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U drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća bihevioralna ekonomija se pojavila kao relativno mlado potpodručje ekonomije. U suradnji s drugim znanstvenicima iz područja kao što su psihologija, sociologija i medicina, bihevioralni ekonomisti pokušavaju razumjeti proces donošenja odluka ekonomskih subjekata na tržištu koliko god je to moguće. Ova tehnika uspostavila je ovo polje kao interdisciplinarno, prvo u ekonomiji, koja je do sada ovisila samo o matematičkim modelima. Prema bihevioralnim ekonomistima, jedan od problema korištenja isključivo takvih modela je to što je nemoguće objasniti osobitosti ljudskog ponašanja. Anomalije se odnose, prije svega, na okolnosti u kojima pojedinci ne reagiraju logično i objektivno zbog utjecaja brojnih elemenata, kao što su emocije, intuicija ili prethodna iskustva. Različite političke organizacije i vlade diljem svijeta prepoznale su važnost razumijevanja procesa donošenja odluka za gospodarstvo i globalno tržište te su uz njihovu potporu i financiranje razvijeni neuroekonomija i neuromarketing koji medicinskim metodama proučavaju zbivanja u ljudskom tijelu tijekom odlučivanja. Cilj rada je ponuditi detaljan pregled teorijskih postavki i empirijskih istraživanja u bihevioralnoj ekonomiji.

As society has evolved throughout history, so has the position of women in society. There are more and more successful women in the business world in high managerial positions. Despite possessing some anteriority in management and leadership, women in high positions in the administration are found in a much smaller number than men. Women encounter various obstacles during their business careers. Certainly, men are the ones who encounter obstacles too, but these constraints are much more pronounced in the employment of women. Awareness of gender equality is growing, but the situation is still much sanguine in theory than in practice. The subject of research in this paper relates to the analysis of women's inequality in the labor market during employment and during career. This paper will present an analysis of research conducted through surveys, which interviewed women’ experiences during employment and later in their careers.

The recent slowdown in CO2 emission is largely result of three factors ; weaker economic growth due to global crisis aftermaths, continual improvements in energy intensity and shifts to lower carbon energy thus higher carbon footprint of energy. Various approaches such as IPAT and/or KAYA identities are used to analyze the input factors of CO2 emissions, playing a crucial role in the creation of distinct emission forecasts. In addition, Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesizes a positive relation between income and environmental quality. Arguments that came out of the controversies regarding the validity of these identities provided relevant theoretical discussion for the claim that economic growth can be achieved on sustainable and green foundations. Based on a scarce number of papers related to Green GDP – energy intensity – carbon footprint nexus, we want to analyze how major environmental factors (GDP per capita, emissions of CO2, energy consumption per GDP and carbon intensity per unit energy) affect the so-called green growth perspective. Long-run empirical assessment is founded on a panel cointegration modelling for the period 2007-2019 for the sample of 37 European countries. The results confront some established environmental stances, confirming the negative effect of GDP per capita and CO2 emissions, and a positive effect of both energy intensity and carbon footprint on the green growth developments.

Is Greece ‘greener’ than the current economic indicators show? GDP is used as the leading economic indicator of economic growth and progress, however, as a measure, among other things, it lacks an environmental component. In this paper, we have analyzed a broaden Green GDP measure for Greece and neighboring countries by comparing them in order, to compensate for the shortcomings of environmental components in GDP. Green GDP consists of standard GDP indicator minus the costs of pollution, overexploitation of resources, and CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. In this way, or with this calculation method, we have obtained a more detailed and precise presentation of economic growth that can exist at the expense of ecological domain. The paper’s main objective is to show whether Greece and neighboring countries, which have the same geographical position, have the same or different environmental policies and how much this policy affects economic development and vice versa. Inclusion of pollution or exploitation of resources explains more realistically economic growth that is sure to pay off in the future for future generations. In this way, we can calculate how much our progress today is a burden for our children or their children in the future, and we can assess whether today’s economic growth is worth it in such a way.

A widely cited identity I = PAT proposed by the Ehrlich and Holdren in the early 1970s, suggested that population interacts with affluence and technology to determine a society’s environmental impact. Namely, with a rising population and consumption, on a given economic growth path, environmental consequences would inevitably increase unless the technological advancements were sufficient to overcome it. Arguments that came out of the controversy regarding this formula, provided some theoretical foundations for the claim that economic growth can indeed be sustainable and green. The relatively new concept of Green GDP in fact endorses this apparently virtuous model of growth so that economic development can go hand in hand with greater improvement in physical, human as well as natural capital. One country, namely China, elusively ignores mainstream economic vocation progressively advancing towards establishing itself as a political and economic force, yet it is still labelled as developing country with relatively low per capita income that constantly faces traps of economic progress. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the implications of augmented hence, more economically inclined, I = PAT equation by observing a country that witnessed an enormous population growth followed by almost impeccable economic growth and showed inconsistent green policy aspirations over time. Long-run empirical assessment on the augmented equation for China is based on cointegration approach and vector-error correction term modelling for the period 1970-2018. The analysis indicates conclusions that are consistent with theoretical foundations, confirming the negative effect of population and affluence, and a positive effect of technological improvement on the green growth perspective.

The concept of green growth, i.e. economic growth that reflects environmental objectives, is not so obscure and unfamiliar. Green growth logic is based on making growth process resource efficient, cleaner and more resilient without necessarily slowing them. However, when we try to put it in the standard growth framework we come across many theoretical dwells and pragmatic questions. On the other hand, growth theory may provide many insights into the mechanism and features of economic growth, but cannot render insights into the magnitude of effects without being systematically confronted with latent real time data. Considering traditional economic growth theories that identify sources of economic growth, which are paralysed with assumptions about substitution, rate on returns and technical change, it is not easy to evaluate direct or indirect contributions of environmental protection to economic growth, and vice versa. Yet, growth theory may be able say something about green growth if it can reveal the hidden bond between Green GDP and traditional sources of growth such as capital accumulation and labour productivity. This research provides stylized representations of growth with environmental prism as to evaluate the pattern, as well as the dynamics of economic growth. The purpose of the paper is to assess the green growth perspective by confronting conventional factors of growth, such as capital and human stock with two different representations of the Green GDP measure. Research logic is built on a panel cointegration approach that utilizes annual data for the EU28 countries. Empirical evidence suggests that Green GDP growth models provide results that are consistent with general features of standard economic growth models, however, with an ambiguous reach of human capital variable, that in fact limits the growth possibilities.

