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In Romania, castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is not cultivated on large areas, offering beneficial perspectives to those who want to set up a business in the agricultural field. The expansion of surfaces with this species is limited by climatic conditions, and in particular by the fall of early autumn broths, which can compromise the entire production of secondary colds. Climate change in recent years has led to the expansion of the castor cultivation area, which has obtained satisfactory production in the central area of Moldova if all technological links are respected. The research aimed to identify the genotype with the highest adaptability to the pedoclimatic conditions in the area of influence in order to establish the optimal sowing age and the distance between rows on the production and quality of seeds, implicitly in obtaining a net profit. The results obtained from 2018-2020 showed that the best option of cultivation and obtaining high net profit for the pedoclimatic conditions in the center of Moldova is the one for the variety Teleorman sown in second age and 70 cm distance between rows (12,046 lei·ha-1 for a production of 1,607 Mg·ha-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to study the possibility of enhancing the multifunctionality of permanent degraded grasslands by overseeding, with special look on economic efficiency. The experience that is the subject of the research was organized in the Research and Development Station for Meadows, Vaslui area, on a Dichanthium ischaemum (L.) Roberty meadow. In the study area there are large areas of permanent meadows, at different stages of degradation, due to the positioning on surfaces with different degrees of inclination, eroded or subject to erosion process, due to abandonment or non-rational use, with an inappropriate load of animals and failure to apply maintenance or improvement measures. Due to these aspects, the production is small and the floral composition is dominated by species with medium and low fodder value. In order to increase the production of permanent grassland in the area, it was considered necessary to apply organic fertilizers, and their effect was compared to that of abandonment, mulching or simple use, and with overseeding measures. Biological material used (a mixture of: 70% Bromus inermis Leyss. + 30% Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. - 30 kg·ha-¹ + 25 kg·ha-1). Total expenses, net income and profitability rate (rate of return) were calculated. The lowest costs were recorded when the biomass was only harvested, no other action being performed. When overseeding and fertilization were overlapping the costs were the highest, the economic efficiency being carried close to zero, but more likely, the effect of fertilization has been greatly diminished due to poor climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the selection and improvement of economically important plants, a first step is to obtain a very diverse biological material and to induce an individual variability of wide amplitude. In practice, it has been shown that the tendency towards variability, manifested in any species, increases following intervention with various physical, chemical or biological factors, known as mutagenic factors. The results of the research justify the claim that the mutagenic substances used for experimentation influence the synthesis of assimilating pigments and thus the activity of photosynthesis differently depending on their concentrations in the earth hazelnuts. The purpose of the research was to observe the effects of chemical treatments in order to capture the differences of sensitivity of the species to the action of mutagenic substances, effects captured by the application of physiological methods. Regarding the chlorophyll pigment content of the varieties Tâmbureşti and Jelud, the highest values were recorded in the flowering phenophase, and the lowest values in the seeds maturation phenophase in peanuts. From the point of view of the ratio between chlorophyll a and b, in peanuts, the maximum is reached during the ripening period of the berries. The process of photosynthesis has reached the highest value in the flowering phenophase in plants obtained from treatments with dimethyl sulfate, then followed in descending order by plants obtained from seeds treated with sodium azide and ethyl metansulfonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of temporary meadows is of particular scientific importance, because they make possible the edification and characterization of some essential aspects regarding the relationship between the diversity, stability and maturity of ecosystems; the relationships between species; the biological balance between natural and artificial ecosystems; aspects that are greatly debated nowadays. They can replace degraded permanent meadows, or on arable land intended for fodder. When creating the mixtures, the basic requirement that must be taken into account is that they form a uniform grass cover and are well adapted to stationary conditions. The importance of developing temporary meadows led to the initiation of studies at ARDS Secuieni, starting with 2017, with the aim of creating the best mixtures adapted to the pedo-climatic conditions in the area. The results obtained in the conditions of Central Moldavia showed that fertilization with different doses of fertilizer influenced the production of dry matter compared to the non-fertilized variants. The variant fertilized with the dose of N80P40 kg/ha had the highest fodder production, i.e.16.13 t/ha d.m.; the difference compared to the control was quite a