10,034 results on '"STORM surges"'
Search Results
2. Event-driven erosion of a glacial till cliff
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Rossius, Jan-Eike, Averes, Tanita, Krämer, Knut, and Winter, Christian
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- 2025
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3. Multi-scenario modelling framework for afforestation strategies to mitigate runoff and flooding across storm return periods in tropical large river basins: the Upper Citarum case.
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Awad, Anas M. M., Wikantika, Ketut, Windupranata, Wiwin, and Virtriana, Riantini
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FLOOD risk , *URBAN growth , *WATERSHEDS , *STORM surges , *AFFORESTATION , *LAND cover - Abstract
Flooding is a frequent disaster in Indonesia, especially in the Upper Citarum River Basin, causing substantial damage. This study assesses the impact of afforestation on runoff, peak discharge and flood risks under different storm conditions using hydrological (HEC-HMS) and hydraulic (HEC-RAS) models. Six afforestation scenarios were analyzed: No Forest (NF), Medium Afforestation (MF), Bandung's 2029 spatial plan (F-2029), Riverbank Afforestation (RF), spatial plan for 2029 (SP-2029) and No Built-up (NB), with Land Cover 2021 (LC-2021) as the baseline. Rainfall return periods (2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 years) were generated from 32 years of rainfall data. The results show land cover changes significantly influence runoff, with urbanization increasing flood risks and afforestation improving water retention. Riverbank afforestation (RF) and reduced built-up areas (NB) were the most effective in mitigating flood risks, while reduced forest cover (NF) and urban expansion (SP-2029) exacerbated flooding. Validation with historical flood data highlighted flood-prone areas like Margahayu, Bojongsoang, Dayeuhkolot and Baleendah. Frequent but less severe floods were noted in 2- and 5-year return period scenarios. These findings emphasize the critical role of afforestation and land cover management in reducing flood risks and enhancing resilience in the Upper Citarum Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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4. Analysis of extreme water levels on Feiyun River (Rui'an section) based on peaks-over-threshold (POT) model.
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Qin, Zipeng, Tian, Yan, Wei, Yanji, Chen, Zhenglin, Zhu, Xiaoying, Chen, Qianfu, Huang, Weixing, Yu, Rong, and Cheng, Xiang
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STORM surges , *WIND speed , *ECONOMIES of scale , *WATER use , *WATER analysis - Abstract
Feiyun River (Rui'an section) is a tidal reach, and the design water levels within different return periods are difficult to determine. Peaks-over-threshold (POT) analysis methods were used to study the water level maximums of the river section. The study results indicate that skew surges have a measurable impact on extreme water levels and are characterized by a sharp increase in wind speeds at the estuary, followed by a sudden decrease, leading to a significant storm surge event. When the return periods are 50, 100 and 200 years, the corresponding water levels of Feiyun River (Rui'an section) are 5.59, 6.04 and 6.49 m, respectively. The proportion of skew surges in extreme water levels increases with the return period length, and it exceeds 50% when the return period is 200 years. The calculation results based on skew surges are often more reasonable in long return periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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5. Flood Risk Assessment Methodology for Complex Railway Networks: Application to the National Rail Network in Great Britain.
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Ilalokhoin, Ohis, Pant, Raghav, and Hall, Jim W.
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STORM surges ,WEATHER ,PASSENGER trains ,DAMAGES (Law) ,SYSTEM analysis - Abstract
Rail networks comprise complex interdependent systems with extensive trackside and off-track assets that are exposed to extreme weather-related hazards. In this paper, a methodology is presented for flood risk assessment of large rail networks and is demonstrated on the national rail network in Great Britain, which is analyzed for the impact of river flood hazards, with the disruptive impacts measured in terms of direct asset damages, disruptions to trains and passengers, and economic losses. Our analysis of the national rail network finds that trackside railway assets are most vulnerable to flood hazards with about a third of all track assets in Great Britain exposed to river flood hazards. London and the Southeast regions are the most affected by train and passenger disruptions, with both regions incurring about half of all train and passenger disruptions for river flood hazards nationally. Relatively frequent flood events are found to make the greatest contribution to overall risk, with 20-year return period flood events resulting in 48% of all economic losses on the rail network nationally, most of which occurred in London and the southeast, with the northwest of England having the next highest losses. Our methodology and analysis findings can provide infrastructure managers and decision makers with evidence for prioritizing investments for network resilience. Practical Applications: Rail networks are complex systems that can be disrupted by weather conditions, including floods and storms. This paper develops a system modeling methodology to identify flood risk to the rail network in Great Britain. The systems analysis has identified the railway assets that are most exposed to flooding and the potential impacts of their failure. We show that the risk is consequence of a combination of factors, including the rail asset reliability, the intensity of rail usage, and the network structure. The method will enable better prioritization of actions to enhance the resilience of railway systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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6. Past and Future Storm-Driven Changes to a Dynamic Sandy Barrier System: Outer Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
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Harrington, Daniel J., Walsh, John P., Grilli, Annette R., Ginis, Isaac, Crowley, Deborah, Grilli, Stephan T., Damon, Christopher, Duhaime, Roland, Stempel, Peter, and Rubinoff, Pam
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BEACH erosion ,STORMS ,ABSOLUTE sea level change ,DIGITAL elevation models ,STORM surges - Abstract
Sandy barrier systems are highly dynamic, with the most significant natural morphological changes to these systems occurring during high-energy storm conditions. These systems provide a range of economic and ecosystem benefits and protect inland areas from flooding and storm impacts, but the persistence of many coastal barriers is threatened by storms and sea-level rise (SLR). This study employed observations and modeling to examine recent and potential future influences of storms on a sandy coastal barrier system in Nauset Beach, MA. Drone-derived imagery and digital elevation models (DEMs) of the study area collected throughout the 2023–2024 winter revealed significant alongshore variability in the geomorphic response to storms. Severe, highly localized erosion (i.e., an erosional "hotspot") occurred immediately south of the Nauset Bay spit as the result of a group of storms in December and January. Modeling results demonstrated that the location of the hotspot was largely controlled by the location of a break in a nearshore sandbar system, which induced larger waves and stronger currents that affected the foreshore, backshore and dune. Additionally, model simulations of the December and January storms assuming 0.3 m (1 ft) of SLR showed the system to be relatively resistant to major geomorphic changes in response to an isolated storm event, but more susceptible to significant overwash and breaching in response to consecutive storms. This research suggests that both very strong isolated storm events and sequential moderate storms pose an enhanced risk of major overwash, breaching, and possibly inlet formation today and into the future, raising concern for adjacent communities and resource managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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7. Reconstruction of long-term hourly sea level data for Prince Edward Island, Canada.
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Pang, Tianze, Wang, Xiuquan, Mahmood, Muhammad Qasim, and Basheer, Sana
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CLIMATE change adaptation ,COASTAL changes ,CANADIAN history ,SEA level ,HISTORICAL source material ,STORM surges - Abstract
Regional sea level rise has been regarded a key factor in understanding of climate change impact to coastal communities. As a vulnerable island to sea level rise and storm surges, the province of Prince Edward Island (PEI) in Canada lacks sufficient long-term island-wide historic record of sea level data. This has become a major challenge for further studies on coastal environments and climate change adaptation. To overcome this limitation, here we reconstruct a long-term hourly sea level dataset using the existing long-term records of limited permanent tide stations and short-term records of widely-distributed temporary stations. With comprehensive statistical analysis and modeling, the historical sea level records furthest between 1911 and 2023 are reconstructed with an hourly time step. This new dataset significantly extends the availability of long-term sea level data along with the shoreline of PEI, which can be used for further studies on coastal change assessment and coastal hazard adaptation in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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8. A New Global Mangrove Height Map with a 12 meter spatial resolution.
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Simard, Marc, Fatoyinbo, Lola, Thomas, Nathan M., Stovall, Atticus E., Parra, Adriana, Barenblitt, Abigail, Bunting, Pete, and Hajnsek, Irena
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CLIMATE change adaptation ,MANGROVE forests ,CARBON sequestration ,STORM surges ,FOOD chains - Abstract
Mangrove forests thrive along global tropical coasts, acting as a barrier that protects coastlines against storm surges and as nurseries for an entire food web. They are also known for their high carbon sequestration rates and soil carbon stocks. We introduce a new global mangrove canopy height map generated from TanDEM-X spaceborne elevation measurements collected during the 2011–2013 period with a 12-meter spatial resolution and an accuracy of 2.4 meters (RMSE). Height was calibrated and validated using GEDI mission data and independently verified with airborne Lidar. The tallest mangrove stands reach nearly 60 meters in Colombia and Gabon, and potentially other countries. The map captures a broader range of canopy heights with finer spatial details than other available global products that use optical imagery. This new global mangrove height dataset can aid in evaluating mangrove ecosystem services at local and regional scales, improving our understanding of factors controlling mangrove structure, and supporting conservation, climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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9. River and sea: foraging range of freshwater and marine Common Terns.