The paper analyzes the relationship between energy consumption and green GDP as increased energy consumption could cause an increase in GDP. In order to evaluate how and to what extent the increase in energy consumption affects the size and movement of the green GDP, the aim of this paper is to confirm the existence of a strong link between energy consumption and green GDP. Having a large number of papers linking energy consumption and GDP, through this paper, we want to emphasize an even greater role of green GDP in energy consumption by linking the impact of the consumption of different energy sources with the movements in green GDP. Namely, how much different energy sources affect the gap between green GDP and GDP. Within the empirical analysis, we use a panel cointegration technique to examine long-term relationships among integrated variables. The data analyzed in this model cover 36 countries for the period from 2008 to 2016. These 36 countries include the EU28 countries and potential candidates for accession in the European Union. The results of our analysis follow the theory as we found that an increase in energy consumption causes an increase in GDP, hence the green GDP. However, the second part of the analysis suggests that an increase in consumption of energy in sectors that are environmentally more damaging emphasize the gap between the GDP and green GDP, but that an increase in more environmentally cleaner energy consumption curtails that gap.

In this paper, we study the relationship between the deficit, unemployment, and economic growth in the long term in Croatia. Theoretically, the reduction of public spending should impact positively on unemployment and should reduce unemployment. In this paper, we show how short and long-term effect is to reduce the economic growth and what is the justification in reducing public spending in times of crisis. Then we will answer to the question of whether it might be just the opposite, increase in public spending as a generator of economic growth in the short term and systematic work, and restructuring the economy to enable long-term stability in the country. One of the questions that this paper will answer is what econometric model is applied to study the effects of certain variables on economic growth (public spending, deficits, ...) as the most appropriate and best solution. Empirical results provide evidence that the nominal deficit and the overall unemployment explains most variations of real GDP. However, the major effect on real GDP is due to real private consumption per capita.

Traditionally, the leading indicator of economic progress is GDP, with all of its known shortcomings. As a variety of alternatives, more and more indicators of economic growth and development are gaining ground with measures that are corrected for social and environmental costs. One of these alternatives is the so-called Green GDP as a measure of economic progress with pronounced ecological components. Green GDP is an alternative way for quantification and measurement of monetary impact of the social and environmental damage caused by a country’s economic growth. Through this paper, we want to relate the Happiness index with the standard GDP measure and the alternative measure, Green GDP. Namely, the Happiness index is used as a measure that generally shows the satisfaction of the inhabitants of a country in the conditions they live in for it is consisted of six key variables in a country's economy, namely income, expected life, social security, freedom, trust, and generosity. The aim of this paper is to find out whether there is a significant bond between the Happiness index and economic growth indicators or whether there is a possible cyclical correlation between these variables. For this purpose, we used standard statistical tools and spectral analysis technique. Thus, we came to the conclusion that the environmental component represents an important part of the satisfaction and happiness of the people, i.e., the awareness about the burning ecological problems in the world is becoming more and more important for the economy, both on the national and personal level.

This paper presents the determinants of income distribution and their inequality in Croatia. The aim of this paper is to identify all variables affecting income distribution and inequality in Croatia. Looking at the data from 2001 to today, we come to the conclusion about the possible impact of social transfers, inflation, wages, government consumption and other variables on income distribution. In this paper, we will specifically focus on the calculation of inequality in the distribution of income based on the basic indicators for the calculation of inequality such as the Gini coefficient and other measures. Today, we can talk about the influence of the state on income distribution, the impact of education, regional influences, and other impacts, but we can’t quantify individual impacts. There is no calculation that would show us the importance of an individual impact or its quantifiable effect. It is precisely the basis of this paper, where it tries to show the effect of certain variables, as well as their importance in order. The issue that goes through this paper is very important because it seeks to determine the determinants of income distribution and on the basis of this determinants, it estimates why inequality in income distribution occurs and how this inequality can affect other aspects of the economy. Based on this paper, one can get an answer on how and whether inequality in the distribution of income affects the creation of an economic crisis. This paper is a continuation of the research conducted in Croatia on the topic of inequality in the distribution of income. However, these papers have looked at the individual effects on income distribution, such as the influence of the state, the level of education etc. Unlike previous works, this paper tries to evaluate all possible impacts on inequality in income distribution and also to show their mutual influence and classify their importance.

Business cycles at their peak can be harmful for the whole economy, yet producing negative growth rates at their bottom. Since there is no general agreement on the causes of business cycles, the most intriguing debates revolve around the question on how to measure these phenomena. A central part of the business cycle analysis is therefore, the extraction of the cycles. The goal of this paper is to empirically test various extraction methods as to find which variable is suited to be named a reference business cycle indicator in Croatia as well as to evaluate the quality and accuracy of these extraction methods. Namely, we focused on deviation cycle extraction methods and compared them with an alternative business cycle approach, the growth rates. It was found that no method yields perfect results, however, most of the extraction methods showed much agreement in confirming a GDP indicator as a credible variable in representing Croatian business cycle.

Economic utility and political efficiency are closely related fields within macroeconomic management for domestic/international and political/economic institutions and their policy-making strongly varies in their actions towards encouraging growth, remedying structural imbalances, ensuring equitable distribution of income and wealth, and etc. This paper analyzes the relationship between economic expectations and procedure of the adoption of new laws in the Croatian Parliament. The main objective of this study is to show whether there exists a relationship between expected, i.e. potential economic growth and the way in which the new laws are passed. In that manner, we will explain the dynamics of procedure enactments and evaluate whether that procedure has an impact on the potential GDP. Empirical assessment is based on a simple regression model and spectral analysis. Results suggest that there indeed exists a strong bond between the observed variables, so that the adoption of new legislation has a major impact on future economic expectations.

