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9. HIV-1 gp120 and anti-gp120 induce reversible unresponsiveness in peripheral CD4 T lymphocytes

Author

Liegler, Teri J. and Stites, Daniel P.

Subjects
CD4 lymphocytes -- Physiological aspects, HIV (Viruses) -- Physiological aspects, Glycoproteins -- Physiological aspects, Immunosuppression -- Physiological aspects, Health
Abstract

HIV-1 glycoprotein (gp) 120 appears to inhibit T cell receptor-mediated proliferation of CD4 cells. T cells are components of the immune system. CD4 cells are a type of T cell. As HIV infection progresses to AIDS the number and function of CD4 cells drops though the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Blood samples from 30 HIV-negative volunteers were analyzed to determine cellular responsiveness to HIV-1 gp120 when anti-gp120 antibodies were present or absent. Antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances. CD4 cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by gp120. Greater inhibition occurred with exposure to larger amounts of gp120. Maximum inhibition of CD4 proliferation occurred at doses of 10-15 micrograms per milliliter of gp120. When anti-gp120 antibodies were present CD4 cell responses were further inhibited. High doses of interleukin-2 appeared to reverse CD4 cell unresponsiveness.

Published
1994

15. Immunological Membrane Markers of Hodgkin’s Cells

Author

Kadin, Marshall E., Gold, Sondra, Garratty, Eileen M., Stites, Daniel P., Stich, W., editor, Ruhenstroth-Bauer, G., editor, Heimpel, H., editor, Neth, Rolf, editor, Gallo, Robert C., editor, Mannweiler, Klaus, editor, and Moloney, William C., editor

Published
1976
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18. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Author

