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Funding Information: The project is funded by the European Commission as well as the following national/regional bodies: Formas—the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (grant no: 2020–02376), Academy of Finland (grant no. 344726), Research Foundation—Flanders (grant no. FWO ERANET G0H6520N), and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant no. PCI2020-120719-2). Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 De-la-Cruz, Batsleer, Bonte, Diller, Hytönen, Muola, Osorio, Posé, Vandegehuchte and Stenberg. Aboveground plant-arthropod interactions are typically complex, involving herbivores, predators, pollinators, and various other guilds that can strongly affect plant fitness, directly or indirectly, and individually, synergistically, or antagonistically. However, little is known about how ongoing natural selection by these interacting guilds shapes the evolution of plants, i.e., how they affect the differential survival and reproduction of genotypes due to differences in phenotypes in an environment. Recent technological advances, including next-generation sequencing, metabolomics, and gene-editing technologies along with traditional experimental approaches (e.g., quantitative genetics experiments), have enabled far more comprehensive exploration of the genes and traits involved in complex ecological interactions. Connecting different levels of biological organization (genes to communities) will enhance the understanding of evolutionary interactions in complex communities, but this requires a multidisciplinary approach. Here, we review traditional and modern methods and concepts, then highlight future avenues for studying the evolution of plant-arthropod interactions (e.g., plant-herbivore-pollinator interactions). Besides promoting a fundamental understanding of plant-associated arthropod communities’ genetic background and evolution, such knowledge can also help address many current global environmental challenges.

Bygg- och infrastruktursektorn präglas av betongkonstruktioner av diverse utformning där koldioxidutsläpp är ett känt problem hos betongindustrin. Bindemedlet cement utgör den största delen av koldioxidutsläppen, därav forskas det på alternativa material till cement där ett av de materialen är slagg. Att använda betong med höga ersättningsandelar av slagg är något som är möjligt under förutsättningar att forskning bedrivs, för att kunna säkerställa god funktion enligt standarder. Examensarbetet ämnar undersöka temperaturens inverkan vid härdningsprocessen. Examensarbetet möjliggjordes med hjälp av en litteraturstudie, dialog med Oskar Linderoth på Swerock samt via gjutning av betongkuber med vattenhärdning i laborationsmiljö. Hållfasthet testades med hydraulikpress på Örebro Universitet. De betongsammansättningar som gjöts hade 40% respektive 60% slagginblandning. Betongkuberna härdades i vattenbad i 20°C i inomhusklimat samt i 40°C i ett värmeskåp. Slutligen tryckprovades respektive betongsammansättning efter 3, 7 och 28 dygn. Totalt omfattade härdning och provtryckning 12 kuber. Resultaten visar att en högre härdningstemperatur medför en högre tryckhållfasthet mellan 3 och 28 dygn både vid 40% respektive 60% slagginblandning. I betongen med 40% slagginblandning ger den högre härdningstemperaturen initialt en högre hållfasthet, men den betongen med lägre härdningstemperatur sammanfaller med den högre efter 28 dygn. Den betongen med 60% slagginblandning har en mer parallell hållfasthetsutveckling mellan den lägre respektive högre härdningstemperaturen efter 3 och 28 dygn. Den högre härdningstemperaturen medför som tidigare en högre hållfasthet än den lägre härdningstemperaturen. Slutligen tyder resultaten på att en högre slagginblandning generellt medför en något lägre initial hållfasthet tidigt i härdningsprocessen, men att den kring 28 dygn har liknande eller högre hållfasthet än den betongen med mindre slagg. Slutsatsen är att Swerocks produkter visar tendenser till att varierande härdningstemperatur har en påverkan på betong med varierande andelar slagg. Det skulle dock behövas mer gjutningar för att få ett säkrare resultat och bredare spridning för att säkerställa att liknande resultat uppnås med fler kuber., The construction and infrastructure sector consists of a lot of concrete structures where carbon dioxide emissions are a known problem in the concrete industry. The binder cement makes up the largest part of the carbon dioxide emissions, hence research is being done on alternative materials to cement and one of those materials is slag. Using concrete with high replacement proportions of slag is something that is possible under conditions that research is conducted, to ensure good function according to requirements. The thesis intends to investigate the effect of temperature in the curing process. The degree project was made possible with the help of a literature study, dialogue with Oskar Linderoth at Swerock and via casting of concrete cubes with water curing in a laboratory environment. Strength development was tested at Örebro University with a hydraulic press. The concrete compositions that were cast had 40% and 60% slag mixture, respectively. The concrete cubes were hardened in a water bath at 20°C in an indoor climate and at 40°C in a heating cabinet. Finally, the respective concrete composition was tested for strenght after 3, 7 and 28 days. In total, curing and casting comprised 12 cubes. The results show that a higher curing temperature results in a higher compressive strength between 3 and 28 days both at 40% and 60% slag mixture, respectively. In the concrete with 40% slag mixture, the higher curing temperature initially gives a higher strength, but the concrete with a lower curing temperature coincides with the higher one after 28 days. The concrete with 60% slag mixture has a more parallel strength development between the lower and higher curing temperature, respectively, after 3 and 28 days. As before, the higher curing temperature results in a higher strength than the lower curing temperature. Finally, the results indicate that a higher slag mixture generally results in a slightly lower initial strength early in the hardening process, but that it is around 28 days higher than the concrete with less slag with the help of a higher curing temperature. The conclusion is that Swerock's products show tendencies that varying curing temperature influences concrete with varying proportions of slag. However, more castings would be needed to obtain a safer result and a wider spread to ensure that similar results are achieved with more cubes.