Macroeconomic data/indicators are the basis for any serious assessment of the economic situation in a country. After gaining independence, Croatia developed in a highly open economy that liberalized fast, thus becoming a small-open-import dependent and indebted country with strong trade imbalances. In addition, large seasonal influences and numerous external and internal shocks, led to a problem of data consistency and reliability. Nowadays we find many advanced tools for data analysis, and one of them is the spectral analysis. The goal of the spectral analysis is to create a decomposition of the original series to the large number of small independent components such as slow fluctuating trend, oscillator components, and structural noise. The advantage of spectral analysis is that it allows the identification and characterization of the dominant trends and cycles as well as seasonal and oscillatory components. In this paper, we will use spectral analysis to study the most important macroeconomic variables for Croatia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to use elements of spectral analysis to get more accurate and reliable macroeconomic series that could be useful in evaluation and/or forecasting of future economic developments.

The nature of the business cycle is one of the widely discussed topics in economic science. The very existence of business cycles is quite controversial. When we add the problem of economic performance to the issue of synchronization between different sets of countries, we come to the subject of our study. In this paper, we deal with the existence as well as the synchronization of business cycles. The synchronization is studied using the spectral analysis. The spectral analysis explores the cyclical patterns of data, and its main purpose is to decompose original series into an infinite sum of periodic functions, each of which has a different frequency. The advantage and uniqueness of spectral analysis are that it enables the identification and characterization of nonlinear trends and the dominant cycle, including perennial and seasonal components which characterize each time series. The aim of this paper is to determine the existence of the business cycle and evaluate the synchronization process within the EU member states. By studying the data on the gross domestic product and related macroeconomic variables for the EU countries, we offer some conclusions on the nature of business cycle synchronization, cyclical regularities, and macroeconomic interdependence.

Glavno pitanje ovog rada je prikazati utjecaj Bolongskog procesa na visoko školstvo. Kao primjer uzima se visokoškolska institucija Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli. Podaci koji će se promatrati pribavljeni su za određeni vremenski period prije uvođenja “Bologne” i nakon uvođenja Bolongskog sustava. Glavna okosnica rada bazira se na nekoliko zadanih parametara, a to su: broj upisanih studenata, broj upisanih studenata u više godine, prolaznost studenata, ukupan broj studenata koji su završili studij te mobilnost studenata. Dodatno pitanje u istraživanju ovog rada se nalazi u procjeni utjecaja ECTS (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System), bodovnog sustava na kvalitetu visokog školstva i utjecaj dopunske isprave o studijima (supplementa diplome) na mobilnost i olakšano zapošljavanje studenata. U ovome radu dati će se pregled podataka vezanih uz predbolongski i Bolongski sustav, te se na temelju tih podataka izvući zaključak o utjecaju na kvalitetu studiranja i kvalitetu i znanje samih studenata prilikom završetka studija. Isto tako ukazati će se na eventualnu potrebu za revizijom studijskih programa a vezano uz ECTS sustav bodovanja, te se prikazati da li su ti programi kvalitetno ustrojeni i usklađeni. Prikazati će se prednosti i nedostatci dopunske isprave o studiju i njen utjecaj na mobilnost studenata. Jednako tako proučiti će se potencijalni utjecaj supplementa diplome na zapošljavanje studenata nakon završenog studija.

Makroekonomski model je alat za procjenu makroekonomskog razvoja u kratkom i dužem razdoblju, a služi i za procjenu alternativnih politika čiji je cilj utjecanje na poslovne cikluse, na stabiliziranje nezaposlenosti i inflacije te poticanje gospodarskog rasta i zaposlenosti u ekonomiji. Donošenje odluka na temelju makroekonomskog modela doprinosi ve- ćem ekonomskom rastu i boljem razumijevanju veza između ekonomskih subjekata. Povezanost ekonomskih subjekata je neosporna, međutim za donošenje racionalnijih, učinkovitijih i kvalitetnijih odluka potreban je alat koji će analizirajući povijesne ekonomske podatke na temelju ekonomske teorije kvalitetnije opisati poveznice između tih subjekata. Modeli koji kvalitetno opisuju poveznice između ekonomskih subjekata na temelju povijesnih činjenica mogu dati bolja rješenja u vrijeme krize. Izradom makroekonomskog modela za Republiku Hrvatsku opisuju se različite ekonomske poveznice između svih važnih ekonomskih subjekata koji sudjeluju u gospodarskom životu Hrvatske. Naglasak modela je u kvantificiranju svih promjena koje se odvijaju unutar ekonomije i izvan nje, u vanjskom okruženju, te u promatranju njihovih reakcija na šokove umjetno izazvane u određenim promatranim varijablama. Na temelju 1 Prof. dr. sc. Marinko Škare, Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli, Odjel za ekonomiju i turizam „Dr. Mijo Mirković“ 2 Dipl. oec. Saša Stjepanović, Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli 3 SSEM1 – makroekonomski model za Republiku Hrvatsku razvijen na Odjelu za ekonomiju i turizam “Dr. Mijo Mirković”, Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli u sklopu projekta Institucionalni aspekti i razvoj u procesu pridruživanja Hrvatske EU i doktorske disertacije dr.sc. Saše Stjepanovića. casopis EKONOMIJA 04.indd 343 5/11/10 9:51:32 PM  Marinko Škare, Saša Stjepanović: Makroekonomski model... 344 eKONOMIJA/eCONOMICS, 18 (2) str. 343-364 (2011) www.rifin.com tih reakcija i kvantificiranih promjena izrađuju se prognoze kretanja najvažnijih ekonomskih varijabli, koje se kasnije mogu primjenjivati u različitim scenarijima ekonomskih politika. Njihovom primjenom u ekonomskim politikama i donošenju odluka izravno utječemo na želje- ne varijable i u tom smjeru izrađujemo pojedine pravce ili scenarije izlaska iz ekonomskih kriza.