ABELL, C.W., primary, ALFORD, ROBERT H., additional, ALTER, B.J., additional, ANDERSON, A.O., additional, ANDERSON, DEBORAH J., additional, ANDERSON, SUSAN M., additional, ANDRON, L.A., additional, ANTON, ELIZABETH, additional, ARALA-CHAVES, M.P., additional, ARNON, R., additional, ASCHER, M.S., additional, BACH, F.H., additional, BAIRD, LYNN G., additional, BARCINSKI, MARCELLO A., additional, BARKER, BARBARA E., additional, BARTH, ROLF F., additional, BATTISTO, JACK R., additional, BELL, CLARA, additional, BEN-SASSON, SHMUEL A., additional, BERKE, GIDEON, additional, BERNHEIM, JAN L., additional, BESSLER, WOLFGANG G., additional, BETEL, IDO, additional, BETZ, SALLY J., additional, BEYER, C.F., additional, BLAESE, R. MICHAEL, additional, BLANKWATER, M.J., additional, BOCHERT, G., additional, BOCKMAN, D.E., additional, BOLDT, DAVID H., additional, BONA, CONSTANTIN, additional, BONAVIDA, BENJAMIN, additional, BONNARD, GUY D., additional, BOREL, J.F., additional, BOWERS, W.E., additional, BRAATZ, J.A., additional, BRADLEY, B., additional, BRADLEY, B.A., additional, BRAUNSTEINER, HERBERT, additional, BRODER, S., additional, BROWN, JOHN M., additional, BUNDY, BONITA M., additional, BURGER, D.R., additional, CAMBELL, D.A., additional, CARPENTER, C.B., additional, CASTAGNOLA, JAN, additional, CAVILES, ALENDRY P., additional, CHAKRAVARTY, A.K., additional, CHAPLIN, D.D., additional, CHARMOT, D., additional, CHISARI, F.V., additional, CLARK, W.R., additional, CLEMENTS, PHILIP J., additional, COHEN, I.R., additional, COOPER, HERBERT L., additional, COOPER, M.D., additional, COOPER, R.A., additional, CORLEY, RONALD B., additional, CROSIER, P., additional, CUNNINGHAM-RUNDLES, S., additional, CURTISS, LINDA K., additional, DANIELE, RONALD P., additional, DARAI, G., additional, DAUSSET, J., additional, DAVID, JOHN R., additional, DAYNES, RAYMOND A., additional, DEAN, JACK H., additional, DEBATES, MARY JO, additional, DECKER, JEAN M., additional, DE GOEDE, R.E.Y, additional, DEHEER, DAVID H., additional, DELFRAISSY, J.F., additional, DEWOLF, W.C., additional, DOOLEY, N.D., additional, DOOLEY, NANCY J., additional, DORIAN, RANDEL, additional, DORMONT, J., additional, DOUGLAS, GARY N., additional, DRAY, SHELDON, additional, DUPONT, B., additional, DURM, M., additional, DWYER, JOHN M., additional, EDGINGTON, THOMAS S., additional, ELFERINK, DIENNE, additional, ENDRES, ROBERT O., additional, ESSELMAN, WALTER J., additional, FAGAN, G., additional, FARNES, PATRICIA, additional, FAUCI, ANTHONY S., additional, FERGUSON, RONALD M., additional, FERRARINI, M., additional, FLETCHER, MARK P., additional, FRELINGER, JEFFREY A., additional, FORSDYKE, D.R., additional, FROST, A.F., additional, FUDENBERG, H. HUGH, additional, GALANAUD, P., additional, GAROVOY, M.R., additional, GARRIDO, F., additional, GEHA, RAIF S., additional, GEMSA, DIETHARD, additional, GEORGE, K., additional, GERSHWIN, M. ERIC, additional, GLICKMAN, E., additional, GOLDBLUM, R.M., additional, GOLDMAN, C., additional, GOLDSTEIN, ALLAN L., additional, GOOD, R.A., additional, GORDON, DAVID S., additional, GORDON, G., additional, GORDON, IAN L., additional, GORDON, JULIUS, additional, GORENBERG, DAVID J., additional, GORSKA, R., additional, GORSKI, A.J., additional, GOTTLIEB, M.N., additional, GRANBERG, CHRISTER, additional, GRANGER, GALE A., additional, GRAYBILL, J. RICHARD, additional, GREY, HOWARD M., additional, GRILLOT-COURVALIN, C., additional, GRIMM, ELIZABETH