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Kralj, Jelena, Pavlinec, Željko, Jurinović, Luka, Barišić, Sanja, Martinović, Miloš, Meštrović, Luka, Laušić, Maja Bjelić, Ćiković, Davor, Tutiš, Vesna, Lončar, Veronika, and Galov, Ana
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SEA birds , *STORM surges , *ENVIRONMENTAL sciences , *ENVIRONMENTAL management , *LIFE sciences , *TERNS - Abstract
The foraging ranges of breeding seabirds differ between species and colonies, depending on species locomotion traits, food availability, environmental characteristics, and social factors. The Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) is a generalist seabird that breeds and forages in a wide variety of habitats in both freshwater and marine environments. Using GPS loggers, we compared the foraging range, foraging patterns, and the colony attendance of Common Terns from freshwater and marine colonies during the incubation and chick-rearing periods. Common Terns from freshwater colonies foraged at lower distances from colonies and had higher daily colony attendance than conspecifics from marine colonies in the Adriatic Sea. Maximum distance to the colony and 50% and 95% utilisation distributions were higher during the chick-rearing phase. Colony attendance was higher during the incubation and among females. Compared to freshwater terns, marine birds foraged later in the evening. Freshwater terns mainly foraged along rivers but also visited smaller lakes. Terns from marine populations were not recorded to forage in freshwater sites within the foraging range. Tracking studies with finer temporal scale and detailed spatio-temporal data on wind and tide dynamics are needed to understand environmental factors affecting foraging dynamics of Common Terns in the Adriatic Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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10. Preserving History: Assessments and Climate Adaptations at the House of the Seven Gables in Salem, Massachusetts, USA.
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Wright, Paul, Baker, Susan, and Young, Stephen S.
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COASTAL zone management , *HISTORIC buildings , *HISTORIC sites , *CITIES & towns , *GROUNDWATER monitoring , *STORM surges - Abstract
Salem, Massachusetts, is one of the oldest cities in the United States (1629) and its coastal location on the Atlantic helped create one of the wealthiest cities in America during the late 18th century, but today its coastal location threatens many of its buildings due to sea level rise and increased storm activity. The House of the Seven Gables, a National Historic Landmark District, consists of five important historic buildings, the most famous being The Turner Ingersoll Mansion (1668), more commonly known as The House of the Seven Gables. Considered one of the most important houses in America, it is also one of the most threatened historic buildings due to its location on Salem's harbor. The House of the Seven Gables conducted a two-year study funded by Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management to evaluate the risks posed by climate change. This process included the use of data from groundwater monitoring wells and a tidal gauge installed on-site, along with soil samples and a detailed survey base plan including topography and subsurface infrastructure. The project team then used the Massachusetts Coastal Flood Risk Model (MC-FRM) to assess climate change impacts on the site in 2030, 2050, and 2070, and then created a plan for adaptations that should be implemented before those risks materialize. Strategies for adapting to storm surges, increasing groundwater, and intense surface water runoff were evaluated for their effectiveness and appropriateness for the historic site. The conclusion of the study resulted in a five-phase plan ending in the managed retreat of the historic buildings to higher ground on the existing site. This article goes beyond other research that suggests coastal retreats by demonstrating how to quantitatively evaluate current and future coastal issues with predictive models and how to set viable dates for adaptive solutions and a managed retreat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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11. Medieval Overexploitation of Peat Triggered Large-Scale Drowning and Permanent Land Loss in Coastal North Frisia (Wadden Sea Region, Germany).
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Hadler, Hanna, Reiß, Antonia, Willershäuser, Timo, Wilken, Dennis, Blankenfeldt, Ruth, Majchczack, Bente, Klooß, Stefanie, Ickerodt, Ulf, and Vött, Andreas
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COASTAL changes , *STORM surges , *RADIOCARBON dating , *CULTURAL landscapes , *AGRICULTURE - Abstract
Along the southern North Sea coast from the Netherlands to Denmark, human cultivation efforts have created a unique cultural landscape. Since the Middle Ages, these interactions between humans and natural forces have induced major coastal changes. In North Frisia (Germany), storm floods in 1362 AD and 1634 AD turned wide areas of embanked cultural land into tidal flats. Systematic geoarchaeological investigations between Nordstrand and Hallig Südfall comprise coring, trenching, sedimentary, geochemical and microfaunal palaeoenvironmental parameter analyses and radiocarbon dating. Together with geophysical prospection results and archaeological surveys, they give insights into the landscape's development and causes for land losses. Results reveal that fens and bogs dominated from c. 800 BC to 1000 AD but are mostly missing in the stratigraphy. Instead, we found 12th to 14th cent. AD settlement remains directly on top of a pre-800 BC fossil marsh. This hiatus of c. 2000 years combined with local 'Hufen' settlements implies an extensive removal of peat during cultivation eventually resulting in the use of underlying marshland for agricultural purposes. Fifteenth cent. AD tidal flat deposits on top of the cultivated marsh prove that human impact lowered the ground surface below the mean high water of that time, clearly increasing the coastal vulnerability. We consider these intensive human–environment interactions as a decisive trigger for the massive loss of land and establishment of the tidal flats in North Frisia that are currently part of the UNESCO World Heritage "Wadden Sea". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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12. Application of UAV-SfM Photogrammetry to Monitor Deformations of Coastal Defense Structures.
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García-López, Santiago, Vélez-Nicolás, Mercedes, Ruiz-Ortiz, Verónica, Zarandona-Palacio, Pedro, Contreras-de-Villar, Antonio, Contreras-de-Villar, Francisco, and Muñoz-Pérez, Juan José
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DIGITAL elevation models , *STORM surges , *DYNAMIC loads , *STRUCTURAL stability , *DEFORMATIONS (Mechanics) , *LITTORAL drift - Abstract
Coastal defense has traditionally relied on hard infrastructures like breakwaters, dykes, and groins to protect harbors, settlements, and beaches from the impacts of longshore drift and storm waves. The prolonged exposure to wave erosion and dynamic loads of different nature can result in damage, deformation, and eventual failure of these infrastructures, entailing severe economic and environmental losses. Periodic post-construction monitoring is crucial to identify shape changes, ensure the structure's stability, and implement maintenance works as required. This paper evaluates the performance and quality of the restitution products obtained from the application of UAV photogrammetry to the longest breakwater in the province of Cádiz, southern Spain. The photogrammetric outputs, an orthomosaic and a Digital Surface Model (DSM), were validated with in situ RTK-GPS measurements, displaying excellent planimetric accuracy (RMSE 0.043 m and 0.023 m in X and Y, respectively) and adequate altimetric accuracy (0.100 m in Z). In addition, the average enveloping surface inferred from the DSM allowed quantification of the deformation of the breakwater and defining of the deformation mechanisms. UAV photogrammetry has proved to be a suitable and efficient technique to complement traditional monitoring surveys and to provide insights into the deformation mechanisms of coastal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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13. Weatherwatch: September 2024.
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Rippey, Brad, Thoman, Richard, Stuefer, Martin, Moore, Blake, Grimes, Jason, Hartl, Lea, and Halverson, Jeffrey B.
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FREEZES (Meteorology) , *ATMOSPHERIC pressure , *STORMS , *HOT weather conditions , *RAINFALL , *STORM surges - Abstract
The text provides a detailed overview of the weather events that occurred in September and October 2024 across various regions in the United States. It highlights extreme weather conditions such as hurricanes, heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, and record-breaking temperatures and precipitation levels. The devastating impacts of hurricanes Helene and Milton, along with the historical context of these events, are discussed. Additionally, the text includes information on the weather patterns in Alaska during the same period, emphasizing significant storms, coastal flooding, and snowfall events. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2025
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14. Regional Storm Surge Forecast Method Based on a Neural Network and the Coupled ADCIRC-SWAN Model.
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Sun, Yuan, Hu, Po, Li, Shuiqing, Mo, Dongxue, and Hou, Yijun
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STORM surges , *TYPHOONS , *CIVIL engineering , *EARTH sciences , *DATABASES , *CIVIL engineers - Abstract
Timely and accurate forecasting of storm surges can effectively prevent typhoon storm surges from causing large economic losses and casualties in coastal areas. At present, numerical model forecasting consumes too many resources and takes too long to compute, while neural network forecasting lacks regional data to train regional forecasting models. In this study, we used the DUAL wind model to build typhoon wind fields, and constructed a typhoon database of 75 processes in the northern South China Sea using the coupled Advanced Circulation–Simulating Waves Nearshore (ADCIRC-SWAN) model. Then, a neural network with a Res-U-Net structure was trained using the typhoon database to forecast the typhoon processes in the validation dataset, and an excellent storm surge forecasting effect was achieved in the Pearl River Estuary region. The storm surge forecasting effect of stronger typhoons was improved by adding a branch structure and transfer learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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15. Short- and Long-Term Risks of Back Beach Development along the California Coast.