Small open economies, especially economies in transition such as Croatian are vulnerable to external economic shocks. To deal with the crisis governments are trying hard to set up a policy modeling or better say crisis macroeconomic management framework. The aim of the paper is to reassess the policy models countries used to fight the actual global economic crisis with special attention to the policy models developed in small open economies. Croatian experience in designing a crisis macroeconomic management policy will be presented, particularly positive results of implemented macroeconomic policy mix but also faults, set backs in the implemented policies and strategies will be examined. Particular attention of the research will be devoted to the role of general equilibrium models in small open economies to cope with the crisis. Practical but also theoretical experience in using GEM for small open economies based on the evidence from Croatia will be presented. Another aspect of the research that will be addressed is to evaluate if GEM can be used in forecasting country's macroeconomic performance in the future. The results of the forecasting Croatian macroeconomic performance for a five-year window based on the analysis from the GEM model developed for Croatia should give valuable insight to policy makers and managers in the search for the right policy model.

U uvjetima visoke globaliziranosti gospodarstva financijske se krize poput valova šire nacionalnim gospodarstvima. Izuzetak nije niti hrvatsko gospodarstvo koje se našlo na udaru svjetske krize. Dubina i jačina krize u nekom nacionalnom gospodarstvu ovisi o stvarnoj snazi gospodarstva koju možemo mjeriti indeksom preduvjeta rasta i momentom rasta. Krize u gospodarstvima sa višim indeksom preduvjeta rasta (ona gospodarstva koja su izgradila fundamentalne izvore rasta) i pozitivnim momentom rasta, vremenski kraće traju i ostavljaju manje negativnih posljedica za razliku od onih s nižim indeksima. Hrvatsko gospodarstvo bilježi nepovoljan indeks preduvjeta rasta i negativan moment rasta te je ekonomski opravdano očekivati dublju i dugotrajniju krizu u odnosu na druga nacionalna gospodarstva. Posljedice krize bile bi dalekosežnije i dublje da središnja monetarna vlast nije vodila razumnu i opreznu politiku u zadnjih nekoliko godina. Izlaz iz krize treba tražiti u koordiniranoj makroekonomskoj politici koja će držati stopu nezaposlenosti između 14 i 16% te inflaciju između 2 i 4%. Svako udaljavanje od ovih ravnotežnih (optimalnih) stopa dodatno bi narušilo ionako negativan moment rasta i produbilo krizu. Fiskalnu politiku treba racionalizirati i učiniti efikasnom u funkciji rasta jer bi značajniji pad agregatne potražnje mogao usporiti gospodarstvo na putu prema izlasku iz krize. “Fino podešavanje” fiskalne i monetarne politike, u granicima optimalnih stopa utvrđenih modelom, put je izlaska iz krize (kratkoročni). Dugoročna rješenja treba tražiti u fundamentalnim izvorima rasta, stvaranju preduvjeta za rast i momentu rasta kao temeljnom čimbeniku koji diktira kretanje BDP-a svake zemlje.

Thomas Robert Malthus je bio poznati britanski ekonomist i filozof 18.stoljeća. Najpoznatiji je po svojim pesimističnim prognozama rasta populacije. Malthusovo najpoznatije djelo 'Esej o stanovništvu' je objavljeno 1798. i tamo je predviđao da će tamošnji rast stanovništva nadmašiti proizvodnju hrane. Malthus je upozoravao da su potrebne određene mjere kako bi se izbjegla bijeda i siromaštvo. Smatra da ljudi mogu povećati proizvodnju hrane samo teškim metodama poput intenzivnog uzgoja ili vraćanja neiskorištenog zemljišta, ali isto tako mogu i kontrolirati rast populacije kasnijim brakom, korištenjem kontracepcije, emigriranjem itd. Na kraju, ispostavilo se da je Malthusova teorija bila pogrešna zbog dva razloga, zaboravio je na tehnološki napredak i rast produktivnosti. Međutim, pridjev Maltuzijanski se koristi i dan danas za opisivanje pesimističnih prognoza. Bez obzira na sve, njegov doprinos ekonomiji je značajan.

Završetak srednjoškolskog obrazovanja te upis željenog fakulteta za svakog pojedinca predstavlja značajan korak u životu. Predmetno razdoblje u životu generira još veće stresno raspoloženje ukoliko mlada osoba poradi željenog fakulteta napušta rodno mjesto. Društvene mreže u tom kontekstu predstavljaju vrlo često korišteni alat u cilju stvaranja osjećaja manje udaljenosti. Pandemijsko razdoblje u velikoj je mjeri redimenzioniralo održavanje predavanja na kakvo su studenti naviknuti te otvorilo novo poglavlje koje je prvenstveno bilo usmjereno snimljenim interaktivnim predavanjima. Međutim, u tom kontekstu, godinama jest paralelno došlo do sve veće popularizacije društvenih mreža koje su također unutar studentskih zajednica ostvarile također značajnu popularnost koja je prvenstveno korištena u vidu komunikacijskih aktivnosti među studentima što podrazumijeva informacije o ispitnim pitanjima, kolokvija, seminara te svih ostalih studentskih obaveza. Nažalost, lako dostupnost traženih podataka, vrlo često kod studenata smanjuje želju i potrebu za vlastitim angažmanom u istraživačkom kontekstu. Nažalost, pretjerano izlaganje u korištenju društvenih mreža, otvorilo je novo pitanje vezano oko sve češćeg razvoja psihičkih problema, poput depresije, kompleksa manje vrijednosti, asocijalnog ponašanja i sl. Stoga, od iznimne je važnosti da unutar obrazovnih ustanova dolazi do edukacije o nastanku izrazito ozbiljne problematike kod pojedinaca, i to prvenstveno iz razloga što je izrazito teško natjerati manju uporabu društvenih mreža od strane studenata koji zahvaljujući istima, u određenom kontekstu koji se temelji na savjetima te dostupnih materijalima putem društvenih mreža, lakše dolaze do svoje toliko željene diplome, odnosno vlastitog akademskog zvanja. The conclusion of high school education and the enrollment of the desired university for each individual is a significant step in life. This period, generates even greater stressful mood if someone leaves his / her place of birth due to the desired university. Social networks in this context are a very commonly used tool in order to create a sense of less distance. However, in this context, over the years there has been a growing popularization of social networks that have also gained significant popularity within student communities, which is primarily used in the form of communication activities among students, like information regarding exams, colloquia, seminars and all other student obligations. Unfortunately, the easy availability of the required data, very often in students reduces the desire for their own engagement in the research context. Excessive exposure of social networks has opened a new chapter related to the increasing development of psychological problems, such as depression, inferiority complexes, antisocial behavior, etc. Therefore, it is extremely important that education take place on those extremely serious problems, primarily because it is extremely difficult to force less use of social networks by students who, in a certain context based on advice and materials available through social networks, more easily get their desired degree, or their own academic title.