ANN, additional, GRINWICH, KAZIMIERA, additional, GROSSI, C.E., additional, GüNTHER, EBERHARD, additional, GUERRY, D., additional, HAMILL, BARBARA, additional, HANSEN, J.A., additional, HANTKE, KLAUS, additional, HAYWARD, A.R., additional, HEININGER, D., additional, HELDERMAN, J. HAROLD, additional, HENKART, PIERRE A., additional, HENNEY, CHRISTOPHER H., additional, HERBERMAN, R.B., additional, HESTER, RAYMOND B., additional, HIRSCHBERG, HENRY, additional, HISERODT, JOHN C., additional, HOETTE, M., additional, HOLIMAN, B.J., additional, HORSMANHEIMO, A., additional, HORSMANHEIMO, M., additional, SUNY, MICHAEL L. HOWE, additional, HUBER, CHRISTOPH, additional, HURTUBISE, P.E., additional, IKEDA, RICHARD, additional, ITZCHAKI, M., additional, JACOBS, DIANE M., additional, JANICKI, BERNARD W., additional, JARRETT-TOTH, E., additional, JENSEN, PAMELA, additional, JERRY, L. MARTIN, additional, JONES, THOMAS B., additional, JONGENEEL, C. VICTOR, additional, JUNGFER, H., additional, KACENA, AMELIA, additional, KALDANY, A., additional, KAPLAN, ALAN M., additional, KAPLAN, J.G., additional, KASHKET, EVA R., additional, KAY, H. DAVID, additional, KAZURA, J., additional, KEARNEY, J.K., additional, KERMANI-ARAB, V., additional, KIERSZENBAUM, F., additional, KEYSSNER, K., additional, KIRCHNER, H., additional, KIRKPATRICK, CHARLES H., additional, KLEIN, J., additional, KLIMPEL, GARY, additional, KOLB, W.P., additional, KORN, J., additional, KOSKI, L.J., additional, KRAKAUER, R., additional, KRUISBEEK, ADA M., additional, KRUITHOF, E.K.O., additional, KUBO, RALPH T., additional, LANOTTE, M., additional, LAUGHTER, ARLINE H., additional, LAUGHTER, BARBARA J., additional, LA VIA, D.S., additional, LA VIA, M.F., additional, LAWRENCE, E.C., additional, LAWTON, A.R., additional, LEGRAND, L., additional, LEON, MYRON A., additional, LESLIE, G.A., additional, UCLA, JOSHUA LEVY, additional, LICHTMAN, M.A., additional, LIFTON, J., additional, LIGHTBODY, JAMES J., additional, LINKER-ISRAELI, M., additional, LOPATIN, DENNIS E., additional, LORARCHER, ALOIS, additional, LORD, EDITH M., additional, LUCAS, DAVID O., additional, LUCAS, KEES, additional, LUNDIN, A.P., additional, LYDYARD, P.M., additional, MCCALMON, ROBERT T., additional, MACDERMOTT, RICHARD P., additional, MCDOUGAL, J.S., additional, MCINTIRE, K.R., additional, MACKLER, BRUCE F., additional, MADYASTHA, K.R., additional, MADYASTHA, P.R., additional, MÄHLER, BERND, additional, MAKI, TAKASHI, additional, MANNINEN, KIMMO, additional, MARTIJNSE, JOKE, additional, MAWAS, C., additional, MAYER, EUGENE P., additional, MEADE, B., additional, MENDELSOHN, JOHN, additional, MENZEL, J., additional, MERGENHAGEN, S.E., additional, METZGER, JOACHIM, additional, MILLER, GINGER W., additional, MILLER, HAROLD C., additional, MILLER, J., additional, MILLS, G., additional, MINGARI, M.C., additional, MOERMAN, C., additional, MOLDOW, C.F., additional, MONAHAN, T.M., additional, MORETTA, A., additional, MORETTA, L., additional, MORRISON, DAVID C., additional, MOTICKA, EDWARD J., additional, MUCHMORE, ANDREW V., additional, MULLER-EBERHARD, H.J., additional, MUNK, K., additional, MUUL, L., additional, NASH, GEOFFREY S., additional, NEGENDANK, W., additional, NELSON, DAVID L., additional, NELSON, J.A., additional, NETA, R., additional, NEWELL, LAURIE, additional, NG, A.K., additional, O'BRIEN, RICHARD L., additional, OEHLER, J.R., additional, O'NEILL, PEGGY A., additional, OPPENHEIM, JOOST J., additional, ORTALDO, J.R., additional, PAHWA, S., additional, PANIJEL, J., additional, PAPE, GERD R., additional, PARADYSZ, J., additional, PARKER, C.W., additional, PARKER, JOHN W., additional, PARRILLO, JOSEPH E., additional, PAWELEC, G.P., additional, PEARSON, CARL