of particles with less than 0.5 mm in diameter. The fine-ground diet in this herd was therefore identified as an important risk factor for the development of gastric ulceration on this farm. As a conclusion, the known risk factor of a high proportion of small particles in diet was not compensated by possible positive effects of straw and more space, and should be eliminated with high priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Pre‐treated maize stalk could be used for animal feed due to the improved digestibility. Steam explosion (SE) and solid‐state fermentation (SSF) are two methods in maize stalk pre‐treatment. To evaluate the effect of combination of SE and SSF on the maize stalk pre‐treatment, the maize stalk was treated with steam explosion and microbial fermentation with Penicillium decumbens and Phanerochate chrysporium in this study. The steam explosion severity (logR0) affected component of the corn stover and then affected the SSF. The highest weight loss of substrate (23.20%), protein (12.71%) and cellulase filter paper activity (FPA) (7.42IU/g) could be obtained at logR0 = 3.64 and the IVDMD of SE‐SSF‐treated straw could reach 75.8%. The SE‐SSF pre‐treatment method could improve the utilization of straw as animal feed and overcome the shortage of feed source in animal husbandry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten cereal straws and stovers from India were treated using the ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) technique to explore the effectiveness of the AFEX technique for releasing sugars from structural carbohydrates and for the upgrading of cereal crop residues as livestock feed. Recovery of glucose and xylose in AFEX treated material was about three times the recovery in untreated material. AFEX treatment increased recovery of glucose between 60 and 85% and of xylose between 50 and 85% of their theoretical yields. AFEX treatment increased average crude protein (CP) by 260% (CP content: 62 vs 161 g/kg). Cell wall content as estimated by NDF decreased on average by 47 g/kg (NDF: 656 vs 609 g/kg) while cellulose contents estimated as ADF apparently increased by 23 g/kg (ADF: 443 vs 466 g/kg). Lignin contents estimated as ADL did not significantly differ between untreated and treated material. Measured after 24 h of incubation, AFEX treatment consistently and significantly increased in vitro gas production (42.9 vs 33.3 ml/200 mg), in vitro apparent digestibility (493 vs 630 g/kg) and true digestibility (624 vs 755 g/kg) and in vitro metabolizable energy content (6.9 vs 8.6 MJ/kg). Treatment changes in digestibility estimated based on in vitro gas production generally agreed with gravimetric estimates based on undigested residues, making it unlikely that the effect of AFEX treatment on digestibility was overestimated by unrecovered soluble but un-fermentable substrate. Increases in CP content and in vitro digestibilities upon AFEX treatment were unrelated to CP content and in vitro organic matter digestibilities (IVOMD) of untreated base material, though increases in IVOMD upon treatment tended ( P  = 0.07) to be lower in material with high (>530 g/kg) baseline IVOMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of six months duration was conducted to assess the body weight and reproductive parameters of lactating dairy cows fed on paddy straw based complete rations containing different levels of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), in two phases. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric complete rations, T1, T2 and T3 with 25, 30 and 35 per cent NDF, respectively were formulated as per ICAR (1998) with paddy straw as the sole source of roughage NDF. Eighteen dairy cows yielding approximately 10 kg of milk per day were divided into three groups of six each, and allotted to the three experimental rations. Their performance were recorded in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate when fouling appears in conventionally housed slaughter pigs and whether stocking density and straw provision are risk factors to fouling. During four batches of a total of 112 pens with slaughter pigs, pens were randomly assigned to one level of each of two treatments: (1) stocking density of 1.21 (low, n = 56) v. 0.73 m 2 /pig (high, n = 56), (2) 150 g of straw provided per pig per day on the solid floor (n = 56) v. no straw provided (n = 56). Fouling was recorded each day, and a pen had an event of fouling if at least half of the solid floor was wet with excreta and/or urine. Only the first event of fouling for each pen was included, and thus results represent whether a pen had a fouling event or not and when it happened. Data was analysed by using a Cox regression assuming proportional hazard and with right censoring of pens that never developed fouling. First event of fouling was mostly seen during the first week after insertion and in the last 3 weeks prior to slaughter (10 week study period). Pens with high stocking density had a 90% higher hazard of fouling compared to pens with low stocking density ( P = 0.016), meaning that pens with a high stocking density had a higher risk of fouling and of developing it earlier. Pens with straw provided had a 49% higher hazard of fouling compared to pens with no straw provided ( P = 0.14 ). No interaction was seen between stocking density and straw provision ( P = 0.80). In conclusion, stocking density was a significant risk factor of fouling, whereas straw provision only indicated this numerically within the used experimental setup and chosen sample size. The results suggest that lowering the stocking density to a level of around 1.21 m 2 /pig could reduce the risk of fouling in slaughter pigs. The relationship between fouling and straw provision needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-purpose management of winter cereals for grazing and grain production provides highly nutritive forage for ruminants in the spring and may positively affect straw feeding value. A 2-yr study investigated the effect of spring defoliation of triticale, wheat, and rye at the tillering and stem elongation stages on total biomass, grain yields, and straw quality. Furthermore, straws of spring-defoliated and undefoliated (control) cereal crops were evaluated for nutritional value and voluntary intake as a means of assessing the efficiency of dual-purpose management systems from the winter feeding context as well. The feeding study consisted of 9 total mixed rations (TMR), each containing 35% triticale, rye, or wheat straw obtained under 3 spring-defoliation regimens. The TMR were individually fed to fifty-four 1-yr-old Anatolian Merino ewes for 28 d. Defoliation of the crops at tillering did not affect the total biomass production or grain yields. However, biomass and grain yields were reduced (P < 0.01) by 55 and 52%, respectively, in crops defoliated at stem elongation. Straw of spring-defoliated cereals had less NDF and ADF concentrations (P < 0.01) but greater CP (P < 0.01), nonfiber carbohydrates (P < 0.01), and ME concentrations (P < 0.01) compared with straw from undefoliated crops. The increase in the nutritive value of straw led to greater nutrient digestion (P < 0.01) and intake of DM and OM of ewes (P < 0.01). However, sheep live weight gain did not differ among treatments (P > 0.77). This study indicated that straw feeding value and digestibility can be increased through spring defoliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study was conducted to formulate the paddy straw based complete feed blocks containing kinnow-mandarin waste (KMW) in a manual densification machine and to evaluate its effect on the nutrient intake and digestibility of goats. Block was formulated utilizing paddy straw, KMW, wheat flour, molasses, wheat bran, urea, mineral mixture, common salt and water. Bulk density of prepared blocks was 0.21 g/cm³ whereas durability was 17.36%. An in vivo feeding trial was conducted for 30 days duration along with a digestibility trial during last week of feeding trial. Twelve local adult male goats were randomly allotted as per randomized block design to two equal groups designated Control and Treatment. All the animals were kept on complete feed feeding regimen with either conventional concentrate mixture with paddy straw in 40:60 proportion or KMW-Paddy straw based feed block on ad libitum basis. Feed intake and nutrient digestibility was similar (P>0.05) in experimental animals, irrespective of the dietary treatment. The cost of feed for treatment group was about 12 per cent lower over the cost of conventional complete feed. It may be concluded that KMW may be utilized as a part of paddy straw based complete feed without affecting nutrient intake and digestibility. However, the binding and durability of blocks achieved in the present study was not satisfactory and this formulation therefore is not recommended to be densified in a manual block making machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical analyses, enzymatic and Tilley and Terry digestibility were used to describe the feeding values of thirteen feed samples. Two samples were from common used feeds in ruminant animals feeding: alfalfa hay of two successive cuts and nine other feeds representing under-utilized ones in ruminant feeding like as cereal straw, faba bean straw and pea straw collected at the end of vegetation. All samples were analyzed for their chemical content of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) and enzymatic digestibility of dry matter. The under-utilized feed, pea straws and faba pods have similar chemical content for main Weende parameters. They have higher values for CP that cereal straws (31-34%) and lower value of CF (11.6%). The NDF and ADF content of pea straw and faba pod resulted lower