Ekonomija, psihologija i neuroznanost danas se spajaju u jedinstvenu disciplinu neuroekonomije s krajnjim ciljem stvaranja jedinstvene, opće teorije ljudskog donošenja odluka. Neuroekonomija pruža biolozima, ekonomistima, psiholozima i društvenim znanstvenicima dublje razumijevanje o tome kako oni sami donose odluke i kako drugi odlučuju. Neuroznanost, kada je povezana sa psihologijom i ekonomijom, stvara moćne nove modele koji objašnjavaju zašto donosimo odluke. Neurobiološki mehanizmi donošenja odluka, odluke pod rizikom, povjerenje i suradnja su središnja israživačka pitanja ove znanstvene discipline. Prikladnost neuroekonomije za ekonomsku analizu povezana je sa širim pitanjem učinkovitosti eksperimentalnog pristupa u ekonomiji i svijesti pojedinaca o tome kako mozak funkcionira i kako to procijeniti. Unaprjeđujući istraživanje donošenja odluka u mozak, neuroekonomija se više usredotočuje na izbore, kodiranje dokaza i spoznaju, čineći ekonomsku teoriju prognostičnijom.

Bihevioralna ekonomija novije je područje ekonomije koje se počelo razvijati u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća radom i utjecajima ekonomista i nobelovaca kao što su Daniel Kahneman i Richard Thaler. Spomenuti i ini stručnjaci koristeći se znanjima ponajviše iz psihologije, ali i drugih prirodnih i humanističkih znanosti, uveli su u ekonomiju razne pojmove i eksperimente čiji je cilj razumijevanje procesa donošenja odluka. Pritom se njihovo istraživanje ne temelji samo na standardnom ekonomskom modelu, već se analiziraju i anomalije ponašanja ekonomskih subjekata koji više nisu percipirani kao idealno racionalni homo economicusi, već kao obični ljudi čije odluke ovise o nizu čimbenika. Kako bi se razumijevanje procesa donošenja odluke bolje razumjelo, u posljednja dva desetljeća počele su se razvijati poddiscipline neuroekonomija i neuromarketing kojima je jedan od zadataka proučiti promjene u mozgu prilikom raznih inputa prije i tijekom donošenja odluke. Korištenjem novih saznanja iz tih područja bihevioralni ekonomisti već sada stvaraju robote i razna pomagala umjetne inteligencije koja znaju na koji način pristupiti čovjeku kako bi mu pomogla i pružila uslugu. Očekuje se daljnji razvitak u tom smjeru u idućem periodu.

Ubrzani razvoj informacijske tehnologije pruža nam nove načine slanja i primanja informacija, revolucionirajuću brzinu i kvalitetu tog procesa. Veliku ulogu pri tom imaju društvene mreže na internetu koje nude korisnicima besplatne online usluge komuniciranja sa ostalim korisnicima, kao i postavljanje različitih multimedijalnih sadržaja, pisanje blogova, igranje raznih igara i druge korisne ili manje korisne aktivnosti putem ovih mreža. Kako bi se osoba priključila nekoj od društvenih mreža mora napraviti svoj korisnički profil. Stvaranje profila na društvenim mrežama je povezano sa otkrivanjem osobnih podataka i interesa drugim korisnicima mreže. Otkrivanje osobnih podataka omogućava korisnicima međusobno povezivanje i zbližavanje s osobama sličnih interesa. Ovako jednostavan način povezivanja i zbližavanja korisnika interne a imao je ključni utjecaj na intenzivno širenje društvenih mreža posljednjih godina. Jedna od najpopularnijih društvenih mreža danas je definitivno Facebook, s 1.28 milijardi registriranih korisnika. Međutim, pored navedenih prednosti, postoje i određene opasnosti povezane s objavljivanjem privatnih podataka na društvenim mrežama. Mnogo korisnika društvenih mreža nije svjesno postojećih prijetnji i ne pridaje im značaj u smislu ograničavanja podataka koje postavljaju na svoj profil. Ovaj rad temelji se na istraživanju što društvene mreže predstavljaju za nas te svjesnosti korisnika o izloženosti svojih privatnih života javnosti te utjecaj društvenih mreža na psihofizičko zdravlje i posljedice kao takve The rapid development of information technology provides us with new ways of sending and receiving information, revolutionizing the speed and quality of the process. Social networks on the Internet play a big role in this, offering users free online services for communicating with other users, as well as posting various multimedia content, writing blogs, playing various games and other useful or less useful activities through these networks. In order for a person to join one of the social networks, he must create his own user profile. Creating profiles on social networks is associated with the disclosure of personal data and interests of other network users. Disclosure of personal information allows users to connect with each other and get closer to people with similar interests. Such a simple way of connecting and bringing together internal users has had a key impact on the intensive expansion of social networks in recent years. One of the most popular social networks today is definitely Facebook, with 1.28 billion registered users. However, in addition to the above dvantages, there are certain dangers associated with publishing private data on social networks. Many social media users are not aware of the existing threats and do not attach importance to them in terms of limiting the data they post on their profile. This paper is based on the research of what social networks represent for us and the awareness of users about the exposure of their private lives to the public and the impact of social networks on psychophysical health and consequences as such.