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Griggs, Gary B. and Battalio, Bob
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BEACH nourishment , *STORM damage , *STORM surges , *WORLD War II , *WINTER storms ,EL Nino - Abstract
Griggs, G.B. and Battalio, B., 2025. Short- and long-term risks of back beach development along the California coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 41(1), 146–179. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. California's beaches in their natural, predevelopment state, like all beaches, would narrow under the impact of winter storm waves and then widen again the following spring and summer. Between the mid-1940s and 1978, the coast of California experienced a cooler and generally calmer Pacific Decadal Oscillation cycle with generally milder and less frequent El Niño events and little coastal storm damage. This was also the period following World War II when California's population grew rapidly, and the landward portions of a number of California's once wide beaches were developed with private homes, commercial establishments, and also public infrastructure during times when these beaches were wide and inviting. In recent decades, however, this development has been repeatedly impacted by short-term extreme events, typically very large waves arriving simultaneously with extreme high tides, often during major El Niño events, which further elevate water levels. Reduction of sand supplies and fluctuations and changes in the wave climate have also been factors in these impacts to shoreline development. Over the long term, rising sea levels will increasingly add to the shoreline challenges facing both private development and public infrastructure. Realistic solutions or responses are limited, however, and include armor and repeated beach nourishment. These are expensive and will only be effective over a few decades at best. Climate change is real, it's now, and it's everywhere. While homeowners understandably are not interested in managed retreat, if not managed, then it will be unmanaged. Each of the state's oceanfront communities where back beach development is being threatened or has been damaged or destroyed needs to identify their most vulnerable assets or development and, using California's most up-to-date assessment of future sea levels and short-term extreme events, plan for the future when maintaining or protecting these areas will no longer be feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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16. Transformations in Flow Characteristics and Fluid Force Reduction with Respect to the Vegetation Type and Its Installation Position Downstream of an Embankment.
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Rashedunnabi, A H M, Tanaka, Norio, and Rahman, Md Abedur
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HYDRAULIC jump ,SENDAI Earthquake, Japan, 2011 ,STORM surges ,FLUID flow ,HYDRAULIC fluids - Abstract
Compound mitigation systems, integrations of natural and engineering structures against the high inundating current from tsunamis or storm surges, have garnered significant interest among researchers, especially following the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in 2011. Understanding the complex flow phenomena is essential for the resilience of the mitigation structures and effective energy reduction. This study conducted a flume experiment to clarify flow characteristics and fluid force dissipation in a compound defense system. Vegetation models (V) with different porosities (Φ) were placed at three different positions downstream of an embankment model (E). A single-layer emergent vegetation model was considered, and a short-layer vegetation with several values of Φ was incorporated to increase its density (decreased Φ). Depending on Φ and the spacing (S) between the E and V, hydraulic jumps occurred in the physical system. The findings demonstrated that a rise in S allowed a hydraulic jump to develop inside the system and contributed to reducing the fluid force in front and downstream of V. Due to the reduced porosity of the double-layer vegetation, the hydraulic jump moved upstream and terminated within the system, resulting in a uniform water surface upstream of V and downstream of the system. As a result, the fluid force in front of and behind V reduced remarkably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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17. Enhancing Tropical Cyclone Risk Assessments: A Multi-Hazard Approach for Queensland, Australia and Viti Levu, Fiji.
- Author
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Nguyen, Jane, Kaspi, Michael, Berman, Kade, Do, Cameron, Watkins, Andrew B., and Kuleshov, Yuriy
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MACHINE learning ,FLOOD risk ,TROPICAL cyclones ,TROPICAL storms ,RANDOM forest algorithms ,STORM surges - Abstract
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are natural hazards causing extensive damage to society, infrastructure, and the natural environment. Due to the multi-hazardous nature of TCs, comprehensive risk assessments are essential to understanding how to better prepare for potential impacts. This study develops an integrated methodology for TC multi-hazard risk assessment that utilises the following individual assessments of key TC risk components: a variable enhanced bathtub model (VeBTM) for storm surge-driven hazards, a random forest (RF) machine learning model for rainfall-induced flooding, and indicator-based indices for exposure and vulnerability assessments. To evaluate the methodology, the regions affected by TC Debbie (2017) for Queensland and TC Winston (2016) for Fiji's main island of Viti Levu were used as proof-of-concept case studies. The results showed that areas with the highest risk of TC impacts were close to waterbodies, such as at the coastline and along riverine areas. For the Queensland study region, coastal populated areas showed levels of "high", "very high", and "extreme" risk, specifically in Bowen and East Mackay, driven by the social and infrastructural domains of TC risk components. For Viti Levu, areas classified with an "extreme" risk to TCs are primarily areas that experienced coastal inundation, with Lautoka and Vuda found to be especially at risk to TCs. Additionally, the Fiji case study was validated using post-disaster damage data, and a statistically significant correlation of 0.40 between TC Winston-attributed damage and each tikina's overall risk was identified. Ultimately, this study serves as a prospective framework for assessing TC risk, capable of producing results that can assist decision-makers in developing targeted TC risk management and resilience strategies for disaster risk reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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18. Sedimentary Signatures of Super Typhoon Haiyan: Insight from Core Record in South China Sea.
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Chen, Yu-Huang, Su, Chih-Chieh, Yu, Pai-Sen, Hsu, Ta-Wei, Hsu, Sheng-Ting, Juan, Hsing-Chien, Chang, Yuan-Pin, Ma, Yu-Fang, and Chiu, Shye-Donq
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SUBMARINE valleys ,SUSPENDED sediments ,NATURAL disasters ,SOIL composition ,STORM surges ,TYPHOONS - Abstract
Sedimentary records of event deposits are crucial for regional natural disaster risk assessments and hazard history reconstructions. After Super Typhoon Haiyan passed through the South China Sea in 2013, five gravity cores were collected along the typhoon path in the southern South China Sea basin (>3800 mbsl). The results showed that Super Typhoon Haiyan deposits with clear graded bedding are preserved at the top of all cores. The thickness of the typhoon layers ranges from 20 to 240 cm and is related to changes in typhoon intensity. The lack of river-connected submarine canyon systems limited the transportation of terrestrial sediments from land to sea. Super Typhoon Haiyan-induced large surface waves played an important role in carrying suspended sediment from the Philippines. The Mn-rich layers at the bottom of the typhoon layers may be related to the soil and rock composition of the Palawan region, which experienced tsunami-like storm surges caused by Super Typhoon Haiyan. These Mn-rich layers may serve as a proxy for sediment export from large-scale extreme terrigenous events. This study provides the first sedimentary record of extreme typhoon events in the deep ocean, which may shed light on reconstructing regional hazard history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
- Full Text
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19. Effect of Nonlinear Factors on Typhoon-Induced Storm Surges.
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Chen, Fanjun, Ding, Kaixuan, and Sun, Zhilin
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THUNDERSTORMS ,FLOW velocity ,DECISION trees ,SHEARING force ,STORM surges ,PREDICTION models ,TYPHOONS - Abstract
This study employs the Delft3D numerical model to elucidate nonlinear interactions in velocity dynamics across four key marine regions during typhoon-induced storm surges (Typhoon In-fa, No. 2106). To address gaps in understanding how typhoon winds drive storm surges, this study aims to analyze the relative contributions of bottom friction, wind stress, and convective terms to storm surge dynamics, providing insights for predictive modeling and marine hazard mitigation. Introducing a novel metric, the "Flow Velocity Nonlinear Coupling Proportion" ("FVNCP", abbreviated as "NCP"), this research quantifies the interactive effects of storm surge flow velocity by dissecting the contributions of bottom friction, wind stress, and the convective term. Through decision tree modeling, wind stress emerges as the primary driver of NCP in open sea and sheltered areas, with peak values reaching 1.50 × 10
−4 and 2.14 × 10−4 m/s2 , respectively. In contrast, the convective term dominates the strait and bypassing regions, exhibiting maximum impacts of 3.21 × 10−4 and 2.94 × 10−4 m/s2 , while bottom friction's influence is consistently minor across all regions. Wind stress contributes the most to NCP in open waters, at an average of 48.28%, while the convective term exerts a comparable 38.85% effect. In confined areas like the strait and bypassing regions, the convective term accounts for 40–44% of the NCP, with wind stress contributing 32–39%. The role of bottom friction is the least among the three factors though its impact intensifies in shallower zones. These findings offer critical insights for advancing predictive models and informing strategies to mitigate typhoon-driven marine hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2025
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20. The Response of Small Watershed Storm Floods to Climate Change.