M., additional, PERLMANN, PETER, additional, PILARSKI, LINDA M., additional, PLATA, FERNANDO, additional, PLESCIA, ANNE M., additional, PLESCIA, OTTO J., additional, PONZIO, N.M., additional, POPLACK, D.G., additional, PRATT, KAREN R., additional, PUNTIS, M.C.A, additional, RANNEY, DAVID F., additional, RASMUSSEN, HOWARD, additional, REDELMAN, DOUG, additional, RESCH, KLAUS, additional, RICH, ROBERT R., additional, RICH, SUSAN SOLLIDAY, additional, ROBERTS, R.L., additional, RODE, HAROLD N., additional, ROSENSTREICH, DAVID L., additional, ROSENTHAL, ALAN S., additional, ROSSIO, JEFFREY L., additional, ROWDEN, GEOFFREY, additional, ROWLAND, GEORGE, additional, RUBIN, ARNOLD S., additional, RüDE, ERWIN, additional, RüHL, H., additional, RüHL, U., additional, RYAN, JOHN L., additional, SALVIN, S.B., additional, SASPORTES, M., additional, SCHIRRMACHER, V., additional, SCHMALSTIEG, F.C., additional, SCHMIDTKE, JON R., additional, SCHOLLE, H., additional, SCHRIEBER, A.D., additional, SCHUBERT, RICHARD D., additional, SEGEL, G.B., additional, SELL, STEWART, additional, SHALLER, C., additional, SHARON, N., additional, SHEA, MARY, additional, SHEEHAN, JAMES M., additional, SHEPPARD, HAYNES W., additional, SHEPPARD, J.R., additional, SHERIDAN, JOHN, additional, SHEVACH, ETHAN M., additional, SHIFRINE, M., additional, SHIFTAN, THOMAS A., additional, SHORE, STEVEN L., additional, SIMMONS, RICHARD L., additional, SMITH, ALAN, additional, SMITH, TERRILL K., additional, SOULILLOU, J.P., additional, SPECKART, STEPHEN F., additional, SPELLMAN, CRAIG W., additional, STEGGEMANN, LUDWIG, additional, STEINMAN, L., additional, STEJSKAL, VERA, additional, STEWART, CARLETON C., additional, STITES, DANIEL P., additional, ST. LOUIS, G., additional, STOBO, J.D., additional, STOECK, MICHAEL, additional, STRAUSS, PHYLLIS R., additional, STROBER, W., additional, STROM, TERRY B., additional, SULLIVAN, ARTHUR K., additional, SUNDSMO, J.S., additional, SUTCLIFFE, MARILYN C., additional, SUTHANTHIRAN, M., additional, SWART, A.C.W., additional, TAYLOR, CLIVE R., additional, TEITELBAUM, D., additional, TEODORESCU, MARIUS, additional, TERMIJTELEN, A., additional, THESTRUP-PEDERSEN, KRISTIAN, additional, LE THI, HIEN, additional, THOMAS, DAVID W., additional, THORBECKE, G.J., additional, THORSBY, ERIK, additional, THURMAN, GARY B., additional, TILL, GERD, additional, TILNEY, N.L., additional, TOIVANEN, PAAVO, additional, TOMASI, THOMAS B., additional, TOUTON, M., additional, TRAININ, N., additional, TREFTS, PARK E., additional, TROWBRIDGE, SIDNEYE, additional, TRUFFA-BACHI, PAULO, additional, UBELS-POSTMA, JOSÉ, additional, UMIEL, T., additional, VAN BEKKUM, D.W., additional, VAN DE BERG, TINEKE, additional, VAN DEN TWEEL, JAN G., additional, VAN DEN WESTEN, GERARD, additional, VAN HEES, MARITA, additional, VAN OERS, M.H.J., additional, VAN ROOD, J.J., additional, VOGT, W., additional, WAKSMAN, B.H., additional, WALDMANN, T.A., additional, WALKER, WILLIAM S., additional, WALLON, CH., additional, WARE, CARL F., additional, WEBB, S.R., additional, WEBER, W.T., additional, WEDNER, H.J., additional, WERNET, P., additional, WEST, WILLIAM H., additional, WHISLER, R.L., additional, WIESINGER, DOROTHEE, additional, WIGZELL, HANS, additional, WILCOX, C., additional, WILSON, F.D., additional, WINKELSTEIN, A., additional, WOOD, DAVID D., additional, WOODWARD, JEROLD G., additional, WRIGHT, S.C., additional, YEN, BELINDA, additional, YOSHIDA, TAKESHI, additional, YU, DAVID TAK YAN, additional, ZEIJLEMAKER, W.P., additional, ZICCA, A., additional, ZIER, KAREN, additional, and ZIMMERMANN, RITA, additional