Zbornik studentskih radova Sveučilišta Jurja Dobrile u Puli je osmišljen kao e-izdanje, interdiciplinarnog tipa, koji se objavljuje jednom godišnje te će se ovisno o tijeku pristizanja radova razmotriti mogućnost e-izdanja više puta godišnje. Cilj publikacije je uključiti studente u znanstveno-stručni istraživački rad razvijajući time njihove profesionalne vještine i kompetencije, profesionalnost, kreativnost i odgovornost u produciranju relevantnih znanstveno-stručnih dostignuća. Objavljivanjem samostalnih studentskih radova, radova u koautorstvu s mentorima, nastavnicima i suradnicima iz akademske zajednice ili stručnjaka iz društvenog okruženja, postiže se sinergija znanstveno-nastavne izvrsnosti, istraživačkih napora i kreativnog stvaralaštva koja će potvrditi kvalitetu institucijskih procesa pri Sveučilištu Jurja Dobrile u Puli.

Alfred Marshall kao osoba koja je iza sebe ostavila velika djela bio je ustrajan i uporan u onome što radi. Količina izdanih knjiga i drugih tiskanih oblika čiji je autor prvenstveno Marshall ne može se nikako mjeriti sa prenesenim znanjem na sve studente koji su ga pratili. Uporan i odlučan u svome naumu osnovao je neoklasičnu školu zbog koje je u svome razdoblju postao priznati i cijenjeni vođa odnosno „ekonomist za ekonomiste“. Iako se vodio iskustvom svog prethodnika Smitha, Marshallovi doprinosi u ekonomiji bili su na području teorije vrijednosti i raspodjele gdje dokazuje da su ponuda i potražnja glavni čimbenici određivanja cijene kao glavni izraz vrijednosti nekoga dobra što opisuje i u vlastitom djelu „načela ekonomike“ koje je ujedno postalo i osnovni udžbenik u Velikoj Britaniji. Svojim teorijama nastoji poboljšati viđenje gospodarstva jer pokušava dokazati korisnosti, elastičnost ponude i potražnje, odnos cijena te ekonomska stanja odnosno viškove i manjkove u gospodarstvu. Iako je nakon Marshalla priznat utjecaj i drugih ekonomista sve činjenice i zaključci ipak se baziraju na prethodnim materijalima što govori da su rijetko kada nove teorije porušile stare. Alfred Marshall, as a person who left behind great deeds, was very persistent in what he did. The quantity of his published books and others publications can not be, in it's entirety, compared with the knowledge passed onto his students. In his work and teachnings, he estabilished neoclassical school and became recognized and esteemed leader also know as „The economist for economists“. Althought he was guided by experiences of his predecessor Adam Smith and his teories, Marshall's contributions to economics werw in (the area of the theory of value on redistribution) where he proves that supply and demand are main factors when determinating prices as primary value expression. Marshall wrote about that topic in his work „Principles of economics“ which later became a part of curriculum of English schools and shaped the teaching of economics. In his teories, he seeks to improve the understanding of the economics in a way that proves usefulness, elasticity of supply and demand, price ratio and economic conditions (surpluses and shortages in the economy). Although, the influence of many other economists was approved after the Marshall, all the facts and conclusions are based on he previous materials which indicates that not so many new theories surpassed the old ones.

Pozadinski proces donošenja odluka koji se događa u mozgu mnogo je kompleksniji nego što se čini na prvi pogled, i to čak i kad se radi o jednostavnim izborima poput odluke između jabuke i naranče. Neuroekonomija se bavi istraživanjem tih unutarnjih procesa. Pritom ova znanost pažnju posvećuje jednostavnim kao i puno kompleksnijim izborima poput intertemporalnih izbora, donošenja odluka u društvenom kontekstu ili donošenja odluka u uvjetima nesigurnosti i rizika. Proučavajući centralni organ donošenja odluka, mozak, putem uređaja poput EEG-a, MEG-a, fMRI-ja i drugih ova disciplina dolazi do spoznaja koje pokreću i utječu na proces donošenja odluka. Neuroekonomija je relativno nova interdisciplinarna grana znanosti nastala spajanjem ekonomije, psihologije i neuroznanosti. Kombiniranjem formalnih modela donošenja odluka proizašlih iz ekonomije s podacima koji opisuju psihološke procese tijekom donošenja odluka, nastaje kompleksni sustav obogaćen spoznajama i metodama proizašlima iz neuroznanosti. To su temelji i osnove ove nove znanosti, neuroekonomije, koja spajanjem svih prethodno navedenih pristupa i spoznaja nastoji doprijeti do bioloških temelja na kojima se zasniva proces donošenja ekonomskih odluka u ljudskih bića. The process of decision making taking place in the brain is much more complex than it might seem at first glance, even when the process in question is a simple choice, like the choice beetween an apple and an orange. Neuroeconomics focuses on exploring those inner processes. It studies both simple and much more complex choices such as intertemporal choices, decision making in social situations and decision making under conditions of risk and uncertainty. By studying the central organ of decision making, the brain, with devices like EEG, MEG, fMRI and others, this scientific discipline arrives at insights that help explain and reveal what influences the decision making process. Neuroeconomics is a relatively new interdisciplinary scientific branch that blends knowledge from economics, psychology and neuroscience. In combining formal models of decision making from economics with data describing psychological processes that take place during decision making, it makes up a complex system enriched with insights and methods that come from neuroscience. These are the foundations of this new science, neuroeconomics, which by combining all the aforementioned approaches tries to explain the biological foundations on which the economic decision making process in human beings is founded.