that in cereal straw respectively 24% and 14%. The dry matter digestibility (DMD) determined with enzymatic and Tilley and Terry methods resulted to be higher in pea straw and faba pod in comparisons with that of cereal straw respectively 20% and 18%. The dry matter digestibility values determined with Tilley and Terry method for all feeds included in the study resulted higher than DMD determined with enzymatic method. The results of DMD determined by two "in vitro" methods were strongly correlated. According to R2-value (0.99) the DMD determined by Tilley and Terry method could be predicted from enzymatic test as most convenient since it does not need animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study evaluated changes in haematological profile for dairy cows when supplemented with essential cation (T1), anion (T2) or both (T3) and compared with control without any mineral supplements (MS). Basal diet consisted fresh para grass, ragi straw and concentrate supplement. Net charge of the MS of T1, T2 and T3 was +0.87, -1.55 and -0.64, respectively. DM and OM intake were comparable between CG and TGs. RBC (p< 0.10), HCT (p< 0.02) and RDW (p< 0.10) were significantly higher in T3 but comparable between CG, T1 and T2. PLT (p< 0.06) and PCT (p< 0.10) were higher in T1 and T2 and least in CG. Study concluded that net ion charge of MS either positive or negative had no effect on haematological profile in dairy cows. Impact was better when MS contained both essential cation and anion minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-four individually housed Holstein bulls (395 ± 7.3 kg BW and 252 ± 3.1 d age) were exposed to a 2 × 2 factorial design (meal vs. pellets; with vs. without straw) to evaluate the effect of concentrate form and provision of straw in finishing diets on behavior and expression of rumen and cecum epithelium genes related to inflammation and behavior. Concentrate and straw consumption were recorded monthly and behavior (self-grooming, social, oral nonnutritive, tongue rolling, eating, drinking, ruminating, and lying) was recorded every two weeks. Bulls were slaughtered after 64 d of exposure to treatments, lesions on the rumen and liver were assessed, and samples of the rumen and cecum were collected. Straw supplementation tended (P = 0.08) to increase concentrate intake (8.0 vs. 7.4 ± 0.26 kg/d), increased (P < 0.01) the proportion of time ruminating (9.4 vs. 3.1 ± 1.02%), and decreased (P < 0.01) the occurrence of oral nonnutritive behaviors (0.52 vs. 1.34 ± 0.123 times/15 min) relative to bulls deprived of straw. Provision of straw increased ruminal pH, but the magnitude of the change was greater when the concentrate was provided as meal compared with pellets (interaction, P < 0.05). When straw was not supplemented, all rumen samples had papillae fusion, whereas only 16.7% of bulls fed pellets and straw had papillae fusions (interaction, P < 0.05). Vacuole grading of the rumen papillae was less (P < 0.01) in bulls provided straw compared with bulls without straw. For the ruminal epithelium, straw provision tended to increase the relative expression ratio of free fatty acid receptor 2 (which stimulates peptide YY, PYY, and serotonin secretion; P = 0.06) and α-2C adrenergic receptor (which modulates immune reactions and behavior; P = 0.09) and increased occludin and claudin-4 (tight junction proteins; P < 0.05), along with il-1β and tnfα (proinflammatory cytokines; P < 0.01) and toll-like receptor-4 (P < 0.01) in the rumen. Moreover, it also tended to increase the relative gene expression ratio of β-defensin1 (an antimicrobial peptide; P = 0.10) and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.10). Bulls fed pellets had a decreased ruminal relative expression ratio of α-2C adrenergic receptor (P < 0.05). Bulls without straw had increased (P < 0.05) the cecum relative expression ratio of il-1β. In conclusion, the lack of straw supplementation in bulls fed high-concentrate diets modifies behavior and affects rumen macroscopic morphology and expression of epithelial genes that could be related to behavior and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight Holstein steers (216±48 kg body weight) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to evaluate effects of wheat straw processing (ground vs pelleted) at two straw inclusion rates (7% and 14%; dry matter basis) in dry rolled or steam-flaked cornbased finishing diets on characteristics of digestion. The experimental design was a split plot consisting of two simultaneous 4×4 Latin squares. Increasing straw level reduced ruminal (p<0.01) and total tract (p = 0.03) organic matter (OM) digestion. As expected, increasing wheat straw level from 7% to 14% decreased (p<0.05) ruminal and total tract digestion of OM. Digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and starch, per se, were not affected (p>0.10) by wheat straw level. Likewise, straw level did not influence ruminal acetate and propionate molar proportions or estimated methane production (p>0.10). Pelleting straw did not affect (p≥0.48) ruminal digestion of OM, NDF, and starch, or microbial efficiency. Ruminal feed N digestion was greater (7.4%; p = 0.02) for ground than for pelleted wheat straw diets. Although ruminal starch digestion was not affected by straw processing, post-ruminal (p<0.01), and total-tract starch (p = 0.05) digestion were greater for ground than for pelleted wheat straw diets, resulting in a tendency for increased post-ruminal (p = 0.06) and total tract (p = 0.07) OM digestion. Pelleting wheat straw decreased (p<0.01) ruminal pH, although ruminal volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and estimated methane were not affected (p=0.27). Ruminal digestion of OM and starch, and post-ruminal and total tract digestion of OM, starch and N were greater (p<0.01) for steamflaked than for dry rolled corn-based diets. Ruminal NDF digestion was greater (p = 0.02) for dry rolled than for steam-flaked corn, although total tract NDF digestion was unaffected (p = 0.94). Ruminal microbial efficiency and ruminal degradation of feed N were not affected (p>0.14) by corn processing. However, microbial N flow to the small intestine and ruminal N efficiency (non-ammonia N flow to the small intestine/N intake) were greater (p<0.01) for steam-flaked than for dry rolled corn-based diets. Ruminal pH and total VFA concentration were not affected (p= 0.16) by corn processing method. Compared with dry rolled corn, steam-flaked corn-based diets resulted in decreased acetate:propionate molar ratio (p = 0.02). It is concluded that at 7% or 14% straw inclusion rate, changes in physical characteristics of wheat straw brought about by pelleting negatively impact OM digestion of both steam-flaked and dry-rolled corn-based finishing diets. This effect is due to decreased postruminal starch digestion. Replacement of ground straw with pelleted straw also may decrease ruminal pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two surveys are presented of straw analysed for naturally occurring chloramphenicol (CAP), a drug banned for use in food-producing animals. In the first study, CAP was analysed by LC-MS/MS and detected in 37 out of 105 straw samples originating from the Netherlands, France, the UK, Germany and Denmark. The highest level found was 6.3 µg kg−1, the average 0.6 µg kg−1and the median 0.2 µg kg−1. The second study included a method comparison between ELISA and LC-MS/MS and a survey of CAP in cereal straw sampled at farms in all areas of Sweden. A total of 215 samples were screened by ELISA and a subset of 26 samples was also analysed by LC-MS/MS. Fifty-four of the samples contained more than 1 µg kg−1CAP and the highest level found was 32 µg kg−1(confirmed by LC-MS/MS). The highest contents of CAP in this study were allocated to the Baltic sea coast in the south-eastern part of Sweden (the county of Skåne and the Baltic Sea isle of Gotland). These results indicate a high incidence of CAP in straw in north-west Europe and have a severe impact on the enforcement of European Union legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fibrous diets and the provision of straw have been suggested to reduce feeding motivation in pregnant sows. The present experiment investigated the separate and interactive effects of a fibrous diet and ad libitum access to straw on feeding motivation, oral behaviour and plasma levels of metabolites and hormones in pregnant sows. Ten groups of three pregnant sows were housed in pens with concrete floor where a limited amount of chopped straw (approx. 