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Qian, Jing-Lin, Wu, Yun-Xin, and Zhang, Qi-Ting
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RANDOM forest algorithms ,CLIMATE extremes ,STORM surges ,K-means clustering ,CLIMATE change - Abstract
This study utilizes historical monitoring data from the Xu Fan small watershed spanning 1962 to 2021 and employs the K-means clustering algorithm to classify extreme rainfall events into three distinct categories: short-duration high-intensity rainfall, sustained moderate-intensity rainfall, and long-duration heavy rainfall. Through the application of the Random Forest model, key factors influencing flood characteristics are identified, including total rainfall, maximum rainfall intensity, the timing of maximum intensity, and rainfall duration. The comparative analysis of data before and after 1990 highlights that climate change has led to increased maximum rainfall intensity, reduced rainfall duration, and shifts in the temporal distribution of rainfall, thereby exerting a significant influence on the flood generation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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21. Evolution of beach profiles at the German Baltic Sea during and after large-scale beach nourishment: bar formation and sand redistribution.
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Tiede, Jan, Jordan, Christian, Siewert, Marcus, Sommermeier, Knut, and Schlurmann, Torsten
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COASTS ,BEACH nourishment ,DRONE aircraft ,STORM surges ,SAND bars - Abstract
Coastal zones, critical for their ecological and economic significance, are increasingly vulnerable to storm surges, sea-level rise, and land subsidence. Traditional defense mechanisms, such as dikes and seawalls, are often costly and environmentally taxing. This research highlights how beach and dune systems, key components of coastal protection in the Baltic Sea region, evolve following sand nourishment. Dunes, sustained by periodic sand replenishments, play a critical role in shielding the coast from storm surges, high water levels, and erosion. High-resolution data from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle surveys, alongside terrestrial field observations, provide insights into the morphological changes post-nourishment, including the formation and dynamics of sandbars. Additionally, we demonstrate how UAV photogrammetry can achieve significantly improved change detection through advanced co-alignment techniques, resulting in enhanced precision and reliability of the data. The study underscores the importance of dunes and sandbars in mitigating erosion and advocates for their continued inclusion in coastal protection strategies. The results emphasize the need for long-term monitoring and adaptive management to optimize nourishment effectiveness, supporting sustainable coastal development and resilience against future challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2025
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22. A novel comprehensive system for analyzing and evaluating storm surge disaster chains based on complex networks.
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Guo, Hongbo, Huang, Chong, Zhang, Caixia, and Shao, Qinglong
- Subjects
EMERGENCY management ,DISASTER relief ,BAYESIAN analysis ,HAZARD mitigation ,GLOBAL warming ,STORM surges - Abstract
Against the backdrop of global warming and rising sea levels, storm surge disasters occur frequently, often forming complex chains of events that lead to severe crises. However, systematic research on storm surge disaster chains is scarce. To characterize these chains, this research proposes a storm surge disaster chain analysis system based on complex networks and Bayesian networks. The system consists of three modules: evaluation, prediction, and measurement. The evaluation module uses a complex network model to quantitatively analyze the vulnerability, key nodes, and critical transmission paths of the disaster chain complex network. The prediction module establishes a Bayesian network-based model to forecast the complex network evolution process, forecasting the occurrence probability and loss scenarios of the disaster events. The measurement module measures and calculates the chain effect based on the dependence relationship and loss degree of the disaster event loss scenario. The results elucidate that most key nodes are primary and secondary disasters such as seawater flooding, flooding, dam damage, rainstorm, and house damage. Meanwhile, edges such as the sea wave–seawater flooding and house damage–human casualties have a critical impact on the storm surge disaster chain complex network. Key evolutionary paths such as strong winds–human casualties and over-warning tide level–social influence need to be focused on. Disaster reduction strategies such as maintaining dams, reinforcing houses, and removing disaster-bearing body can effectively break the chain and mitigate disasters. This research has a reference value for the scientific understanding of storm surge disaster chains and can serve as a scientific basis for comprehensive disaster reduction, disaster preparedness, and disaster relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2025
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Exchange flow in a highly stratified fjord in drought conditions.
- Author
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Pinilla, Elias, Ross, Lauren, and Pérez-Santos, Iván
- Subjects
ALGAL blooms ,STORM surges ,ECOSYSTEM dynamics ,STRATIFIED flow ,FJORDS - Abstract
Fjords are known for their biodiversity and abundant aquaculture resources. However, climate and anthropogenic pressures are altering fjord biological, physical, and chemical processes that will undoubtedly change the ecosystem as a whole. To investigate the impact of climate change on fjord functioning, this study examines the impacts of drought conditions on the physical dynamics and salinity variations in a fjord known for its bolstering aquaculture industry in Northern Chilean Patagonia, the Reloncaví Fjord (41.5° S). Using a high-resolution hydrodynamic model and the Total Exchange Flow (TEF) framework, we analyzed the impacts of river discharge, tides, and wind during a dry year (2016) and a typical year (2018). In 2016, reduced freshwater input decreased exchange flow and increased salinity compared to 2018. In 2018, river discharge dominated TEF variability (74%), while tides and wind contributed 17% and 9%, respectively. In summer 2016, tidal and wind influences rose to 21% and 16%, highlighting their role under low freshwater conditions. Increased wind facilitated destratification, mixing high-salinity subsurface waters with fresh surface layers, affecting ecosystem dynamics. From these results we developed a method to predict long-term stratification variability (1980–2021), identifying critical ecological shifts. Logistic regression models showed significant links between stratification levels and harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Pseudchatonella spp. and Alexandrium catenella. Lower stratification was linked to higher Pseudchatonella spp. HABs in summer, while higher stratification correlated with Alexandrium catenella blooms in spring, tied to increased river discharge. These results suggest that severe HAB events in Northern Patagonia may become more frequent with climate change, underscoring the need to consider local environmental dynamics and stratification in HAB studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Achieving sustainable environment through climate smart irrigation management: a call from an emerging economy.
- Author
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Wang, Jianhui, Naseem, Warda, Muneer, Saqib, Bhatti, Saad Mahmood, Butt, Rehan Sohail, and Naveed, Rana Tahir
- Subjects
CLIMATE change mitigation ,CLIMATE change ,IRRIGATION management ,STORM surges ,ENVIRONMENTAL degradation - Abstract
South Asia, the home of 23% population of the world, is adversely affected by climate change, global warming, floods, hurricanes and heat waves. Pakistan, as a member country of South Asia, is the 5th country in the world which is most vulnerable to climatic changes. The country has faced many challenges including deaths of 9989 individuals, economic loss of worth $ 3.8 billion, and more than 150 unexpected weathers during last two decades. Global climate index also mentioned that Pakistan's vulnerability to climate change will rise even further in coming years. Pollution from agriculture sector is believed to be the largest significant contributor for this situation that accounts for 41% of total pollution. The above stats paint a bleak picture of future for the country and calls for emergency measures, to be taken on war like footings, if future climatic impact is to be minimized. With this background, we argue that climate smart agriculture (CSA) may be a strategic option that can help the country for improving agricultural productivity and income, as well as building resilience to climate change and environmental management. The present research study highlights the importance of CSA in the context of an emerging economy like Pakistan and suggests some strategic considerations for policy makers in order to improve the current environmental situation, mainly caused by widespread pollution in the country. Highlights: This study highlights CSA as a key solution for boosting agriculture and climate resilience in Pakistan. This study links CSA adoption in Pakistan to global climate goals and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. This study provides short- and long-term strategies for CSA adoption to guide policymakers on key actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Non-linear surges and extreme wind-waves in Port Phillip Bay under existing and future mean sea levels.
- Author
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Tran, Huy Quang, Ayala Cruz, Franklin, McCarroll, Jak, and Babanin, Alexander
- Subjects
SEA level ,WATER waves ,NONLINEAR waves ,EXTREME value theory ,WATER depth - Abstract
Introduction: This study investigates non-linear surges and extreme wind-wave patterns in Port Phillip Bay (PPB), Victoria, Australia, under both current and projected mean sea level (MSL) scenarios. The research aims to understand the potential impacts of increasing MSL on extreme surges and wind-waves, utilising a combined wave-circulation modelling system (SCHISM-WWMIII). Methods: This validated coupled model was employed to simulate 32 years of hindcasts (1990-2022) applied to five distinct MSL scenarios: existing, 0.5 m, 0.8 m, 1.1 m, and 1.4 m. Modelled data were extracted from 24 different stations in the bay at a depth of 2 m to analyse the impacts of increasing MSL on extreme surges and wind-waves. Results: Under the current scenario, the results indicate that both surges and wave patterns are significantly influenced by seasonal wind patterns. In the context of rising MSL, the research reveals that while surges exhibit a degree of resilience to changes in MSL, the wave field is more vulnerable to such variations. The non-linear response of the wave field to increasing MSL further complicates the scenario. For instance, there is an unequal response in the median of the annual maximum significant wave height (Hs) corresponding to the rising MSL from 0 m to 0.5 m and from 0.5 m to 0.8 m, which is expected due to wave breaking triggered by changes in water depth. Specifically, the median annual maximum Hs at 12 locations remains unchanged when MSL increases from 0 m to 0.5 m. However, increasing MSL from 0.5 m to 0.8 m increases the median annual maximum Hs by up to 0.36 m, accounting for 70% of the total increase in the median annual maximum Hs when MSL rises from 0 m to 1.4 m at the same locations. Discussion: The study found that intensification in the median of annual maximum Hs occurs only in locations where the values exceed 1.0 m. This suggests that areas with higher extreme Hs values are more prone to experiencing significant variations. In contrast, stations with a median annual maximum Hs below the 1.0 m threshold exhibit only minor increases in the annual maximum Hs. These findings highlight the complex and non-linear nature of the wave field's response to rising MSL and emphasise the importance of considering local conditions when assessing the impacts of sea level rise on coastal regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Editorial: Adapting and building local resilience to sea level rise impacts on coastlines.