Religija te različiti oblici vjere oduvijek su zauzimali značajnu ulogu u svakoj društvenoj zajednici. Kao i u prošlim vremenima, vjera i danas predstavlja nadu u bolje sutra te podršku u teškim životnim situacijama. Od prapovijesnog pa sve do suvremenog razdoblja, razvoj društva u određenom je kontekstu pratio i evoluciju različitih religijskih doktrina, za koje se vežu pozitivne ali i negativne konotacije. Zahvaljujući religiji, i to prvenstveno svećenicima unutar određenih zajednica te izumom tiskarskog stroja, u velikoj je mjeri došlo da veće popularizacije vjere a samim time i pismenosti unutar velikog broja populacije. Negativne konotacije vezane prvenstveno oko vjerskih ekstremizma, nažalost u određenom kontekstu stvorilo je negativan, a u određenim elementima i odbojan stav vezano pri određenom obliku vjere, što se posljedično odrazilo i u kategoričkom odbijanju u prakticiranju iste. Odgovor na takve okolnosti predstavlja New Age pokret, svojevrsniji liberalniji pogled na religiju što se pripisuje prvenstveno onoj manje konzervativnoj, odnosno tradicionalnoj populaciji. U svakom slučaju, koja god se vjera prakticira, treba imati zajednički nazivnik koji podrazumijeva stvaranje boljeg čovjeka a samim time i razvoj društvene zajednice. Religion and various forms of religion have always played a significant role in every social community. As in the past, faith today represents a hope for a better tomorrow and support in difficult life situations. From prehistoric to the modern era, the development of society in a certain context has followed the evolution of various religious doctrines, which are associated with positive and negative connotations. Thanks to religion, primarily to priests within certain communities, and to the invention of the printing press, there has been a great deal of greater popularization of religion and thus literacy. Negative connotations related primarily to religious extremism, unfortunately in a certain context played a negative, and in certain elements a repulsive attitude related to a particular form of religion, which was consequently reflected in the categorical refusal to practice it. The answer to such circumstances is the New Age movement, a more liberal view of religion that is attributed primarily to the less conservative and less traditional population. In any case, whatever religion is practiced, it should have a common denominator which implies the creation of a better person and thus the development of the social community.

Bihevioralna ekonomija nije toliko snažno definirano područje poput drugih područja društvenih znanosti, međutim, danas je psihološko eksperimentiranje njezina fokusirana metodologija, jer ima sve veću primjenjivost u prirodnom okruženju. Standardne procjene tradicionalnih ekonomista u vezi s prirodom ljudi podvrgnute su intenzivnoj procjeni suvremenih ekonomista koji slijede koncept psihologije pojedinaca u donošenju odluka. Cilj ovog završnog rada je proučiti teorijsku problematiku povijesnog razvoja bihevioralne ekonomije te ispitati njezine osnovne koncepte koje su istraživali mnogobrojni autori, kao i njezine kontroverze, gdje se bihevioralna ekonomija razvila u popularnu disciplinu. Svrha je završnog rada ukazati na važnost primjene bihevioralne ekonomije i njezinih načela u praksi te koliko ista donosi korisnosti. Bihevioralna ekonomija je danas primjenjiva znanstvena disciplina u praksi u mnogim slučajevima te na donošenje ekonomskih odluka djeluje poticajno ukoliko se ljudima predmet odabira predstavi poželjnim. Njezinom implementacijom će se na optimalnu ekonomsku odluku utjecati pozitivno samo ako se na pravi način potakne ljude da usmjere svoje ponašanje da bi oni mogli donijeti odluku samostalno, ali ipak poticajno, a s ciljem obostranog zadovoljstva. Behavioral economics is not as strongly a defined area as other areas of the social sciences, however, today psychological experimentation is its focused methodology because it has increasing applicability in the natural environment. The standard assessments of traditional economists regarding the nature of people are subjected to an intensive assessment by modern economists who follow the concept of the psychology of individuals in decision-making. The aim of this final paper is to study the theoretical issues of the historical development of behavioral economics and examine its basic concepts that have been explored by many authors, as well as its controversies, where behavioral economics has developed into a popular discipline. The purpose of the final paper is to point out the importance of applying behavioral economics and its principles in practice and how much it brings benefits. Behavioral economics is today a applicable scientific discipline in practice in many cases and stimulates economic decision-making if the subject of choice is presented to people and is desirable. Its implementation will have a positive impact on the optimal economic decision only if it is encouraged in the right way to direct their behavior so that they can make a decision independently, but still encouraging, and with the goal of mutual satisfaction.

Razvojem ekonomske misli, empirijskim proučavanjima i novijim nalazima u raznim znanstvenim poljima pojavila se nova ekonomska disciplina – bihevioralna ekonomija. Bihevioralna ekonomija odbija tezu da je čovjek homo economicus i da uvijek donosi racionalne odluke. Glavno načelo bihevioralne misli ogleda se u činjenici kako je čovjek socioekonomikus kojeg karakterizira nerazumno ponašanje, stohastički proces donošenja odluka i iracionalno odlučivanje. Značaj i važnost bihevioralne ekonomije ogleda se u činjenici da pojedinac koristeći njene metode može zamjetno preciznije i jednostavnije na osnovu socijalnih, kognitivnih i emocionalnih čimbenika donijeti ekonomsku odluku. Bihevioralna ekonomija sadrži odgovore na mnoga neobjašnjiva ponašanja potrošača, promijene na tržištu i anomalije u ekonomskim procesima. Zbog činjenice da je još uvijek relativno mlada disciplina potrebno je mnogo ulaganja, empirijskih dokaza i znanstvenih istraživanja kako bi postala općeprihvaćena i uvažena kao disciplina koja, uz standardnu ekonomsku teoriju, može pružiti mnoge odgovore i dati jasniju i širu sliku ekonomske misli općenito. With the development of economic thought, empirical studies, and recent findings in various scientific fields, a new economic discipline has emerged - behavioral economics. Behavioral economics rejects the thesis that man is homo economicus and that he always makes rational decisions. The main principle of behavioral thought is reflected in the fact that man is socioeconomicus characterized by irrational behavior, stochastic decision-making, and irrational decision-making. The significance and importance of behavioral economics are reflected in how an individual using its methods can make a noticeably more precise and more straightforward economic decision based on social, cognitive, and emotional factors. Behavioral economics contains answers to many inexplicable consumer behaviors, market changes, and anomalies in economic processes. Because it is still a relatively young discipline, much investment, empirical evidence, and scientific research are needed to make it generally accepted and recognized as a discipline that (with standard economic theory) can provide many answers and give a clearer and broader picture of economic thought in general.