330 g/sow) was provided daily. In 5 of the 10 groups sows had free access to uncut straw in racks in addition to the chopped straw ( Ad libitum straw ), while the remaining 5 groups did not ( Limited straw ). The experimental period (week 2–9 of pregnancy) was divided into two 4-week periods and in a cross-over design sows within groups were fed a standard control diet (18% dietary fibre) during one period and a fibrous diet containing sugar beet pulp (35% dietary fibre) during the other period. Both diets were offered restrictively at 22 MJ net energy per day and throughout the experimental period sows were fed twice daily at 0800 and 1500 h. At the end of each 4-week period the undisturbed behaviour of the sows was recorded during two 24 h periods. Furthermore, the sows’ feeding motivation was assessed during behavioural tests, and blood samples were draw via a jugular vein catheter, at 0700, 0900, 1200 and 1900 h in a balanced design. Feeding motivation was not affected by diet or straw. However, feeding motivation was highest 1 h before morning feeding indicated by a higher number of rewards earned during the entire test ( P < 0.01) and during the first 5 min of the test ( P < 0.001). In the period where sows were fed the fibrous diet they manipulated the floor less frequently ( P < 0.02) and drank water less frequently ( P < 0.02) than in the period they were fed the control diet. Sows with limited access to straw manipulated equipment less frequently during the period they were fed the fibre diet, while no effect of diet was seen among sows with ad libitum straw (diet × straw interaction P < 0.001). In conclusion, feeding motivation was not reduced by a fibrous diet or by ad libitum provision of straw. However, a fibrous diet did reduce frequency of drinking and floor directed explorative behaviour suggesting some alleviation of the adverse effects of hunger as supported by higher plasma levels of short-chain fatty acids and lower levels of the hunger hormone Ghrelin. Ad libitum straw did not reduce feeding motivation, but more lateral lying in sows with ad libitum straw suggests that the straw provided increased lying comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to European legislation, pigs must have permanent access to sufficient quantity of material to enable manipulation activities. However, few studies have quantified how much straw is needed to fulfil the requirements of growing pigs. We investigated the effect of increasing amount of straw on pigs’ manipulation of the straw, and hypothesised that after a certain point increasing straw amount will no longer increase oral manipulation further. From 30 to 80 kg live weight, pigs were housed in 90 groups of 18 pigs in pens (5.48 m × 2.48 m) with partly slatted concrete floor and daily provided with fresh uncut straw onto the solid part of the floor. Experimental treatments were 10, 80, 150, 220, 290, 360, 430 or 500 g straw per pig and day. At 40 and 80 kg live weight, the time spent in oral manipulation of the straw by three focal pigs per pen (large, medium and small sized) were recorded along with the percentage of pigs manipulating straw simultaneously. This was recorded in three 1-h intervals (1 h before and 1 h after straw allocation in the morning, as well as from 17 to 18 h in the afternoon). With increasing quantity of straw provided, we found a curvilinear ( P < 0.01) increase in the time spent in oral manipulation of the straw. Smaller pigs spent more time manipulating straw than larger and medium sized pigs (367, 274 and 252 s/h for small, medium and large sized pigs, respectively; P < 0.001), and pigs spent more time manipulating straw at 40 kg than 80 kg live weight (356 vs. 250 s/h; P < 0.001). At both live weights, pigs spent most time manipulating straw during the hour after allocation of straw. Similar effects of increasing amounts of straw were found for the percentage of pigs engaged in simultaneous manipulation of the straw. Post hoc analyses were applied to estimate the point, after which additional straw did not increase manipulation of straw any further. For the time spent manipulating straw the estimated change point was 253 (approx. 95% confidence limits (CL) 148–358) g straw per pig and day. For the number of pigs simultaneously manipulating straw the change point was 248 (CL 191–304) g straw per pig and day. These results show that increasing the quantity of straw from minimal to approximately 250 g per pig and day increased the time spent in oral manipulation of the straw, as well as the occurrence of simultaneous straw manipulation. Hence, data from the current experiment identified 250 g straw per pig per day as the amount of straw where a further increase in straw provision did not further increase neither time spent on oral manipulation of straw, nor the percentage of pigs simultaneously manipulating straw. This suggests that, within the current housing system and using this criterion, this amount of straw may be the biological turning point for increasing oral manipulation of straw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The short-term effects of four straw applications on pigs housed on slatted floors were investigated to determine differences in behavior, straw use and growth. Both the type of straw used and the design of the application might influence the attractiveness and effectiveness of the applications. To this end, four straw applications were tested simultaneously (1 application per pen), presenting them during two weeks to six pigs. This experimental set-up was repeated three times. The four applications tested were a straw dispenser (Funbar) with fully chopped straw, a MIK Toy (in rolls pressed chopped straw), a rack (long-stemmed straw) and a straw feeder (long-stemmed straw). All pigs (total n = 96) had ad libitum access to straw from one of the applications. Behavior was recorded using video cameras and analyzed per individual pig for week 1 and week 2 of each experimental set-up separately using the logistic mixed model. The rack and straw feeder were explored and manipulated the most ( P = 0.02). In addition, the duration of sustained contact with the application was longer in presence of these applications ( P = 0.0009). This result might be related to the use of long straw. The straw use in presence of the rack was very high, with an average straw use of 2 kg per pen (6 pigs) per week. For all applications, direct contact with the application decreased during the second week compared to the first week. However, this decrease was the smallest in pens with the MIK Toy. Synchronized use of the applications was seen to a small extent, as in most cases not more than two pigs showed application interaction simultaneously. The presence of the Funbar (straw dispenser) was associated with a higher frequency of belly-nosing ( P = 0.03), nosing other body-parts of pen mates ( P = 0.06) and manipulating pen fittings ( P = 0.0002). It has been shown that the use of chopped straw might be related to a higher frequency of manipulating pen-mates, but it is not clear whether the type of straw explains this result. Growth and the presence of skin lesions did not differ between the applications. It can be concluded that the straw rack and feeder attract pigs to a larger extent. In addition, these applications are associated with longer durations of sustained contact. Straw use however is very high in presence of the rack. The Funbar straw dispenser is the least preferred application regarding behavioral effects. It seemed that this application did not offer growing pigs the same distraction as the other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyses spatial preferences and behavioural patterns of lambs during fattening in straw enriched pens. Lambs were allocated in three replicates with 12 lambs each and housed in 6x6 m pens partially divided in two equal areas with and without straw bedding. Each pen was video-recorded continuously from 8 am to 8 pm on days 1, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The use of different pen areas and the behaviour of the lambs were evaluated and analysed. The use of the space was significantly higher (p<0.05) for the straw area, where there was also more resting and affiliative interactions (p<0.05). In the areas without straw, animals walked more, remained standing longer periods (p<0.05) and had more stereotypic and aggressive behaviour (p<0.05). The study demonstrated that, when given the choice between two areas with similar resources, lambs prefer straw bedding. Straw is suggested to promote affiliation improving the adaptation to the feedlot. This could be useful to convince system managers that the availability of straw is beneficial to lamb welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of straw inclusion levels on the feeding behavior of young, weaned calves adapted to a dry total mixed ration (TMR) composed of a multitextured concentrate and chopped straw. A secondary objective was to determine how developed feeding patterns persist after calves were switched to a conventional silage-based diet. Ten Holstein bull calves (91 ± 2.4 d of age, weighing 136 ± 12.3 kg) were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: a TMR containing [dry matter (DM) basis] either (1) 85% concentrate and 15% chopped straw for 10 wk (wk 1 to 10) or (2) 85% concentrate and 15% chopped straw for 5 wk (wk 1 to 5), then 70% concentrate and 30% chopped straw for 5 wk (wk 6 to 10). After 10 wk, all animals were transitioned to a TMR containing (DM basis) 42.3% corn silage and 57.7% haylage for 2 wk (wk 11 to 12). During wk 1 to 5, all calves had similar DMI (5.5 kg/d), average daily gain (1.7 kg/d), feed efficiency (3.5 kg of DM/kg of gain), and eating time (151.9 min/d). During wk 6 to 10, calves transitioned to the 70% diet ate less DM (5.5 vs. 7.4 kg/d), grew more slowly (1.3 vs. 1.6 kg/d), sorted more against long forage particles (62.8 vs. 103.8%), and had greater feeding times (194.9 vs. 102.6 min/d). The difference in feeding time occurred only during the first 8 h after feed delivery. Despite similar DMI (5.2 kg/d) and average daily gain (1.1 kg/d) in wk 11 to 12, differences in behavior were observed resulting from previous diets. In wk 11 to 12, calves previously fed the 70% diet continued to have a longer meal immediately after feed delivery. Overall, the results indicate that diluting a dry TMR containing a multitextured concentrate and chopped straw with more straw resulted in calves spending more time feeding and having longer meals immediately after feed delivery; this feeding pattern carried over after calves were transitioned to a silage-based ration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of physical form of a starter feed with or without straw supplementation on growth performance of Holstein calves. In experiment 1, a total of 32 calves were randomly assigned at 7 d of age to texturized starter feed (containing rolled barley, corn, and oats) without