Published
1977
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23. Imunologia básica

Author

STITES, Daniel P. and TERR, Abba L

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, lcsh:RC955-962, General Medicine
Published
1992

25. Stress reduction training changed number of sexual partners but not immune function in men with HIV

Author

Coates, Thomas J., McKusick, Leon, Kuno, Richard, and Stites, Daniel P.

Subjects
Health behavior -- Analysis, Sexual behavior surveys -- Analysis, Immune system -- Testing, AIDS virus carriers -- Medical examination, Stress management -- Health aspects, Government, Health care industry
Abstract

The impact of stress management training regarding the sexual behavior and immune function of 64 AIDS-infected gay men is studied. The stress management program consisted of eight two-hour sessions and one all-day retreat session which taught relaxation skills, health behavior change, and stress management skills. Participants in the program reported having significantly fewer sexual partners during a subsequent period. Immune function did not change in these AIDS patients.

Published
1989

30. A Phase I Study of HGP-30, a 30 Amino Acid Subunit of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) p17 Synthetic Peptide Analogue Sub-unit Vaccine in Seronegative Subjects

Author

KAHN, JAMES O., primary, STITES, DANIEL P., additional, SCILLIAN, JIM, additional, MURCAR, NELSON, additional, STRYKER, RICHARD, additional, VOLBERDING, PAUL A., additional, NAYLOR, PAUL H., additional, GOLDSTEIN, ALAN L., additional, SARIN, PREM S., additional, SIMMON, VINCENT F., additional, WANG, SU-SAN, additional, and HESELTINE, PETER, additional

Published
1992
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35. Leukocyte immunophenotyping by flow cytometry in a multisite study: Standardization, quality control, and normal values in the Transfusion Safety Study

Author

Parker, John W., primary, Adelsberg, Bernard, additional, Azen, Stanley P., additional, Boone, Donna, additional, Fletcher, Mary Ann, additional, Gjerset, George F., additional, Hassett, Joseph, additional, Kaplan, Joseph, additional, Niland, Joyce C., additional, Odom-Maryon, Tamara, additional, Operskalski, Eva A., additional, Prince, Harry, additional, Scott, Diane, additional, Stites, Daniel P., additional, and Mosley, James W., additional

Published
1990
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36. Semi-automated entry of clinical temporal-abstraction knowledge.

Author

Shahar, Yuval, Chen, Hai, Stites, Daniel P, Basso, Lawrence V, Kaizer, Herbert, Wilson, Darrell M, Musen, Mark A, Shahar, Y, Chen, H, Stites, D P, Basso, L V, Kaizer, H, Wilson, D M, and Musen, M A

Abstract

Objectives: The authors discuss the usability of an automated tool that supports entry, by clinical experts, of the knowledge necessary for forming high-level concepts and patterns from raw time-oriented clinical data.Design: Based on their previous work on the RESUME system for forming high-level concepts from raw time-oriented clinical data, the authors designed a graphical knowledge acquisition (KA) tool that acquires the knowledge required by RESUME. This tool was designed using Protégé, a general framework and set of tools for the construction of knowledge-based systems. The usability of the KA tool was evaluated by three expert physicians and three knowledge engineers in three domains-the monitoring of children's growth, the care of patients with diabetes, and protocol-based care in oncology and in experimental therapy for AIDS. The study evaluated the usability of the KA tool for the entry of previously elicited knowledge.Measurements: The authors recorded the time required to understand the methodology and the KA tool and to enter the knowledge; they examined the subjects' qualitative comments; and they compared the output abstractions with benchmark abstractions computed from the same data and a version of the same knowledge entered manually by RESUME experts.Results: Understanding RESUME required 6 to 20 hours (median, 15 to 20 hours); learning to use the KA tool required 2 to 6 hours (median, 3 to 4 hours). Entry times for physicians varied by domain-2 to 20 hours for growth monitoring (median, 3 hours), 6 and 12 hours for diabetes care, and 5 to 60 hours for protocol-based care (median, 10 hours). An increase in speed of up to 25 times (median, 3 times) was demonstrated for all participants when the KA process was repeated. On their first attempt at using the tool to enter the knowledge, the knowledge engineers recorded entry times similar to those of the expert physicians' second attempt at entering the same knowledge. In all cases RESUME, using knowledge entered by means of the KA tool, generated abstractions that were almost identical to those generated using the same knowledge entered manually.Conclusion: The authors demonstrate that the KA tool is usable and effective for expert physicians and knowledge engineers to enter clinical temporal-abstraction knowledge and that the resulting knowledge bases are as valid as those produced by manual entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1999
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37. Ontogeny of Human T Cells.