Tema završnog rada je Nejednakost dohotka kao poticaj za nastanak ekonomske krize. U radu se analizira globalna slika širenja ekonomske krize 2008. godine, te je naglasak na analizi utjecaja krize na hrvatsko gospodarstvo te dugoročnih posljedica pada gospodarstva 2009. godine. Objašnjeni uzroci i posljedice nejednakosti u dohotku i bogatstvu. Nadalje, navedeni su najveći problemi siromaštva i socijalne isključenosti. Također, prikazane su mjere nejednakosti koje se najviše koriste, a pomoću Ginijevog koeficijenta i Lorenzove krivulje prikazana je razdioba dohotka i bogatstva u Republici Hrvatskoj. Na samom kraju rada je prikazana nejednakost u svijetu i komparacija Republike Hrvatske s drugim europskim zemljama. The topic of the final paper is Income inequality as an incentive for the economic crisis. The paper analyzes the global picture of the spread of the economic crisis in 2008, and emphasizes the analysis of the impact of the crisis on the Croatian economy and the long-term consequences of the economic downturn in 2009. Explained the causes and consequences of inequality in income and wealth. Furthermore, the biggest problems of poverty and social exclusion are listed. Also, the most widely used inequality measures are presented, and the distribution of income and wealth in the Republic of Croatia is shown using the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz curve. At the very end of the paper, inequality in the world and the comparison of the Republic of Croatia with other European countries are presented..

Tema završnog rada je Heuristika i bihevioralna ekonomija. U radu je objašnjena bihevioralna ekonomija, model ekonomskog čovjeka, teorija efikasnosti tržišta, heuristika, mentalno računovodstvo, neuroekonomija i motivacija zaposlenika u poduzeću. Postojeći ekonomski modeli funkcioniraju pod pretpostavkom kako ljudi donose odluke racionalno i predvidljivo, međutim donošenje odluka je često pod utjecajem brojnih faktora koje karakterizira iracionalnost. Klasična ekonomska teorija i zakoni u širem smislu dobro funkcioniraju, ali na individualnoj razini ima velik broj odstupanja koja se još uvijek ne mogu u potpunosti razjasniti. Klasične ekonomske teorije polaze od toga da su ljudi uvijek savršeno informirani, ali u realnom svijetu to nije uvijek slučaj. U nedostatku vremena, informacija i mogućnosti ljudi donose odluke tražeći najbolji mogući ishod sukladno faktorima koji postoje u tom trenutku. Bihevioralna ekonomija pokušava objasniti načine na koje ljudi donose odluke, uzimajući u obzir postojeće modele, ali i druge faktore (psihološke, socijalne) koji utječu na ljudsko ponašanje. The topic of the final paper is Heuristics and Behavioral Economic. The paper explains behavioral economics, the economic man model, market efficiency theory, heuristics, mental accounting, neuroeconomics and employee motivation in the company. Existing economic models function under the assumption that people make decisions rationally and predictably, however decision-making is often influenced by a number of factors that characterize irrationality. Classical economic theory and laws in a broader sense work well, but at the individual level there are a large number of deviations that still cannot be fully clarified. Classical economic theories assume that people are always perfectly informed, but in the real world this is not always the case. In the absence of time, information and opportunities people make decisions looking for the best possible outcome according to the factors that exist at that moment. Behavioral economics tries to explain the ways in which people make decisions, taking into account existing models, but also other factors (psychological, social) that influence human behavior.

Pojava globalizacije postavila je pred svjetska gospodarstva mnogostruke izazove na koje one nisu mogle promptno odgovoriti. Propuštanje tih prilika dovelo je do pojave financijskih kriza, koje su označile krizu financijskih trţišta i krizu bankarstva u svijetu. Sve su gospodarske krize trenuci preispitivanja tadašnjeg gospodarskog sustava ili prilike da se provjeri njegova snaga. U suvremenim globalnim uvjetima današnjeg svijeta sve je više prisutna ekonomska polarizacija izmeĎu zemalja svijeta. Svjetsko blagostanje i raspodjela bogatstva u svijetu često je izraţeno u obliku pojmova poput gladi, siromaštva, dostupnost vode i količine materijalnih dobara, dostupnost egtzistencijalnih uvjeta za ţivot poput stambenih jedinica, energenata, čistoća okoliša i zraka, dostupnost radnih mjesta, zdravstva, obrazovanja, kulturnih usluga i slično. Povezanost društvene nejednakosti s ekonomskim krzama je snaţne korelacije jer upravo nejednako distribuirano društveo blagostanje u svijetu jest jedan od temeljnih uzroka pojave ekonomskih kriza. The advent of globalization has posed many challenges to the world economy that they could not promptly respond to. Missing these opportunities led to the emergence of financial crises, which marked the financial markets crisis and the banking crisis in the world. All economic crises currently ruled the current economic system or the opportunity to test its strength. In the contemporary global world of today, economic polarization between the countries of the world is increasingly present. World wealth and wealth distribution in the world are often expressed in terms of gladiations, poverty, availability of water and material goods, availability of subsistence living conditions such as housing, energy, clean environment and air, accessibility of jobs, health, education, cultural services and similar. The link between social inequalities and economic crises is a strong correlation because it is precisely the unequally distributed social well-being in the world that was one of the fundamental age-related phenomena of economic crises.