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Brown, Sally, Heck, Nadine, Kebede, Abiy S., Rezaie, Ali Mohammad, Selim, Samiya A., and Narayan, Siddharth
- Subjects
DEVELOPING countries ,CLIMATE justice ,ABSOLUTE sea level change ,CONSCIOUSNESS raising ,ENVIRONMENTAL research ,STORM surges - Abstract
The editorial in "Frontiers in Marine Science" pays tribute to the late Dr. Saleemul Huq, a renowned advocate for climate justice and adaptation, particularly in vulnerable regions like Bangladesh. Dr. Huq's work focused on locally led adaptation efforts, community-based adaptation, and establishing funds to support developing nations in addressing climate change impacts. The editorial also highlights research on resilience and adaptation strategies to sea-level rise impacts, emphasizing the importance of balancing both approaches to safeguard against risks effectively. The text underscores the need for education, trust, and community engagement to ensure sustainable solutions and a just transition in the face of climate change challenges. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Inventory of transitions on sea dikes at the German coast: spatial analysis, design and damages.
- Author
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Schulte, Ina, Rodermund, Henrike, Selvam, Harish, Becker, Jessica, Schweiger, Constantin, Schürenkamp, David, Goseberg, Nils, and Schüttrumpf, Holger
- Subjects
FLOOD damage ,STORM surges ,REMOTE-sensing images ,INFORMATION design ,EROSION - Abstract
German coastal areas are often protected from flood events by a primary sea dike line of more than 1,200 km. Many transition areas, such as the change of surface covering materials and other dike elements such as stairs, fences, or ramps at intermittent locations, characterize the stretch of this sea dike line. During storm surges and wave overtopping, the onset of damage, especially dike cover erosion, is often initiated at these transitions due to locally disturbed flow characteristics, increased loads, and reduced strength at the interface. An in-depth understanding of damage initiation and building stock conditions along coastlines as a foundational element of a flood cycle is essential in order to accurately assess existing defense structures, both deterministically and probabilistically. Thus, the present study is motivated to examine the variety of transition areas on the sea dikes along the German coasts, for further assessment of probability of their damage and failure. A novel remote inventory was elaborated manually, based on satellite images for a length of 998 km along the German North Sea and 123 km along the German Baltic Sea coast and estuaries, and it shows the spatial distribution and frequency of such transitions on sea dikes. During additional on-site investigations at different locations at the coast, detailed information about design variants of dike elements as well as damage to transitions were recorded and reported systematically. The results of the on-site investigations allow the development of a damage catalog in relation to transitions and the validation and verification of the remote inventory. By categorizing and spatially analyzing a large number of transitions (n ≈ 18,300) and damages along the coast, particularly vulnerable transitions and hot spots of loading can be further investigated regarding the flow-structure-soil interaction. Through this, structural layouts and material combinations can be optimized for the design of sea dikes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Non-uniform cumulative responses of beach sedimentary geomorphology to consecutive storms around a meso-macro tidal island.
- Author
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Zhang, Daheng, Guo, Junli, Shi, Lianqiang, Chen, Wei, Kuang, Cuiping, and Xia, Xiaoming
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COASTS ,CORAL reefs & islands ,SEDIMENT transport ,STORM surges ,CORALS ,TYPHOONS ,GEOMORPHOLOGY - Abstract
The response of beach sedimentary geomorphology to consecutive storms is a complex process, especially for beaches surrounding an island. Variations in coastal sedimentary landforms, dynamic environments and levels of development and utilization lead to non-uniformity in storm response, which may become more pronounced when influenced by continuous storms. This study focuses on the beaches around Weizhou Island to investigate this non-uniformity. Based on the topographic, surface sediment and hydrodynamic data collected on site before and after the consecutive typhoons (Typhoons Lionrock and Kompasu), the study examines the characteristics of beach geomorphology and surface sediment. The results show significant differences in the geomorphological responses between the four zones along the island. On the plane, the deposition degree of Zone I beach gradually weakened from west to east, and most areas of Zone III beach appeared in an alternating state of erosion and deposition. The beaches of Zone II and Zone IV showed the characteristics of dramatic changes in the northern and central beaches and relatively stable in the southern beaches. On the profile, the beach deformation area mainly occurs in the middle and upper parts of foreshore and berm. The response intensity of beaches in zone I is the weakest, the response intensity of beaches in zone III is the most intense, and the response intensity of beaches in zone II and zone IV is relatively close. However, the performance of beach sediments in different regions before and after continuous typhoons is less different. Except that the beach sediments in Zone I were mainly refined, the beach sediments in other zones of Weizhou Island were relatively coarse, and the sediments in the middle and upper parts of the foreshore were the coarsest, with the sorting being the worst. The different combinations of incident waves and storm surges during the typhoons are the primary factors that lead to various geomorphological responses in different zones. The antecedent beach status, distributions of rock and coral reefs, and anthropogenic activities further exacerbate these differences. This work can provide reference for island beach protection and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Recurrence of Storm Waves in the Sea of Azov according to Modeling.
- Author
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Myslenkov, S. A. and Arkhipkin, V. S.
- Subjects
- *
OCEAN waves , *SEA ice , *STORM surges , *EARTH sciences , *OCEAN conditions (Weather) - Abstract
The storm activity in the Sea of Azov from 1982 to 2020 is analyzed. The data on the wind wave parameters have been obtained using the WAVEWATCH III model and NCEP/CFSR/CFSv2 reanalysis. The ESA SST CCI and C3S analysis was chosen as a source of data on sea ice concentration. The calculations were performed on an unstructured computational grid with a spatial resolution of 3–5 km for the open part of the Sea of Azov and 200–400 m along the coast. Analysis of the frequency of storm waves with a height of 2–3 m has been carried out. An average significant wave height equal to 0.6–0.65 m is observed in the center of the sea. The maximum significant wave height for the entire simulation period is 3.42 m. A significant negative trend has been found for storms with the wave height above 2 m. A positive significant trend has been revealed for the average annual wave height in the western part of the sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Advances in Air–Sea Interactions, Climate Variability, and Predictability.
- Author
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Zhang, Wei, Yao, Yulong, Chan, Duo, and Feng, Jie
- Subjects
- *
EXTREME weather , *MESOSCALE convective complexes , *WEATHER , *ATMOSPHERIC models , *ATMOSPHERIC circulation , *TROPICAL cyclones , *STORM surges - Abstract
The document "Advances in Air–Sea Interactions, Climate Variability, and Predictability" explores the complex interactions between the atmosphere and ocean, impacting weather and climate variability. Recent research highlights advancements in observational technology and modeling techniques, improving predictions of climate variability and extreme weather events. Articles within the document delve into topics such as the predictability of climate patterns like the North Atlantic Oscillation, drivers of extreme rainfall, Antarctic sea-ice dynamics, and the impact of wave processes on evaporation ducts. Despite progress, challenges remain in understanding air–sea interactions, emphasizing the need for enhanced observational tools, model resolution, and integration of AI techniques to advance climate research. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. 北黄海辽宁沿海风暴潮增水数值模拟分析.
- Author
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郭凯元, 王煜嘉, 秦梦恩, and 张明亮
- Subjects
- *
WIND speed , *WATER levels , *EXTREME value theory , *TYPHOONS , *STORM surges , *DISASTERS , *OCEAN - Abstract
Based on the FVCOM three-dimensional finite volume ocean model, combined with the Jelesnianski empirical wind field model and ECWMF background wind field superimposition to form a synthetic wind field, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the Liaoning coast of the North Yellow Sea during the transit of Typhoon "Rumbiya" were studied, and the influence of different typhoon parameters such as typhoon track, moving speed, maximum wind radius, central pressure, and maximum wind speed on storm surge in the Northern Yellow Sea was analyzed. The results show that, the extreme storm surges decreases with the westward shift of typhoon track in the study area. With the increase of typhoon moving speed, the extreme storm surges reduces, and the duration of high water level decreases significantly. The extreme storm surges and the duration of high water level increases with the increase of the radius of maximum wind speed. The extreme value of storm surge is positively correlated with the maximum wind speed, and the change of the maximum wind speed has no obvious effect on the duration of high water. The storm surge increases as the central pressure decreases. The study results can provide some reference for storm surge disaster protection along the Liaoning coast of the North Yellow Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Modelling Suitable Layout for a Small Island Harbour: A Case Study of Ruhnu in the Gulf of Riga, Eastern Baltic Sea.