straw, texturized starter feed with chopped straw, and pelleted starter feed with chopped straw. All calves were offered 4 L of pasteurized whole milk twice daily from 7 to 35 d of age, 2 L of milk twice daily from 36 to 42 d of age, and 2 L of milk from 43 to 49 d of age. Animals were weaned at 50 d of age, and the study finished when calves were 63 d old. In experiment 2, a total of 60 calves (8 d of age) were randomly assigned to texturized starter feed (containing whole corn) without straw, pelleted starter feed without straw, and pelleted starter feed with chopped straw. All calves were offered the same milk replacer (MR; 23% crude protein and 19.5 fat) at 11% dry matter concentration, 4 L/d of MR until 14 d of age, 6 L/d of MR from 14 to 37 d, 3 L/d of MR from 38 to 44 d, and 1.5 L/d of MR from 45 to 52 d of age. The experiment finished when calves were 58 d old (1 wk after weaning). Rumen liquid pH was measured after weaning. In both studies, calves were individually housed in pens on sawdust bedding and starter feed and chopped straw were offered free choice in separate buckets. In experiment 1, starter feed and straw intake and growth did not differ among treatments. However, calves receiving straw showed a greater rumen pH compared with those not receiving straw. In experiment 2, pelleted started feed supplemented with straw fostered an increase in solid feed intake (as percentage of body weight) compared with a pelleted or texturized starter feed without straw supplementation. However, calves that received the texturized starter feed containing whole corn had rumen pH similar to those fed a pelleted starter feed with straw. Feeding a texturized starter feed containing rolled barley, corn, and oats (with or without straw provision) was not able to maintain rumen pH or promote growth and intake compared with offering a pelleted starter feed with chopped straw. However, when whole corn was used in the texturized starter feed, rumen pH was equivalent to that obtained with a pelleted starter feed and straw supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algal biomass has been identified as a third-generation biofuel. Significant quantities of the coproduct postextraction algal residue (PEAR) remain after lipid extraction. After extraction, PEAR is concentrated in protein (17.9% CP on a DM basis and 32.5% CP on an ash-free basis), suggesting it may be an alternative to cottonseed meal (CSM) as a protein supplement. Our objectives were to determine the optimal level of PEAR supplementation to steers consuming straw and to compare the effects of PEAR supplementation on straw utilization and N metabolism with an isonitrogenous level of CSM. Five steers (198.2 ± 6.1 kg of BW), in a 5 x 5 Latin square, had ad libitum access to oat straw (80% NDF and 4.5% CP on a DM basis). Treatments were infused ruminally once daily and included no supplemental protein (CON); PEAR at 50,100, and 150 mg N/kg BW; and CSM at 100 mg N/ kg BW. Provision of PEAR increased total digestible OM intake (TDOMI) quadratically (P = 0.01) from 0.9 (CON) to 1.6 kg/d (100 mg N/kg BW of PEAR). Organic matter digestibility (OMD) increased quadratically (P <0.01) with supplementation and was maximized (55% OMD) at 50 mg N/kg BW of PEAR. At isonitrogenous levels of PEAR and CSM, TDOMI was similar (P = 0.13) as was OMD (P = 0.50). Negative N balance was observed for all treatments except PEAR provided at 100 or 150 mg ofN/ kg BW. Nitrogen balance was quadratic (P <0.01) with the greatest retention ( 1.84 g N/d) occurring at 100 mg N/ kg BW of PEAR. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.22) between isonitrogenous PEAR and CSM supplementation in measurements of ruminai ammonia or VFA concentrations. Straw utilization was maximized when PEAR was provided at 100 mg N/kg BW. Our observations suggest cattle provided PEAR utilize straw in a manner similar to those supplemented CSM, indicating PEAR has potential to substitute for CSM as a protein supplement in foragebased operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In the present study, we determined the effect and optimum level of inclusion of a thermo tolerant probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae OBV9 on nutrient intake and digestibilities in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Materials and Methods: A straw based complete diet (crude protein; CP 12 %) with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 % of lyophilized yeast was evaluated in a 4X4 Latin Square metabolism trial in fistulated Murrah buffalo steers (223.81 kg ± 2.91). Diet with no yeast was taken as control. Results: Dry matter intake (DMI) was not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by any level (%) of yeast in complete diet. The digestibilities (%) of dry matter (DM) and crude fibre (CF) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in 0.1% yeast supplemented diet compared to control, whereas organic matter, CP, ether extract and nitrogen free extract were not influenced by yeast treatments. The digestibilities of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose, total digestible nutrients (TDN in %) and metabolizable energy (ME as MJ/kg DM) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in yeast supplemented diets compared to control. However, among the yeast supplemented diets the values were not (P>0.05) different from each other. Intake of DCP (g/d or g/kg w0.75), TDN (kg/d or g/kg w0.75), ME (MJ/d or MJ/kg w0.75) and N balance (g/d) were not (P>0.05) affected by the level of yeast in the diet. Conclusion: It was concluded that, 0.1% thermo tolerant yeast had greater influence on majority of the nutrients in the straw based complete diets of Murrah buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to quantify calves'(Bos taurus) preference for long versus chopped hay and straw, and hay versus straw, using cross point analysis of double demand functions, in a context where energy intake was not a limiting factor. Nine calves, fed milk replacer and concentrate, were trained to work for roughage rewards from two simultaneously available panels. The cost (number of muzzle presses) required on the panels varied in each session (left panel/right panel): 7/35, 14/28, 21/21, 28/14, 35/7. Demand functions were estimated from the proportion of rewards achieved on one panel relative to the total number of rewards achieved in one session. Cross points (cp) were calculated as the cost at which an equal number of rewards was achieved from both panels. The deviation of the cp from the midpoint (here 21) indicates the strength of the preference. Calves showed a preference for long versus chopped hay (cp  = 14.5; P  = 0.004), and for hay versus straw (cp  = 38.9; P = 0.004), both of which improve rumen function. Long hay may stimulate chewing more than chopped hay, and the preference for hay versus straw could be related to hedonic characteristics. No preference was found for chopped versus long straw (cp  = 20.8; P = 0.910). These results could be used to improve the welfare of calves in production systems; for example, in systems where calves are fed hay along with high energy concentrate, providing long hay instead of chopped could promote roughage intake, rumen development, and rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was investigated as a method for identifying the type of finishing diet fed to bulls (n=169) based on gas chromatography fatty acid (FA) analysis. The bulls were fed ad libitum a high concentrate diet comprised of a cereal–soybean meal based concentrate plus straw offered separately (HC) or a total mixed ration made of cereal, soybean meal, maize silage and straw (TMR). Eleven variables (10 FA and one FA ratio) were selected as statistically significant predictors out of 41 variables tested. The Mahalanobis squared distance between the HC and TMR groups was 3.386 and F-test of the distance was highly significant (P >0.001). In cross-validated classification matrices, 18 cases were misclassified in the HC group and 16 cases were misclassified in the TMR group. As a result, 79.9% of original grouped cases were classified correctly. We concluded that it was possible to classify beef samples according to their finishing diets using LDA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The in vitro gas production (GP) technique has been widely used for feed evaluation. However, variability in results limits useful comparisons. Results from a ring test undertaken in four laboratories (Italy - IT, Spain - SP, Wales -WA and Denmark - DK) using the same wireless equipment (ANKOM Technology), same substrates and same laboratory protocol are presented, including calculation of repeatability and reproducibility according to ISO 5725-2. Hay, maize starch and straw samples and units without sample (blanks) were incubated in five repetitions using rumen inoculum from cows (DK, IT and WA) or sheep (SP). Curves, corrected for blanks, were fitted using an exponential regression model with a lag time. The following variables were considered: (i)GP24 and GP48: raw values at 24 and 48 h (mL/g DM), corrected for blanks; (ii) A: asymptotic GP (mL/g DM); (iii) T1/2: time when half A is produced (h); (iv) GPMR: maximum predicted GP rate (mL/h); (v) L: lag time (h). A mixed model including laboratories as random effect was used. A significant interaction between substrate and laboratories was found for all variables except A. The most repeatable and reproducible results were observed for A and GP48. The results from this ring test suggest the need for more standardisation, particularly in the procedures that occur outside the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper was to study the throughput capacity (i.e. the ability of straw to drain through slatted