significant one; and the lowest production was obtained with the control variable (N0P0), i.e. 9.47 t/ha d.m. Analysing the data obtained, it can be easily noticed that, in the variants studied, there were five production cuttings; alternating hay mowing with that for simulating grazing (mixed regime). Analysing the results obtained, for the first cutting, regarding the influence of fertilization and the mixture used on the percentage of grass and leguminous species, it was found that in the mixture of 85% grasses (Dactylis glomerata 60% + Lolium perenne 25%) and 15% perennial leguminous (Lotus corniculatus 15%), the percentage of grasses participation in the grass cover was between 64.5% for the variant fertilized with N40P40 and 86.0% for the variant fertilized with N80P40. The leguminous that are part of the grass cover were between 12.7% for the variant fertilized with N80P40 and 34.6% for the variant fertilized with N40P40, and the percentage of participation of various species was between 0.5% and 1.4%. The participation percentage of perennial grasses and leguminous varied depending on the dose of fertilizer applied, and the quality of the fodder obtained was good for all the mixtures studied, being primarily determined by the doses of fertilizers administered, but also by the species and the proportion of their participation in the sowing rate under the conditions of Central Moldavia from 2017 to 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research conducted during the period 2021-2022, at the Research and Development Station for Meadows, Vaslui (46°40'-36°10' north latitude and 27°44'-20°40' east longitude) followed the influence of fertilization and the distance between rows on the plants height (cm), shoots number (shoots·m-2), panicle length (cm), number of nodes per inflorescence, number of branches per inflorescence and seed production (kg·ha-1) for smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.). The organized experience was bifactorial, 3 x 5 type, it was placed according to the method of subdivided plots, with the plot harvestable area of 20 m2 (2 m x 10 m), in three replications, and the studied factors were: A - the distance between rows with three graduations and B - fertilization with five graduations. Following the study, it was found that by applying mineral fertilizers and by sowing at bigger distances between rows higher plants were obtained, with a higher number of shoots·m2, also the panicle length, the number of nodes per inflorescence and number of branches per inflorescence and seed production were higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of diversity has reached the top of current concerns, because modern agriculture has recently been focused on the development of methods and procedures that allow the administration of a relatively small number of species, with the aim of immediate economic interest. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the applied management on the phytodiversity of a Festuca valesiaca permanent meadow in the Moldovian forest-steppe. The experimental factor was: fertilization with seven graduations: V1-unfertilized (control), V2- N50P50 kg/ha annually, V3- N75P75 kg/ha annually, V4- N100P100 kg/ha annually, V5-10 t/ha sheep manure annually, V6-20 t/ha annually and V7-30 t/ha annually sheep manure applied at two years. The applied fertilizers influenced the floristic composition, producing, quantitative and qualitative changes in the vegetal cover. The dominance and frequency of the species, as well as the variation of the Shannon diversity index, were largely influenced by the amount of mineral N, the amount of manure, but also by the number of years of the fertilization period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fodder base represents the most significant means of increasing economic efficiency in the livestock sector. For this, permanent and sown meadows are an important source of fodder. The establishment of temporary meadows on the lands of steppe and forest-steppe areas, poorly productive, with erosion problems, the improvement of permanent meadows by overseeding, the reforestation of slopes, slopes, irrigation canals, requires the production of large quantities of perennial grass seeds, the most important species being Bromus inermis Leyss. The production of seeds for these species is done in separate cultures, according to a specific technology. Through the research carried out within the Research - Development Station for Meadows, Vaslui, was studied the influence of two factors, respectively, the distance between the rows and fertilization with mineral fertilizers on the behavior of the species Bromus inermis Leyss., in the first year of vegetation, being analyzed the ability of installation of the species and some morphoproductive elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of permanent meadows involves conducting complex research, in order to know the limiting factors in the optimal development of vegetation, specific improvement measures to be taken to increase production capacity, feed quality and grazing capacity. The quantity and quality of the vegetation of the permanent meadows are largely conditioned by the characters of the seasonal conditions, to which are added the anthropogenic influences through the exploitation system. The objectives of this study were to highlight the influence of harvesting phenophase and fertilization with mineral or organic fertilizers on the productivity and quality of the forage, with important implications for obtaining high quality forage, depending on the type of fertilizer and the size of application doses. The experience field was organized on a permanent grassland