- Author
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Männikus, R., Wang, W. W., Eelsalu, M., Najafzadeh, F., Bihs, H., and Soomere, T.
- Subjects
- *
STORM surges , *WATER levels , *DESIGN protection , *TIME series analysis , *BREAKWATERS - Abstract
We explore the complexity of various drivers and local constraints from the viewpoint of developing a feasible re-design of a small harbour that is affected by ultra-refraction of storm waves. Waves propagating towards the Port of Ruhnu on a small island in the central part of the Gulf of Riga are systematically redirected by underwater features so that saturated waves in virtually all storms propagate almost exactly into the harbour entrance. A new design of the port entrance and associated set of breakwaters is largely steered by the location of the port and options for the fairway into the port. The re-design of the breakwaters and possible relocation of the entrance considers the specific features of the local wind, wave, and water level climate, including period-depending refraction of storm waves. We present systematic analysis of these aspects using recorded and modelled wind and water level time series. Wave properties are reconstructed using the WAVE module (SWAN) of the Delft3D suite forced with ERA5 and local wind information. Phase-resolving modelling of waves (REEF3D software) reveals the presence of a bi-modal wave field in the interior of the port and provides alternatives for the design of effective protection options that suppress single wave components. On many occasions, greatly simplified models and local one-point wind properties provide even better match with recorded wave properties than sophisticated models and global data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Development of an articulated concrete armor unit against high waves and uneven slopes.
- Author
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Wan Hoon Lee, Yeosub Lee, and Changhwan Jang
- Subjects
- *
STORM surges , *REFLECTANCE , *WIRE rope , *HYDRAULIC models - Abstract
In this study, a new articulated concrete armor unit named Couple-Lock, which can be enlarged in size to cope with high waves, is easy to secure binding force between units, and can be applied to various field conditions, was developed. The Couple-Lock consists of two symmetrical blocks. One symmetrical block has four legs installed in all directions on one end of the body. Since two left-right symmetrical blocks are connected with a wire rope and behave, a pair of blocks can be treated as a single block and enabling large size to cope with high waves. Also, the Couple-Lock responds flexibly to topographical changes. In order to examine the hydraulic performance and stability of the developed armor unit, a hydraulic model experiment was conducted. As a result, the average reflection coefficients of ordinary wave and storm wave conditions were calculated as 0.433 and 0.533, respectively. The average transmission coefficients under ordinary wave and storm wave conditions were calculated as 0.046 and 0.147, respectively. Among the 62 storm wave conditions, wave overtopping occurred in 50 storm waves. The stability factor of the Couple-Lock was calculated to be about 18, which is twice of the stability factor of the tetrapod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. A framework for assessing the remaining life of storm surge barriers.
- Author
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Vader, Hidde, Bakker, Alexander M. R., Jonkman, Sebastiaan N., van den Boomen, Martine, van Baaren, Esther, and Diermanse, Ferdinand L. M.
- Subjects
- *
FLOOD control , *HYDRAULIC structures , *SEA level , *FUNCTIONAL status , *CLIMATE change , *STORM surges - Abstract
Over the course of the last century, storm surge barriers have been built in several countries and proven to be successful in preventing flooding. However, the operation, reliability, and remaining life of these structures have come under increased pressure due to changing demands, intensified utilisation, and climate change. Yet, there is relatively little known about how these factors affect the remaining life of storm surge barriers. To address this issue, a framework is presented to assess the impacts of external drivers on the remaining life in a systematic manner. The framework considers both the technical state and functional performance and uses scenarios to evaluate the impact of external drivers. The application of the framework is demonstrated for the Hollandsche IJssel barrier (the Netherlands). The results indicate that sea level rise (SLR) is the dominant physical driver. Even in moderate SLR scenarios, the lifespan of the barrier may end in the 2040s if the functional performance with respect to flood protection and navigation cannot be improved. Ultimately, the study demonstrates how the remaining life of storm surge barriers could be assessed systematically and the impact of external drivers on the remaining life could be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Impacts of an Artificial Sandbar on Wave Transformation and Runup over a Nourished Beach.
- Author
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Kuang, Cuiping, Chen, Liyuan, Han, Xuejian, Wang, Dan, Cao, Deping, and Zou, Qingping
- Subjects
- *
STORM surges , *BEACH nourishment , *GREEN infrastructure , *WAVE energy , *RESTORATION ecology , *COASTAL changes - Abstract
Due to increasing coastal flooding and erosion in changing climate and rising sea level, there is a growing need for coastal protection and ecological restoration. Artificial sandbars have become popular green coastal infrastructure to protect coasts from these natural hazards. To assess the effect of an artificial sandbar on wave transformation over a beach under normal and storm wave conditions, a high-resolution non-hydrostatic model based on XBeach is established at the laboratory scale. Under normal wave conditions, wave energy is mainly concentrated in short wave frequency bands. The wave setup is negligible on the shoreface but becomes more significant over the beach face, and wave nonlinearity increases with decreasing water depth. The artificial sandbar reduces the wave setup by 22% and causes considerable changes in wave skewness, wave asymmetry, and flow velocity. Under storm wave conditions, as the incident wave height increases, the wave energy in the long wave frequency bands rises, while it decreases in the short wave frequency bands. The wave dissipation coefficient of an artificial sandbar increases first and then decreases with increasing incident wave height, and the opposite is true with the transmission coefficient. It features that the effect of an artificial sandbar on wave energy dissipation strengthens first and then weakens with increasing incident wave height. Additionally, an empirical formula for the wave runup was proposed based on the model results of the wave runup for storm wave conditions. The study reveals the complex processes of wave–structure–coast interactions and provides scientific evidence for the design of an artificial sandbar in beach nourishment projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Flood Hazard and Risk in Urban Areas.
- Author
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Santos, Pedro Pinto
- Subjects
- *
FLOOD damage , *WATER management , *EMERGENCY management , *STORM surges , *BEACH erosion , *FLOOD risk - Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. High-resolution simulation of coastal flooding under extreme storm tides and sea level rise: A case study of Macau.
- Author
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Zhuge, Wenxiao, Liu, Xiaodong, Li, Huajun, and Liang, Bingchen
- Subjects
- *
SHALLOW-water equations , *FLOOD risk , *FINITE difference method , *WATER depth , *WATER levels , *STORM surges - Abstract
In the face of climate change, coastal cities are challenged with growing risks from rising sea levels and intensified storm surges which could turn urban areas into temporary waterways. To address this, our study developed a high-resolution coastal urban flood model, OUC-CUFM (Ocean University of China – Coastal Urban Flood Model), designed to help municipal governments make precise coastal flood forecasts and reduce potential threats to people and property. This model is based on two-dimensional nonlinear Navier–Stokes shallow water equations, incorporating factors like local acceleration, convection, bottom friction, wind stress, and shallow water effects. Using the finite difference method with upwind spatial discretization and a leapfrog time scheme, it can simulate detailed street-level water flow interactions with buildings. In a case study on Macau, we used a 5-m resolution digital elevation model to simulate storm tide flooding from Typhoons Hato (2017) and Mangkhut (2018), with the former for model calibration and the later for validation. Comparisons between simulated and observed water levels showed that the model accurately captured storm water arrival, overtopping, and flood extent and depth. The model also projected flood changes under sea level rise (SLR) scenarios of 0.5 m (by 2070) and 1.0 m (by 2100) for Typhoon Hato, indicating that such SLRs would significantly increase storm-induced flood depth and extent. This model serves as a valuable tool for street-scale flood risk analysis, hazard mapping, and assessing the impact of coastal defenses, like dyke upgrades or new dyke construction, in densely built coastal cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Analysis of Dust Storm Intensity over Baghdad City.
- Author
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Hammoodi, Asmaa K., Hassan, Ahmed S., Kadhum, Jasim H., and Xiu-Qun Yang
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC temperature ,STORM surges ,EMERGENCY management ,STORMS ,ACCESS to information - Abstract
Copyright of Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. PALEO TSUNAMIS AND STORM SURGES RECORDED BY FOSSIL CORAL ON YAKUSHIMA ISLAND, JAPAN.