flooring) of 15 kg of chopped straw used around the time of farrowing. A cohort study including 96 sows was conducted in two commercial herds, comparing chopped wheat straw of three length categories (mass median length 39, 70 and 130 mm). Straw with short and medium chop lengths was completely absent in 83% (plastic slats) and 85% (cast-iron slats), respectively, of the pens on Day 4 after farrowing, compared to 7% and 6% of pens provided with the longest straw category. We conclude that it is technically feasible to have an efficient throughput of straw and to maintain good pen hygiene in partly slatted farrowing pens provided with 15 kg of chopped straw at farrowing. However, straw chop lengths need to be adjusted to the type of slatted flooring used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The studies analyse the effect of straw on lamb welfare, production and meat quality in finishing lambs. Two studies were carried out. Study 1 included two treatments and two replicates with six lambs each (17.20±0.2kg). One pen was provided with straw for forage and bedding while the other had none. Feeding with concentrate was ad libitum. Live weight and concentrate consumption were recorded and average daily gain and conversion index calculated. Stereotypes, agonistic and affiliative interactions and physiological indicators of stress were analysed. In study 2, 24 lambs were divided into two groups to analyse the effect of treatments on meat and carcass quality. No significant differences in production or meat quality traits were observed. Lambs housed without straw had higher levels of cortisol and stereotypes. Affiliative interactions were greater in lambs without straw. Results suggest that straw can be considered an effective environment-enriching tool to improve welfare. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Twelve 200-L barrels were used to determine the effects of N content and straw addition on changes in chemical composition and volatile losses measured by mass balance of dairy manure during a 136-d storage period. In addition, on d 0, 3, 6, 12, 28, 56, and 136, rate of NH3-N emission was measured, and core samples were collected to characterize fermentation pattern. High N (3.06% N, HN) and low N (2.75% N, LN) manures were obtained from cows fed diets with 17.2 and 15.2% crude protein (dry matter basis), respectively. On d 0, manure scraped from a freestall barn floor was diluted with water to 10% dry matter and loaded in barrels with (+S) or without (-S) mixing 22 g of chopped wheat straw per kilogram of undiluted manure. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 3 replications. We observed no interaction between treatments for the reported measurements, but several day-of-storage by treatment interactions were found. Throughout storage, total NH3-N (TAN, NH3-N + NH4+-N; 71.9 vs. 104.3 mg/dL), pH (6.40 vs. 6.74), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA, starting on d 12) were lower for LN relative to HN manure. In the presence of straw, crust formation occurred between d 12 and 28, and pH became lower and TVFA became higher starting on d 56, compared with no straw. Treatments did not influence loss of organic matter, organic N, organic C, or N, which averaged 31, 29, 26, and 20%, respectively. However, neutral detergent fiber loss was 44% higher for +S relative to -S manure. Consistent reductions in the C:N ratio indicated proportionally higher volatile C loss than volatile N loss during storage. Overall rate of NH3-N emission was 36% lower for LN than for HN manure. In the presence of straw, rate of NH3-N emission did not differ until after crust formation, but was 67% lower on d 56 and 95% lower on d 136, when it was barely detectable, compared with manure with no straw. Manure pH was highly correlated with TVFA:TAN ratio (r = -0.78), and rate of NH3-N emission was correlated with pH, TVFA:TAN, TVFA, and TAN (r = 0.47, -0.44, -0.23, and 0.28, respectively). In this trial, both microbial fermentation and crust formation influenced NH3-N emission rate and other measured responses, highlighting the importance of long-term sampling to evaluate treatment effects in manure storage studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the ruminal cellulolytic bacterial population in swamp buffalo and beef cattle fed on rice straw by real-time PCR techniques. Four, rumen-fistulated swamp buffalo and four beef cattle (Native×Brahman) were randomly assigned to receive rice straw as a main feed with minimal amount of concentrate. All animals were allowed to adapt to feeds respective before samplings were conducted. It was found that diurnal ruminal pH and NH3–N concentration of buffalo were not different with those found in cattle, population of bacteria and fungal zoospores while the protozoal population were lower (P<0.05). In addition, the nutrient digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF were found higher in buffalo than in cattle. Employing the real-time PCR techniques for the quantification of cellulolytic bacterial numbers (Ruminococcus albus) in the digesta of swamp buffalo, the results revealed significant higher in buffalo than those in cattle. However, at 4h post-feeding R. albus were significantly higher in buffalo than those in cattle measured in rumen fluid, while F. succinogenes resulted in higher number in cattle than those in buffalo. Interestingly, the values found in the digesta samples were higher in cellulolytic bacteria than those found in the rumen fluid. This finding indicates higher ability of swamp buffalo in digesting low-quality roughages, especially rice straw. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this study was to determine whether the partial replacement of roughage from forage with non-forage fiber sources, in a total mixed ration (TMR), could reduce feed sorting by dairy cows without modifying behaviour and milk production. Twelve Holstein cows were fed two TMR maize silage based diets in a cross-over experiment. Compared to the control diet (C-diet), experimental diet (Ediet) was formulated by replacing 8% neutral detergent fibre (NDF) from straw and alfalfa hay with soybean hulls and wheat bran. E-diet had a lower physical effectiveness factor (pef) (0.37 vs 0.34; P<0.001) and physical effective NDF (peNDF) (15.5 vs 14.6%; P<0.01). Feeding and sorting behaviour, ruminal activity, milk yield and composition and blood metabolites were measured. The results indicated that dry matter intake was not affected by diet. Cows fed the experimental TMR spent less time eating (192 vs 178 min/d; P<0.05) but showed the same number of meals per day. C-diet fed cows sorted against peNDF in a greater extent (98.3 vs 100.9%; P<0.05). Treatments did not affect cows time budget of general behaviours, with particular regard to ruminating activity. Despite different forage sources in TMR, no significant differences in milk yield and quality were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: New rumen slow-release urea products were made by mixing urea with calcium chloride (U–Cal) or calcium sulphate (U–Cas) in concentrate mixtures containing a high level of cassava chip and were subsequently evaluated on feed intake, rumen fermentation, rumen microbes, microbial protein synthesis, and performance of lactating dairy cows. Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows in early-lactation with an initial body weight of 380±15kg were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments of UCM products [T1=urea (control); T2=urea–CaCl2 mixture product (U–Cal); and T3=urea–CaSO4 mixture product (U–Cas)] according to a 3×3 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted for 21days during which feeds, rumen fluid, and blood were collected as well as milk yield. The findings revealed significant improvements in intake of OM and ME and apparent digestibilities of OM and NDF by using U–Cas in concentrate diets (P<0.05). Ruminal NH3–N and blood urea N in U–Cal and U–Cas, were found significantly lower as compared with the urea supplemented group (P<0.05), while milk urea nitrogen resulted in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of propionic acid were increased (P<0.05) in cows fed with U–Cas products than those in other treatments. Total viable bacteria, fungal zoospores, and cellulolytic bacteria were significantly different among treatments and were greatest in U–Cas supplementation (8.5×1011, 8.1×104, and 2.1×109 cfu/mL, respectively). Moreover, the use of real-time PCR technique provided that the population of Fibrobacter succinogenes was relatively higher than those of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus. Efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis based on OM truly digested in the rumen was enriched by U–Cas supplementation. Milk yield was additionally increased by respective treatments, while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from U–Cas, U–Cal, and urea alone treatment fed groups, respectively. Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of U–Cas in concentrate supplementation containing a high level of cassava chip significantly improved apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation, and milk yield in lactating dairy crossbreds fed on rice straw. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Several less researched forages from various Mediterranean plants may be superior, or at least equivalent, in forage value to barley (Hordeum vulgare) straw. These include lentil (Lens culinaris) straw, vetch (Vicia sativa) hay, dried olive (Olea europea L.) leaves, and saltbush (Atriplex halimus). Using in vitro, in sacco and in vivo methods, we tested (i) the nutritional composition, (ii) digestibility and metabolizable energy, and (iii) intake and nitrogen balance in fat-tailed Awassi lambs of these feeds or diets prepared with these feeds. In vivo, the forages were fed in proportions of about 3/4 of the total diet to 30 animals allocated to five groups in a randomized complete block design. Diets, balanced for nitrogen, included concentrate (280g/kg) and were offered at 1.1kg dry matter (DM)/day with ad libitum access to water. Test forages had large differences in content (g/kg DM) of organic matter (OM; 690–916, Atriplex leaves vs. barley straw), crude protein (CP; 43–169, barley straw vs. vetch hay) and neutral detergent fiber (258–672, Atriplex leaves vs. barley straw). Olive leaves contained the highest phenol and ether extract levels (63 and 32g/kg DM, respectively). Atriplex leaves were particularly rich in Na (94g/kg) and K (39g/kg). Atriplex leaf OM had the highest digestibility (0.68), but its low level reduced the metabolizable energy (ME; 6–7MJ/kg DM) to that of barley straw. Its limited palatability caused significant refusals as well. Vetch hay, olive leaves, and lentil straw had superior OM digestibility to that of barley straw (the latter not significant). Olive leaf CP had limited ruminal degradability and total tract digestibility. None of the forages significantly affected body N retention, while olive leaves significantly reduced rumen microbial efficiency. The different models used to estimate ME ranked vetch hay first (9MJ/kg DM), followed by olive leaves and lentil straw (6.5–8MJ/kg DM). Overall, vetch hay was the most valuable forage in terms of energy and protein supply. Lentil straw and olive leaves were similar or slightly superior to barley straw, although they presented a different ruminal degradation pattern. Atriplex leaves, if fed restrictedly, could be used to replace barley straw when access to water is ad libitum. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of various N sources in concentrates containing high levels of cassava chips, with rice straw as the basal forage, on rumen ecology, rumen microbial counts, microbial crude (CP) protein synthesis, and digestibility of nutrients. Four ruminally fistulated crossbred (Brahman×native) beef steers with initial body weight (BW) of 400±40.2kg were randomly assigned according to a 4×4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments were different sources of N in the concentrates and were: T1=urea (control; urea); T2=soybean meal (SBM); T3=urea CaCl2 mixture (U-Cal); T4=urea CaSO4 mixture (U-Cas). All steers were kept in individual pens and supplemented with concentrate at 5g/kg of BW daily. The experiment was 4 periods, and each lasted 21 d. During the first 14 d, all steers were fed their respective diets ad libitum and for during the last 7 d, they were moved to metabolism crates for total urine and fecal collection. Dry matter intake ranged from 9.8 to 10.5kg daily and was not altered by diet, while digestibility of NDF differed among treatments and was highest with U-Cas supplementation (P<0.05). Ruminal NH3 N and plasma urea N with U-Cal, U-Cas, and SBM diets were lower compared with the urea supplemented group (P<0.05). Ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations were not altered by treatments. Total viable, and cellulolytic bacteria, differed among treatments and were highest with U-Cas (9.1×1011, and 4.0×109 cfu/mL, respectively). In addition, efficiency of rumen microbial CP synthesis based on organic matter (OM) truly digested in the rumen was increased by SBM or U-Cal supplementation, and was highest with U-Cas supplementation (18.2g of N/kg of OM truly digested in the rumen). Supplementation of U-Cas to a concentrate containing a high level of cassava chips improved rumen ecology and microbial CP synthesis in beef cattle, suggesting that urea calcium mixtures can replace soybean meal or urea in beef cattle diets without adverse affects on rumen fermentation and other rumen parameters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Fifteen, one year old swamp buffalo males with average liveweight of 200.5±9.5kg were randomly assigned according to a completely randomized design to receive three dietary treatments of supplemental vegetable oils in concentrate contained 140, 750, and 16g of crude protein, total digestible nutrient, and ether extract, respectively (T1=unsupplemented, T2=supplemental coconut oil and sunflower oil in ratio 50:50 at 6% of concentrate, and T3=supplemental sunflower oil at 6% of concentrate) during a 5-month feeding trial. Urea-treated rice straw was offered ad libitum and concentrate was supplemented at 150g/kg BW. The results revealed that supplementation of vegetable oils decreased dry matter intake in sunflower oil supplemented group. Combination of coconut oil and sunflower oil supplementation resulted in similar average daily gain as those found in control and in sunflower oil supplemented groups. Rumen microorganism population, ammonia–nitrogen, blood urea–nitrogen and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were decreased as vegetable oils were supplemented. Oil supplementation slightly reduced growth rate, hot carcass percentage, loin eye area particularly on sunflower oil supplemented group. Based on these findings, vegetable oil resulted in decreased performance of swamp buffaloes although the combination of coconut oil and sunflower oil could reduce negative effect of unsaturated oil supplementation. However, further analyses of conjugated fatty acids (CLA) in meat could offer useful information in determining pronounced effects of vegetable oil supplementation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Intra-species variations in days to flowering and pod maturity, harvest index, as well as grain and straw yields and quality in narbon vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) were determined, and accessions were identified based on yield and quality attributes. Thirty-six narbon vetch accessions were grown over five cropping seasons in a non-tropical dryland environment in north-west Syria, and were harvested at maturity to determine straw and grain yields. Concentrations of straw crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADFom), neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom), in vitro organic matter (OM) digestibility (IVOMD), as well as grain CP and tannins were analysed. Days to flowering and pod maturity, harvest index (0.30–0.37), yields of straw (3311–4256kgDM/ha) and grain (1470–1831kgDM/ha) varied (P <0.05) among accessions. Concentrations (g/kgDM) of straw CP (53–70), ADFom (253–269), aNDFom (436–532) and IVOMD (468–532g/kgOM), as well as grain CP (307–331) and tannins (3.38–4.47) also varied (P <0.05) among accessions. Grain yield and harvest index (r =0.43, P <0.05), as well as straw CP and aNDFom (r =−0.56, P <0.01), and IVOMD and aNDFom (r =−0.62, P <0.01) were weakly correlated. Results showed intra-species variations in grain and straw yields and quality determinants in narbon vetch, and demonstrated that promising narbon accessions can be selected for yield and quality. Accessions 2386, 2389, 2390, 2382, 2392, 2463, 2470, 2472, 2561, and 2704, had better potential for grain production in non-tropical dry areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two experiments were conducted to ascertain the effects of feeding an all-concentrate diet to growing heifers on performance, ruminal fermentation, behaviour and welfare. In experiment 1, eight tethered rumen fistulated Holstein heifers (143 ± 8.7 kg, initial BW) were used to study the effects of treatment on intake, ruminal changes and behaviour. In experiment 2, 48 Friesian female calves (initial BW = 84.5 ± 1.37 kg) were used to study the effects of treatment on performance, behaviour and welfare in feedlot conditions. In both experiments, treatments consisted of concentrate with barley straw (BS) or without barley straw (NBS) and feed was offered at 0830 h on an ad libitum basis. Experiment 1 was performed in four 42-day periods, and sampling was carried out in the last week of each period. Ruminal samples were collected over 3 days at 0, 4, 8 and 12 h post-feeding to measure pH, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3-N concentrations. Maintenance behaviour was video-recorded for 24 h over three consecutive days of each experimental period and feed intake pattern was studied by means of feed bunks mounted on digital platform scales. There were no statistical differences in average daily gain (ADG), concentrate dry matter (DM) intake or CP intake. In contrast, NDF intake and ADF intake were greater in heifers fed BS than NBS. Average ruminal pH was lower, whereas total VFA was greater, in heifers fed NBS diet. There were no differences in NH3-N, and in d- and l-lactate concentrations. Time spent in ruminating was shorter, and stereotypies were more frequent in heifers fed diet NBS compared with those fed BS. In experiment 2, nine 28-day periods were established, in which DM intake and ADG were measured, blood and faecal samples were taken for haptoglobin and glucocorticoid metabolites determination, respectively, as welfare indicators, and behaviour was monitored by video recording. Concentrate intake was similar in both treatments, but total feed intake was greater in heifers fed BS diet. As there were no differences in ADG between treatments, gain efficiency was lower in those fed BS than those fed NBS. Blood haptoglobin and faecal glucocorticoids metabolites were not different between treatments. In these competitive conditions, rumination was also reduced and stereotypic behaviour increased by straw exclusion. In conclusion, performance was either not affected or improved by straw exclusion, but animal behaviour was affected, suggesting a negative effect on animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Degradability