Author

Stites, Daniel P. and Pavia, Charles S.

Subjects
*T cells, *LYMPHATICS, *IMMUNITY, *LYMPHOCYTES, *IMMUNE system
Abstract

Abstract. Current knowledge of human T cell ontogeny is reviewed in terms of appearance of T cells in central and peripheral lymphoid organs, maturation of T cell markers, and development of immune functions. Extrapolation of growth curves derived from cell counts from fetal thymus, spleen, and bone marrow indicates the appearance of lymphocytes at 3.5 weeks gestation. Erosette-forming cells are present in thymus at 11 weeks and in peripheral organs 15 to 16 weeks gestation, beta-2-Microglobulin is associated with all lymphoid cells by 13 weeks gestation. Lymphocyte responses to the T cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) are first detected in thymus at 10 weeks and in spleen and blood 3 to 4 weeks later. Allogeneic responses in mixed lymphocyte reactions develop at about 7.5 weeks in fetal liver and later in thymus and peripheral organs. Lymphocytotoxicity for xenogeneic cells is a property of bone marrow cells and not thymocytes. Several aspects of development of a suppressor T cell in human neonates is discussed and related to similar findings in the mouse. These studies indicate a relatively high degree of maturation of human T cells during fetal life. Pediatrics 64 (suppl):795-802, 1979; T cells, ontogeny, immunology, thymus, lymphocyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1979
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44. Immunogenicity of GadoliniumBased Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Author

BAXTER, ALEXANDER B., MELNIKOFF, STEVEN, STITES, DANIEL P., and BRASCH, ROBERT C.

Abstract

Baxter AB, Melnikoff S, Stites DP, Brasch RC. Immunogenicity of gadolinum-based contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging: induction and characterization of antibodies inanimals. Invest Radiol 1991;26:1035–1040.To evaluate the immunogenic potential of gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, Sprague-Dawley rats weresensitized with gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) dimeglumine and with Gd-DTPA covalently linked to either human serum albumin, dextran, or polylysine. IgG antibodies directed against Gd-DTPA were detected in immune sera by an enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA), and were confirmed by competitive inhibition of antibody binding using free Gd-DTPA dimeglumine. Antiserum induced by immunization with humanserum albumin-(Gd-DTPA) was characterized by amonophasic competition curve with 50 inhibition (IC,) =5.5 X M when Gd-DTPA dimeglumine was used as both the well-coating and the displacing agent in a competition ELISA. Antiserum induced by Gd-DTPA dimeglumine alonewas characterized by a biphasic competition curve with IC, =6.5 X lo-' M and 7.9 x M. Antisera obtained after exposure to either dextran-(Gd-DTPA) or polylysine-(Gd-DTPA) were of insufficient titer for characterization. The de-tection of antibodies specific for Gd-DTPA suggests in vivoprotein binding with formation of hapten+arrier conjugates. This hypothesis is supported by increased relaxivity values observed when Gd-DTPA dimeglumine is incubated in serum rather than in water. Gd-DTPA dimeglumine and albumin-(Gd-DTPA) are immunogenic in rats under idealized experimental conditions. Additional studies will be necessary to determine the potential for immunologic response in humans to gadolinium chelates under conditions of exposure inherent inclinical use