- Author
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Lloyd, Sabrina G, Yokoyama, Yusuke, Aze, Takahiro, Miyairi, Yosuke, Abe, Kohei, and Echigo, Tomoo
- Subjects
GEOLOGICAL time scales ,CORAL reefs & islands ,FOSSIL corals ,SUBDUCTION zones ,HAZARD mitigation ,STORM surges ,TSUNAMIS - Abstract
Yakushima is a small, mountainous island off southern Kyushu, Japan. Its proximity to active volcanos and subduction zones leaves Yakushima vulnerable to large megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis, in addition to powerful typhoons and storm surges. These hazardous events deposit beach boulders: large rocks moved above sea-level by powerful waves. By radiocarbon dating the fossilized coral within these boulders, one can derive age estimates of the hazard events. Reliably estimating the magnitude and timing of geological events in the historical record is vital for future hazard prediction and mitigation. In this study, we estimated the deposition age of ten boulders on the north coast of Yakushima to infer potential paleo tsunamis and storm surges. We found that large wave events have occurred frequently throughout the Holocene. Based on the boulders' ages, we identified four potential deposition events at 1986–2692 cal yr BP, 3522–4075 cal yr BP, 4773–5232 cal yr BP, and 6187–6638 cal yr BP. These deposits are likely a result of storm surges, or tsunamis from nearby volcanic activity or subduction earthquakes. Another set of boulders dated to 5125–5738 cal yr BP were likely exposed due to a decline in sea-level following the Holocene high sea-level stand. Further modelling could determine the wave height necessary to move the boulders and distinguish between storm and tsunami deposits. This is especially pertinent given the high frequency of coastal geohazards, and the likelihood of similar hazards impacting southeast Japan in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Le projet HOMONIM, en soutien des prévisions d'inondation côtière.
- Author
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Paradis, Denis, Pasquet, Audrey, Dalphinet, Alice, Kpogo-Nuwoklo, Komlan, Michaud, Héloïse, Baraille, Rémy, Jourdan, Didier, Ohl, Patrick, Le Belleguic, Roman, Ayache, David, Bataille, Christophe, Ciavaldini, Maya, Brosse, Fabien, and Krien, Yann
- Subjects
OCEAN waves ,CRISIS management ,SEA level ,FLOOD forecasting ,MARITIME boundaries ,STORM surges - Abstract
Copyright of LHB: Hydroscience Journal is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Effects of Environmental Changes on Flood Patterns in the Jing River Basin: A Case Study from the Loess Plateau, China.
- Author
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Lyu, Jiqiang, Yang, Yuhao, Yin, Shanshan, Yang, Zhizhou, Zhou, Zhaohui, Wang, Yan, Luo, Pingping, Jiao, Meng, and Huo, Aidi
- Subjects
CLIMATE change ,FLOOD forecasting ,WATER security ,WATERSHEDS ,LAND use ,FLOOD risk ,STORM surges - Abstract
Human activities and climate change have significantly influenced the water cycle, impacting flood risks and water security. This study centers on the Jing River Basin in the Chinese Loess Plateau, analyzing hydrological patterns and flood progression using the HEC-HMS model under changing conditions. The findings indicate that climate change substantially affects flood predictions, increasing peak flows and volumes by up to 10.9% and 11.1%, respectively. It is essential to recognize that traditional flood models may underestimate the risks posed by these changes, emphasizing the necessity for updated methods incorporating climatic and human factors. Changes in land use, such as the expansion of grasslands and forests, have reduced peak discharges and flood volumes. Consequently, the combined impacts of climate and land use changes have intensified flood frequencies, necessitating updated strategies to manage risks effectively. The dynamics of flooding are significantly impacted by changes in climate and land use, particularly in minor floods that occur frequently, highlighting the influence of climate change on flooding trends. Within the Jing River Basin, hydrological patterns have been shaped by both climatic variations and human activities, leading to an increase in extreme hydrological events and concerns regarding water security. Using the HEC-HMS model, this study examines the hydrology of the Jing River Basin, focusing on the design of storm events and analyzing various flood characteristics under different scenarios. Climate change has resulted in higher peak discharges and volume surges ranging from 6.3% to 10.9%, while shifts in land use, such as decreases in farmland and the expansion of grasslands, have caused declines ranging from 7.2% to 4.7% in peak flows and volumes. The combined effects of climate variation and land utilization have complex implications for flood patterns, with milder to moderate floods showing a more significant impact and shorter return periods facing increased consequences. These findings underscore the interconnected nature of climate change, land use, and flooding dynamics in the Jing River Basin, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies to address these challenges and ensure sustainable water management in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Topographic–Vegetation Interactions on an Incipient Foredune Field Post-Tropical Storm.
- Author
-
Ellis, Jean T., Harris, Michelle E., and Barrineau, Brianna F.
- Subjects
BEACH erosion ,TROPICAL cyclones ,LAND cover ,WIND pressure ,STORM surges ,SAND dunes - Abstract
Sand dunes protect the most important economic and ecologically critical landscapes from coastal hazards (storms and high-tide flooding). The characteristics of the dune affect their protective ability. This paper qualitatively and quantitatively assesses the relationships between pre- and post-storm conditions for vegetation and the morphology of an incipient dune system along the South Carolina coast. Field-based dune vegetation and morphology measurements were obtained before and after tropical storm Dorian (2019). Vegetation is assessed with respect to distribution and functional type, and subgroups are introduced to categorize land cover transitions. At the quadrat scale (0.2 m
2 ) following the storm, there was a shift from stabilizer to builder, a decrease of sand (2%), and the vegetation remained consistent at around 61% of the land cover. Transect-level analysis (0.2 m × 1.0 m) revealed distinct variability concerning post-storm morphology change in the extreme study site extents. Dorian resulted in approximately 10% volumetric loss over the entire study site (101 m2 ). This study demonstrated changes to a dune system following a tropical storm with wind as the dominant forcing factor. This study revealed that vegetation presence is not broadly correlated with reduced levels of post-storm erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Coastal Protection for Tsunamis.
- Author
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Santos, Angela and Mileu, Nelson
- Subjects
SEA-walls ,WINTER storms ,COASTS ,STORM surges ,FIELD research ,TSUNAMIS - Abstract
Previous research showed that a tsunami similar to the 1755 event would inundate Caxias' low-ground areas in Oeiras municipality, Portugal. However, the streets of downtown Caxias were not well reproduced, which is a limitation of the area's mitigation strategies and evacuation plan. For these reasons, new Lidar data were used for the first time in Portugal. The new local topography data allowed the construction of a more accurate DEM, which was used in the tsunami numerical model to update and improve the inundation results. As a complement, a field survey was conducted in several locations to assess coastal features and protection. The numerical model results show that low-ground areas up to 6 m in height were inundated by the tsunami, including the residential area, the road, and the railway. To stop the tsunami waves from inundating these areas, it is proposed that the construction of more sea walls up to 7 m in height and a third bridge over the Barcarena Stream, only for pedestrians, ranging from 5 to 7 m in height, which will serve as a gate for the incoming tsunami waves. These coastal protections should be part of the strategy to mitigate coastal overtopping (winter storm surges and tsunamis) not only in Caxias but also in other coastal zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Estimation of Beach Profile Response on Coastal Hydrodynamics Using LSTM-Based Encoder–Decoder Network.
- Author
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Lee, Yongseok, Chang, Sungyeol, Kim, Jinhoon, and Kim, Inho
- Subjects
STANDARD deviations ,STORM surges ,BEACH erosion ,BEACHES ,COASTAL changes ,TYPHOONS ,HYDRODYNAMICS - Abstract
Beach profiles are constantly changing due to external ocean forces. Estimating these changes is crucial to understanding and addressing coastal erosion issues, such as shoreline advance and retreat. To estimate beach profile changes, obtaining long-term, high-resolution spatiotemporal beach profile data is essential. However, due to the limited availability of beach profile survey data both on land and underwater along the coast, generating continuous, high-resolution spatiotemporal beach profile data over extended periods is a critical technological challenge. Therefore, we herein developed a long short-term memory-based encoder–decoder network for effective spatiotemporal representation learning to estimate beach profile responses on temporal scales from weeks to months from coastal hydrodynamics. The proposed approach was applied to 12 transects from seven beaches located in three different littoral systems on the east coast of the Korean Peninsula, where coastal erosion problems are severe. The performance of the proposed method demonstrated improved results compared with a recent study that performed the same beach profile estimation task, with an average root mean square error of 0.50 m. Moreover, most of the results exhibited a reasonably accurate morphological shape of the estimated beach profile. However, instances where the results exceed the average error are attributed to extreme beach morphological changes caused by storm waves such as typhoons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. An Assessment of the Tipping Point Behavior for Shoreline Retreat: A PCR Model Application at Vung Tau Beach, Vietnam.