Climate factors such as temperature and precipitation vary significantly over continental scales, strongly structuring biomes along latitudinal gradients, and resulting in species differently adapted either genetically or plastically to cope with their local climate. However, climate change will likely alter these biomes. Thus, it is expected that Nordic regions, historically colder and rainier, will tend to have higher temperatures and less rainfall, which might lead to changes in the distribution of plants leading to novel patterns of local adaptation and maladaptation. In this study we aim to study how plant traits vary with latitude and in response to different temperature and drought conditions in order to find genetic determinants of climate adaptation. Our group is focused in determining the role of the metabolic profiling to that adaptation. For that purpose, we use the woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) as the model organism. In particular, we have analyzed 16 different genotypes that have been grown in five common gardens located in Belgium, Sweden, Finland, and Spain, in which drought treatments were also performed. Here, we present the chemical analysis (primary metabolism) in leaves of these genotypes in order to better understand how environmental factors can alter the primary metabolic profiles of F. vesca accessions grown in different locations. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. BiodivERsA project PlantCline -(PCI2020-120719-2) from “Programación Conjunta Internacional” program, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.

Ecological theory hypothesizes that plant trait diversity may be as important as the presence of specific functional traits (e.g., resistance) for the herbivore and predator communities within a population. We used experimental populations of wild woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) to test whether the degree of plant genotypic diversity and/or the existence of specific resistance traits play a role in the host plant’s community structure specifically, the community of generalist and specialist aphids and their natural enemies. In 2019, we studied the aphid abundance and relative predator abundance in an experimental field site in Alnarp, Southern Sweden; the field consisted of plots planted with combinations of 20 different wild strawberry genotypes. These strawberry genotypes were previously identified as either susceptible to or resistant against the herbivorous beetle (Galerucella tenella). Two aphid species, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (specialist) and the exotic Aphis gossypii (generalist) were found in the plots and of the two species A. gossypii was dominant. The abundance of the specialist aphid (C. fragaefolii) was highest in susceptible plots with high genotypic diversity, while the generalist (A. gossypii) was highest in plots with a mix of resistant and susceptible plants with high genotypic diversity. Anthocorid predators, developed significantly higher population densities in strawberry plots with high genotypic diversity. Overall, predator abundance showed a positive correlation with aphid abundance. These results show that the specific functional trait of resistance as well as plant diversity affected aphids. Knowledge about these effects can be important factors to consider when designing strawberry plantings less susceptible to aphids.