Published
1991

45. Coexistent Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia, Pernicious Anemia, and Agammaglobulinemia: Comment on Autoimmune Pathogenesis

Author

Levinson, Arnold I., Hopewell, Philip C., Stites, Daniel P., Spitler, Lynn E., and Fudenberg, H. Hugh

Abstract

The coexistence of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, pernicious anemia and common variable hypogammaglobulinemia represents a disease triad not previously described. However, both pernicious anemia and lymphoid interstitial pneumonia have been independently associated with dysproteinemia,1-4 and both have features that tend to implicate immunologic alterations in their pathogenesis. The occurrence of these diseases in the same patient stimulated extensive evaluation of her immune system. PATIENT SUMMARY A 58-year-old woman was found to have pernicious anemia in 1960. The diagnosis was based on the findings of macrocytic red blood cell (RBC) indices, a megaloblastic bone marrow specimen, histamine-fast achlorhydria, abnormal Schilling test results, and correction of the anemia by vitamin B12. A chest roentgenogram showed middle lobe and lingular infiltrate characterized by "honeycombing" and also bilateral pleural thickening. At that time, her only pulmonary symptom was a mild dry cough. However, over the next several years she developed increasing dyspnea, and

Published
1976
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47. ONTOGENY OF IMMUNITY IN MAN

Author

Stites, Daniel P., Caldwell, Joseph, Carr, Martin C., and Fudenberg, H. Hugh

Abstract

We have reviewed selected aspects of recent findings in the ontogeny of immunity in man. For obvious reasons, constraints placed on experimental work with human subjects, albeit deceased foetuses, limit the work to in vitrostudies. Nevertheless, a number of novel and important concepts have emerged. First, as in lower animals, lymphoid development of the foetal thymus in general precedes the development of immunocompetence in peripheral lymphoid tissues. A striking exception to this rule is the finding of cells in early foetal liver which respond to allogeneic cells in the mixed lymphocyte culture some weeks before lymphoid organization of the thymus. In addition, the response of foetal cells to allogeneic cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) precedes the response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), a stimulant with relative T cell specificity. The use of markers for T cells to map the emergence of this class of lymphocytes correlates well with various functional attributes of T cells in in vitroculture systems. B cells emerge first in foetal liver at about 9 weeks' gestation, but formation of immunoglobulin by the foetus occurs at very low levels until after birth. There is a suggestion that progression from IgM to IgA synthesis occurs during human foetal lymphoid development. Taken as a whole, these data suggest a rather remarkable and perhaps unexpected degree of cellular and potential humoral immunocompetence at early stages of foetal development in man.

Published
1975
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48. An AIDS-related cytotoxic autoantibody reacts with a specific antigen on stimulated CD4+T cells

Author

Stricker, Raphael B., McHugh, Thomas M., Moody, Dewey J., Morrow, W. J. W., Stites, Daniel P., Shuman, Marc A., and Levy, Jay A.

Abstract

Patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related conditons are known to have abnormalities of T cell subpopulations, including a decreased helper/inducer (bearing the CD4 antigen) to suppressor/cytotoxic (bearing the CDS antigen) T cell ratio and decreased absolute numbers of T cells with the CD4+phenotype1,2. Infection of T cells with a retrovirus, termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is thought to be important in these abnormalities3–5. HIV infection alone does not adequately explain the CD4+T-cell abnormalities seen in AIDS, however, and the nature of T-cell destruction in this disease remains poorly characterized6. Here we describe an AIDS-related serum autoantibody that reacts with an antigen of relative molecular mass 18,000 (M r18K) restricted to lectin-stimulated or HIV-infected CD4+T cells. The antibody also suppresses proliferation of CD4+T cells in vitro and induces cytotoxicity of these cells in the presence of complement. Its role in the development of AIDS merits attention.

Published
1987
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