- Author
-
Wang, Xiaoting, Dastgheib, Ali, Reyns, Johan, Li, Fan, Duong, Trang Minh, Zhang, Weiguo, Sun, Qinke, and Ranasinghe, Roshanka
- Subjects
COASTAL changes ,CLIMATE change models ,ABSOLUTE sea level change ,STORM surges ,OCEAN waves - Abstract
Storm waves and rising sea levels pose significant threats to low-lying coastal areas, particularly sandy beaches, which are especially vulnerable. The research on the long-time-scale changes in sandy coasts, especially the identification of tipping points in the shoreline-retreat rate, is limited. Vung Tau beach, characterized by its low terrain and rapid tourism-driven economic growth, was selected as a typical study area to quantify the shoreline retreat throughout the 21st century under various sea-level rise (SLR) scenarios, and to identify the existence of tipping points by investigating the projected annual change in shoreline retreat (m/yr). This study employs the Probabilistic Coastline Recession (PCR) model, a physics-based tool specifically designed for long-term coastline change assessments. The results indicate that shoreline retreat accelerates over time, particularly after a tipping point is reached around 2050 in the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios. Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, the median retreat distance is projected to increase from 19 m in 2050 to 89 m by 2100, nearly a fourfold rise. In comparison, the retreat distances are smaller under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5 scenarios, but the same accelerating trend is observed beyond 2050. These findings highlight the growing risks associated with sea-level rise, especially the rapid increase in exceedance probabilities for retreat distances by the end of the century. By 2100, the probability of losing the entire beach at Vung Tau is projected to be 22% under SSP5-8.5. The approach of identifying tipping points based on the PCR model presented here can be applied to other sandy coastal regions, providing critical references for timely planning and the implementation of adaptation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Modeling wave-surge effects on barrier-island breaching in St. Joseph Peninsula during Hurricane Michael.
- Author
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Ma, Mengdi, Huang, Wenrui, Vijayan, Linoj, and Jung, Sungmoon
- Subjects
HURRICANE Michael, 2018 ,EARTH sciences ,STORM surges ,WATERMARKS ,WATER currents ,BARRIER islands - Abstract
Better understanding the effects of hurricane waves and storm surges on barrier-island breaching is important for both scientific research and coastal hazard mitigations. In this study, the 2D non-hydrostatic Xbeach model has been applied to investigate interactions of hurricane wave, storm surge, and morphological processes in the case study of St. Joseph Peninsula during Category 5 Hurricane Michael. Model validations show a 2.45% average error and the 0.88 skill score between modeled and observed high water marks and bed elevations, respectively. Analysis of spatial distributions of currents and water levels indicates that a narrow area was overtopped at peak storm surge and wave. The gap was then quickly enlarged as the breaching area by wave-surge actions. By investigating foredune and peak dune along the central axis of breaching area, it shows that the foredune erosion on the ocean-side by wave-surge-current directly lead to the breach of the peak dune area in the barrier island. The Froude number shows a strong correlation with quick erosion of the barrier, indicating wave-surge supercritical flow is one of the major factors causing the barrier breaching. Results of cross sections of bed elevations and instantaneous surge-wave profiles at different storm surge stages reveal the evolution of the barrier-island breach. Results from this study provide valuable references for coastal hazard mitigation and resilience communities. Highlights: Application of non-hydrostatic Xbeach model reveals barrier-island breaching process and wave-surge-barrier interactions. Model validations show a 2.45% average error and the 0.88 skill score for high water marks and bed elevations, respectively. The breach started with a narrow gap overtopped in the peak of storm surge and was then quickly enlarged by wave-surge actions. Wave-surge induced supercritical flow is one of the major factors accelerating the barrier breaching. Foredune erosion by wave-surge-current is another factor that accelerates the breach of the barrier island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Understanding Spatiotemporal Patterns and Drivers of Urban Flooding Using Municipal Reports.
- Author
-
DeSousa, Stacie, Bhaskar, Aditi S., Kelleher, Christa, and Livneh, Ben
- Subjects
URBAN runoff ,RAINFALL ,STORM surges ,RUNOFF ,EMERGENCY management - Abstract
Urban flooding is an increasing threat to cities and resident well‐being. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) typically reports losses attributed to flooding which result from a stream overtopping its banks, discounting impacts of higher frequency, lower impact flooding that occurs when precipitation intensity exceeds the capacity of a drainage system. Despite its importance, the drivers of street flooding can often be difficult to identify, given street flooding data scarcity and the multitude of storm, built environment, and social factors involved. To address this knowledge gap, this study uses 922 street flooding reports to the city in Denver, Colorado, USA from 2000 to 2019 in coordination with rain gauge network data and Census tract information to improve understanding of spatiotemporal drivers of urban flooding. An initial threshold analysis using rainfall intensity to predict street flooding had performance close to random chance, which led us to investigate other drivers. A logistic regression describing the probability of a storm leading to a flood report showed the strongest predictors of urban flooding were, in descending order, maximum 5‐min rainfall intensity, population density, storm depth, storm duration, median tract income, and stormwater pipe density. The logistic regression also showed that rainfall intensity and population density are nearly as important in determining the likelihood of a flood report incidence. In addition, topographic wetness index values at locations of flooding reports were higher than randomly selected points. A linear regression predicting the number of reports per area identified percent impervious as the single most important predictor. Our methodologies can be used to better inform urban flood awareness, response, and mitigation and are applicable to any city with flood reports and spatial precipitation data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. A Link Between U.S. East Coast Sea Level and North Atlantic Subtropical Ocean Heat Content.
- Author
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Steinberg, Jacob M., Griffies, Stephen M., Krasting, John P., Piecuch, Christopher G., and Ross, Andrew C.
- Subjects
COASTAL changes ,SEA level ,ENTHALPY ,CONTINENTAL shelf ,STORM surges ,OCEAN - Abstract
Using a recently developed 1/12th degree regional ocean model, we establish a link between U.S. East Coast sea level variability and offshore upper ocean heat content change. This link manifests as a cross‐shore mass redistribution driven by an offshore thermosteric sea level response to subsurface warming or cooling. Approximately 50% of simulated monthly to interannual coastal sea level variance south of Cape Hatteras can be statistically accounted for by this mechanism, realized as a function of regional ocean hypsometry, gyre scale warming, and the depth dependence of density change. This response to offshore warming explains the nonstationarity of U.S. East Coast sea level covariance, a specifically observed and modeled behavior after ∼ ${\sim} $ 2010. Since approximately 2010, elevated rates of sea level rise south of Cape Hatteras can be partly explained as the result of shoreward mass redistribution due to offshore subsurface warming within the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. These results reveal a mechanism that connects local coastal sea level to a broader region and identifies the influence of regional heat content changes on coastal sea level. This analysis presents a framework for identifying new regions that may be susceptible to enhanced sea level rise due to ocean warming and helps bridge the gap between quantifying large scale change and anticipating local coastal impacts that can make flooding and storm surge more acutely damaging. Plain Language Summary: In this work, we establish a link between subtropical North Atlantic Ocean heat content and coastal sea level south of Cape Hatteras, in the Caribbean Sea, and within the Gulf of Mexico. Using a newly developed high‐resolution ocean simulation, coastal sea level is found to rise and fall in tandem with offshore upper ocean warming or cooling events. This connection is realized at seasonal and longer timescales and thus explains a baseline sea level change about which higher frequency storm and flooding events can cause damage. In this framework, approximately half of coastal sea level variability can be explained by seasonal to interannual offshore density change below the continental shelf break depth. This equilibrium coastal response both links coastal regions experiencing acute sea level rise to regions of ocean warming and reveals a mechanism that can be employed to anticipate future change. Key Points: A recently developed high‐resolution regional ocean model faithfully reproduces the space‐time structure of sea level change in this regionCoastal sea level south of Cape Hatteras covaries with offshore mode water heat contentCross‐shore ocean mass redistribution is correlated with offshore subsurface density change [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Local Residents and Business Owners Pick Up the Pieces After a Catastrophic Hurricane Season: 'You jump the first hurdle, then get a giant kick to the gut. That's what's been so traumatizing
- Author
-
Doleatto, Kim
- Subjects
Business owners ,Hurricanes ,Storm surges ,General interest - Abstract
Our barrier islands have long been a beachy postcard paradise for locals and visitors alike. But in the aftermath of Hurricanes Helene and Milton, paradise has been put to the [...]
- Published
- 2024
50. Springing off short-handed.
- Author
-
Buchan, Alastair
- Subjects
CROSSWINDS ,STORM surges ,BOATS & boating ,SEAWATER ,PONTOONS - Abstract
The article in Practical Boat Owner by Alastair Buchan explains the technique of springing off a pontoon or wall when sailing single- or short-handed. It involves using a combination of a warp and engine power to swing the bows or stern away from the pontoon or quay wall in restricted spaces. The author provides step-by-step instructions for springing off in different scenarios, such as with wind and tide astern, ahead, or with cross wind and tide. Alastair Buchan, an experienced sailor, shares his knowledge gained from sailing single-handed around Britain and crossing the Atlantic twice. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2025
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