of straw is important in connection with the fermentation process for bioethanol production, while the ash content is important for its suitability for incineration. Therefore, a fast method for assessment of straw quality could be very useful in determining the price and in helping choose between different applications for specific straw batches, such as fermentation for ethanol production, incineration or animal feed. This study investigated the ability of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to predict the degradability and ash content of 106 cultivars of wheat straw grown at two different sites. In general, calibrations based on NIR spectra recorded on air-dried samples performed better than those on oven-dried samples. A partial least squares (PLS) calibration based on the spectra of the air-dried samples predicted degradability with r 2 =0.72 and RMSECV =1.4% with 3 components using samples from the two different sites. The ash content was well predicted with r 2 =0.99 and RMSECV =0.195% using a complex 15-component PLS model validated using repeated random segmented cross-validation. However, this model proved to be sensitive to site in a validation using the two sites as segments, where the accuracy of ash content prediction decreased to r 2 =0.91 and RMSECV =0.691% using a 9-component PLS model. NIR spectroscopy proved useful for predicting degradability and ash content of wheat straw from different wheat cultivars. However, when developing predictive models of ash content based on NIR spectra, it should be ensured that the models are transferable to locations other than those used for model calibration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT: Four rumen-fistulated Holstein heifers (134 ± 1 kg initial BW) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of delaying daily feed delivery time on intake, ruminal fermentation, behavior, and stress response. Each 3-wk experimental period was preceded by 1 wk in which all animals were fed at Q800 h. Feed bunks were cleaned at 0745 h and feed offered at 0800 11 (T0, no delay), 0900 (T1), 1000 (T2), and 1100 (T3) from d 1 to 21 with measurements taken during wk 1 and 3. Heifers were able to see each other at all times. Concentrate and barley straw were offered in separate compartments of the feed bunks, once daily and for ad libitum intake. Ruminal pH and saliva cortisol concentrations were measured at 0, 4, 8, and 12 h postfeeding on d 3 and 17 of each experimental period. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites were measured on d :17. Increasing length of delay in daily feed delivery time resulted in a quadratic response in concentrate DM1 (low in T1 and T2; P = 0.002), whereas straw DM1 was greatest in T1 and T3 (cubic P = 0.03). Treatments affected the distribution of DM1 within the day with a linear decrease observed between 0800 and 1200 h but a linear increase during nighttimes (2000 to 0800 h), whereas T1 and T2 had reduced DM1 between 1200 and 1600 h (quadratic P = 0.04). Water consumption (L/d) was not affected but decreased linearly when expressed as liters per kilogram of DM1 (P = 0.01). Meal length was greatest and eating rate slowest in Ti and T2 (quadratic P ⩽ 0.001). Size of the first meal after feed delivery was reduced in Ti on d 1 (cubic P = 0.05) and decreased linearly on d 2 (P = 0.Oi) after change. Concentrate eating and drinking time (shortest in Ti) and straw eating time (longest in Ti) followed a cubic trend (P ⩽ 0.02). Time spent lying down was shortest and ruminating in standing position longest in Ti and T2. Delay of feeding time resulted in greater daily maximum salivary cortisol concentration (quadratic P = 0.04), which was greatest at 0 h in Ti and at 12 h after feeding in T2 (P < 0.05). Daily mean fecal glucocorticoid metabolites were greatest in Ti and T3 (cubic P = 0.04). Ruminal pH showed a treatment effect at wk 1 because of increased values in Ti and T3 (cubic .P = 0.01). Delaying feed delivery time was not detrimental for rumen function because a stress response was triggered, which led to reduced concentrate intake, eating rate, and size of first meal, and increased straw intake. Increased salivary cortisol suggests that animal welfare is compromised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sixteen rice straw varieties comprising 6 single-crop and 10 double-crop varieties were treated with 40g/l urea solution (50g straw per 200ml of solution) for 21 days at 27°C and total and insoluble ash, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and in vitro digestibility (IVD) were measured after samples were dried at 60°C to constant weight. The mean IVD values across treatments for the single-crop varieties were 0.500, 0.480, 0.418 and 0.499 for all fractions (whole straw, stem, leaf sheath, and leaf blade), corresponding values for the double-crop varieties were higher, 0.560, 0.598, 0.542 and 0.627, respectively. The untreated IVD values across varieties were 0.496, 0.497, 0.404 and 0.462 for whole straw, stem, leaf sheath, and leaf blade; and for urea treated, 0.564, 0.581, 0.556 and 0.665, respectively. Urea treatment caused a decrease in neutral detergent fibre exclusive of residual ash (NDFom) and in increase in IVD of all fractions (P<0.001). Single-crop fractions were all lower in IVD (P<0.001), and all fractions except whole straw were higher in NDFom (P<0.05) than double-crop varieties. Based on criterion variables selected from step-wise discriminant analysis, single- and double-crop varieties clustered separately before but together after urea treatment which may be important in selecting genetic varieties. Regression analysis showed, in general, fractions with a lower IVD intercept responded better to urea treatment evaluated by relatively higher regression coefficients of 0.39, 0.67, 0.79 and 0.80, respectively for whole straw, stem, leaf sheath, and leaf blade. The effect of the untreated stem, leaf sheath, and leaf blade IVD on the IVD of untreated and urea-treated whole straw was described by single and multiple regressions where the most important fraction was the leaf blade IVD for urea-treated whole straw IVD and the leaf sheath IVD for the untreated whole straw IVD. Multiple regressions, although they had higher R 2, did not show any fraction to be more important than found in the simple regressions. It is concluded that although urea-treatment may result in a better response in poorer quality straws, rice straw varieties with a high leaf sheath IVD would improve the quality and utilisation of whole straw without urea treatment whereas high leaf blade IVD would improve the quality and utilisation of whole straw with urea treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Four, 3-year old, rumen fistulated swamp buffalo bulls were randomly assigned in a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design to received four dietary treatments; factor A =2 sources of energy (cassava chip and corn cobs), factor B =2 levels of urea in concentrate mixture (15 and 30g/kg). During the experiment, concentrate was offered at 5g/kg BW while 50g/kg urea-treated rice straw was given on ad libitum basis. Feeds, rumen fluid and rectal feces were collected for chemical analyses during each experimental period (21 days). In addition, rumen fluid was analyzed for, pH, temperature and NH3-N concentration and microbial population and diversity by using direct count technique, roll-tube technique and molecular techniques including PCR-DGGE and real-time PCR technique. It was found that energy sources and urea levels had no effects on rumen pH, temperature, NH3-N and total VFA concentrations as well as proportion of individual VFA. Energy sources especially cassava chip had a higher protozoal population than those of corn cob while urea had no effect. The two factors, energy sources and urea levels resulted in similar rumen bacterial and fungal zoospore population. Similarly with nutrient digestion coefficients, there were no differences among treatments, while cassava chip gave a slightly higher intake of urea-treated rice straw than corn cob fed group. Methanogenic and cellulolytic bacteria were variable among treatments and were highest in corn cob with 15g/kg urea fed group which were higher than those in other groups. In addition, the use of PCR-DGGE has found diversity of rumen microorganisms particularly methanogenic and cellulolytic bacteria. Moreover, using of real-time PCR technique provided that population of Fibrobacter succinogenes had relatively higher than those Ruminococus flavefacieus and Ruminococus albus. Based on this study, corn cob and urea at 15g/kg could be efficiently utilized in the rumen and thus, could provide good fermentation end-products and improve rumen ecology for the host swamp buffaloes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The effects of two exogenous fibrolytic enzyme products on ruminal disappearance and fermentation of oat straw-wheat middlings based diets were evaluated. Six steers (322±34.4 kg body weight) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 3×3 Latin square replicated. The treatments consisted of: 1) control, 2) Fibrozyme (2 g/kg dry matter), and 3) Promote (3 ml/kg dry matter). Both, Fibrozyme (Alltech Inc.) and Promote NET (Cargill Corp.) were sprayed as liquid onto diets and feeds 24 h before feeding. Samples of diets were ruminally incubated from 0 to 72 h. Enzymes did not change dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion. Fibrozyme increased crude protein (CP) disappearance rate of diet, while Promote increased CP total disappearance. In diets, enzymes did not affect ruminal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) fractions. Fibrozyme and Promote did increase CP total disappearance, ADF potential disappearance and ADF disappearance rate of wheat middlings, as well as dry matter (DM) and CP total disappearance, NDF disappearance rate, ADF potential disappearance and ADF disappearance rate of oat straw. Ruminal pH values were higher with enzymes, as compared to control. Total volatile fatty acids concentration and molar proportion of acetate and butyrate were not affected by both enzymes, but molar proportion of propionate was lower and acetate:propionate ratio higher with Promote than control. Fibrozyme and Promote did increase DM and CP soluble fractions of diets, as well as, ADF potential disappearance of wheat middling and oat straw. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The global impact of an increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere on plants has been studied extensively, but little information has been published on the effect of enrichment of atmospheric CO2 on the nutritive value of grain and straw used as ruminant feeds. This paper reports the chemical composition and nutritive value of grain and straw harvested from the drought tolerant hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Yecora Rojo managed with two carbon dioxide regimes (ambient, 350μl/l and elevated, 550μl/l), two rates of nitrogen application (low N: 53kgN/ha and high N: 393kgN/ha) grown under a water-fed (i.e., no deficit) regime. Accumulation of carbon in straw did not differ among crops grown under elevated CO2 and low N supplementation and crops grown under ambient CO2 with low levels of N supplementation. Increased N application increased sequestration of C (P<0.05) compared to straw from crops grown under ambient CO2 concentration. Low levels of N application and elevated CO2 led to straw containing similar concentrations of N to those grown under ambient CO2 conditions. Increasing N application to crops grown under ambient concentrations of CO2 elevated the concentration of N (P<0.01) whereas crops at elevated concentrations of CO2 did not accumulate N to the same extent. Differences in the non-structural carbohydrate and cell wall content reflected the patterns for total C. No effect of increasing the concentration of CO2 on WSC, aNDFom, ADFom, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin (sa) occurred. There was a small decline (−26g/kg; P<0.05) in the concentration of aNDFom in straw from crops that had received high N input. The ratio of lignin to total N was higher in straw harvested from plots with elevated CO2 (33.5:1) compared with ambient CO2 (24.6:1). No changes in the total C content occurred for grain samples in response to CO2 concentration or supplemental N fertiliser. No interaction between supply of N and CO2 concentration occurred. Changes in the total N content of grain in response to treatments were similar to the changes observed in the straw fraction. The increases in concentration of N incorporated into grain were higher from crops grown under enriched concentrations of CO2 (i.e., +8.6g/kg; P<0.01) than for crops grown under ambient supply of CO2 (+3.5g/kg; P<0.05). Differences in concentration of starch in the grain with increasing supply of N from fertiliser occurred under FACE conditions (P<0.05), but not for grain harvested from those grown under ambient CO2 levels. No effect of changing concentrations of CO2 were observed for ADFom, lignin (sa), cellulose and neutral detergent cellulose digestibility but concentrations of aNDFom (P<0.05) and hemicellulose (P<0.05) were higher in grain grown under ambient concentrations of CO2 irrespective of supply of N to the crop. Although effects of elevated concentrations of CO2 on grain and straw quality were expected, this poses concerns for livestock production in systems that use lower levels of agronomic inputs. Elevated concentrations of CO2 in the ambient environment were beneficial for development of above ground biomass and grain yield as measured by thousand-grain weight. However, straw and grain quality, in terms of crude protein and the crude protein to energy ratio will be affected by increasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere, and this may lead to a reduction in the total supply of crude protein in crops used by livestock. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this study was to determine how the addition of straw to a total mixed ration offered to growing dairy heifers affects their nutrient intake and feeding behavior. Six prepubescent Holstein heifers (226.2 ± 6.3 d old and weighing 250.1 ± 17.7 kg), fed once per day for 1.0 kg/d of growth, were subjected to each of 3 treatment diets using a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design. The treatment diets were 1) control (17.0% corn silage, 52.1% grass silage, 30.9% concentrate), 2) control diet with 10% straw, and 3) control diet with 20% straw. Dry matter intake and feeding behavior were monitored for 7 d for each animal on each treatment. Fresh feed and orts were sampled on the last 3 d of each treatment period for each heifer and were then subjected to particle size analysis. The particle size separator contained 3 screens (19, 8, and 1.18 mm) and a bottom pan, resulting in 4 fractions (long, medium, short, and fine). Sorting activity for each fraction was calculated as actual intake expressed as a percentage of the predicted intake. Heifers sorted against long particles and for short particles on all 3 diets. On the 10 or 20% straw diets the heifers sorted for medium particles. Heifers also sorted for fine particles on the 20% straw diet. There was a linear increase in sorting for medium, short, and fine particles with increased straw in the diet. Dry matter intake linearly decreased with increased straw in the diet. Feeding time and meal duration increased linearly with the addition of straw to the diet, whereas feeding rate, meal size, and meal frequency decreased with the addition of straw. Requirements for maintenance and growth of 1.0 kg/d were sufficiently met when the animals consumed the control and 10% straw diet. On the 20% straw diet the animals consumed sufficient nutrients to achieve a 0.9 kg/d growth rate. These results indicate that the addition of straw to the diet of prepubescent heifers strongly influences their sorting behavior. Despite this sorting, the results suggest that a low-quality feedstuff may be included in the diet to target nutrient intake and reduce feed costs without negatively affecting feeding behavior or growth potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice straw (RS) is an important lignocellulosic biomass with nearly 800 million dry tons produced annually worldwide. RS has immense potential as a lignocellulosic feedstock for making renewable fuels and chemicals in a biorefinery. However, because of its natural recalcitrance, RS needs thermochemical treatment prior to further biological processing. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) is a leading biomass pretreatment process utilizing concentrated/liquefied ammonia to pretreat lignocellulosic biomass at moderate temperatures (70–140°C). Previous research has shown improved cellulose and hemicellulose conversions upon AFEX treatment of RS at 2:1 ammonia to biomass (w/w) loading, 40% moisture (dwb) and 90°C. However, there is still scope for further improvement. Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosics is an important biological pretreatment method that has not received much attention in the past. A few reasons for ignoring fungal-based pretreatments are substantial loss in cellulose and hemicellulose content and longer pretreatment times that reduce overall productivity. However, the sugar loss can be minimized through use of white-rot fungi (e.g. Pleutorus ostreatus) over a much shorter duration of pretreatment time. It was found that mushroom spent RS prior to AFEX allowed reduction in thermochemical treatment severity, while resulting in 15% higher glucan conversions than RS pretreated with AFEX alone. In this work, we report the effect of fungal conditioning of RS followed by AFEX pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. The recovery of other byproducts from the fungal conditioning process such as fungal enzymes and mushrooms are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Selection of white-rot fungi of bio-conversion of mustard straw (MS) into feed for ruminants. Methods and Results: Mustard straw was cultured with Ganoderma applanatum, Coriolus versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium for solid-state fermentation at 35°C from 7 to 63 days for dilignification and for 21 days to study dry matter digestibility and protein enrichment. Lignin loss in fungus cultured straw varied between 100 and 470 g kg−1 lignin. Dilignification was higher between 7 and 28 days fermentation with C. versicolor. Among the three fungi P. c hrysosporium was the most effective in degrading lignin for longer fermentation. In-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and crude protein content was higher in C. versicolor cultured straw. Large quantity of straw was cultured by C. versicolor for 21 days, for in vivo evaluation. Mean pH and metabolites of rumen fermentation were not different while, pH and volatile fatty acid increased at 6 h postfermentation on cultured straw feeding. Cultured straw fermentation increased ( P = 0·001) small holotricks and reduced ( P = 0·005) large holotricks population. Fungus cultures straw did not improve microbial enzyme concentration. Conclusions: Coriolus versicolor and P. chrysosporium were the promising fungus for MS bio-dilignification. Significance and Impact of the Study: Coriolus versicolor treated MS improved dry matter digestibility and protein content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]