of Dichanthium ischaemum (L.) Roberty, in Andrieşeni locality, Iaşi county, framed between the parallels 47°30'45.2"N and 27°15'42.0" E. The experimental factors were represented by the harvesting phenophase, with three graduations: a1-harvesting at plants height of 15-18 cm, a2-harvesting at the ear formation (control), a3-harvesting to full flowering and fertilization with seven graduations: b1-unfertilized (control), b2-N50P50 kg/ha-1 annually, b3-N75P75 kg/ha-1 annually, b4-N100P100 kg/ha-1 annually, b5-10 t/ha-1 sheep manure annually, b6-20 t/ha-1 annually and b7-30 t/ha-1 annually sheep manure applied at two years. From the results obtained on the Dichanthium ischaemum meadow, it was found that its productivity is very low, and the level of dry matter production can increase considerably depending on the harvesting phenophase and the fertilization used. The harvesting phenophase and the applied fertilization had a marked influence on the quality of the fodder obtained from this type derived from meadows, materialized by changes in the chemical composition with implications on the value of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timothy grass, Phleum pratense, belongs to Poaceae family and is one of the most cultivated forage and pasture grasses in temperate regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the forage quality of green mass and hay, silage and haylage prepared from timothy grass, Phleum pretense cv. 'Tirom', created at the Research-Development Institute for Grasslands, Braşov, and cultivated in the experimental plot of the "Alexandru Ciubotaru" National Botanical Garden (Institute), Chisinau. It has been determined that the dry matter of harvested timothy grass green mass contained 10.4-12.4% CP, 28.9-35.1% CF, 7.5-8.5 % ash, 31.4-36.8 % ADF, 49.5-58.9 % NDF, 3.6-4.1 % ADL, 27.8-37.4 % Cel, 18.1-27.7 % HC, 170-27.3 g/kg TSS, 56.9-61.4% DMD, 54.9-60.0% OMD, RFV=95-121, 11.91-12.60 MJ/kg DE, 9.78-10.38 MJ/kg ME, 5.81-6.42 MJ/kg NEl. The biochemical composition and nutritive value of prepared hay was: 9.3-12.2 % CP, 30.1-36.7% CF, 7.1-9.6 % ash, 33.6-38.4 % ADF, 54.1-62.1 % NDF, 3.7-4.3 % ADL, 29.9-38.3 % Cel, 20.5-26.3 % HC, 165-181 g/kg TSS, 52.8-56.9% DMD, 50.0-53.5% OMD, RFV=88-108, 11.69-12.36 MJ/kg DE, 9.60-10.18/kg ME, 5.62-61.7 MJ/kg NEl. The ensiled timothy grass fodder (silage, haylage) had pleasant color and smell, pH = 4.07-5.61, 1.6-6.9 g/kg acetic acid, 12.9-27.7g/kg lactic acid and free of butyric acid, 9.0-9.5 % CP, 6.7-8.4 % ash, 40.8-41.6 % ADF, 68.1-71.6 % NDF, 2.9-3.8 % ADL, 37.0-38.3 % Cel, 27.3-30.0 % HC, 65-131 g/kg TSS, 51.7-56.0% DMD, 46.7-46.9% OMD, 11.24-11.36 MJ/kg DE, 9.23-9.33 MJ/kg ME, 5.25-5.34 MJ/kg NEl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of green mass, prepared hay, silage and haylage from meadow fescue, Festuca pratensis 'Tâmpa', cultivated in the experimental plot of the "Alexandru Ciubotaru" National Botanical Garden (Institute), Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. The results revealed that the harvested green mass contained 25.0-29.8 % dry matter. The dry matter of the whole plant contained 112-120 g/kg CP, 361-394 g/kg CF, 78- 79 g/kg ash, 374-381 g/kg ADF, 622-630 g/kg NDF, 34-38 g/kg ADL, 340-343 g/kg Cel, 241-256 g/kg HC, with nutritive and energy value 59.0-61.5% DMD, 54.2-58.1% DOM, RFV=88-89, 9.63-9.71 MJ/kg ME and 5.65- 5.73 MJ/kg NEl. The biochemical composition, nutritive and energy value of prepared hay: 113-125 g/kg CP, 378- 386 g/kg CF, 88-91 g/kg ash, 407-418 g/kg ADF, 651-673 g/kg NDF, 41-43 g/kg ADL, 366-375 g/kg Cel and 244- 255 g/kg HC, 9.0-61.5% DMD, 54.2-58.1% DOM, RFV=88-89, 9.63-9.71 MJ/kg ME and 5.65-5.73 MJ/kg NEl. The fermented fodder, silage and haylage, are characterized by pH = 4.06-4.23, 8.0-8.1 g/kg acetic acid, 29.5-31.2 g/kg lactic acid, 106-119 g/kg CP, 380-399 g/kg CF, 89-96 g/kg ash, 402-414 g/kg ADF, 677-679 g/kg NDF, 28-31 g/kg ADL, 68-76 g/kg TSS, 374-383 g/kg Cel, 402-414 g/kg HC, with nutritive and energy value 56.9-62.2% DMD, 49.2-53.5% DOM, RFV=78-79, 11.27-11.45 MJ/kg DE, 9.63-9.71 MJ/kg ME, 5.65-5.73 MJ/kg NEl. The meadow fescue substrates used for anaerobic digestion have optimal C/N ratio, amount of lignin and hemicellulose. The biochemical methane potential of green mass substrates achieved 346-352 l/kg ODM, silage substrate - 362 l/kg ODM and haylage substrate - 355 l/kg ODM. We consider that the biomass of meadow fescue Festuca pratensis 'Tâmpa' may be used as multi-purpose feed for livestock, and also as feedstock for biogas reactors and renewable energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research conducted during the period of March to October 2019, at the Meadows Research and Development Station, Vaslui (46°40'-36°10' north latitude and 27°44'-20°40' east longitude) followed the influence of fertilization and the distance between rows on the seeds production (kg·ha-1), seeds 1000 grains mass (g) and seeds germination (%), at sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) seeds culture, in the first year of vegetation. The organized experience was bifactorial, 3x5 type, placed according to the method of subdivided plots, with the plot harvestable area of 13.5 m2 (1.5 m x 9 m), in three replications, and the factors studied were: A - the distance between rows with three graduations (a1 - 25 cm, a2 - 37.5 cm and a3 - 50 cm) and B - fertilization with five graduations (b1 - unfertilized, b2 - N50P50, b3 - N50P50K50, b4 - N100P100K100 and b5 - cow manure 20 Mg·ha-1). Following the study, it was found that by applying mineral or organic fertilizers higher quantities of seeds were obtained, with higher values of 1000 grains mass and germination and by sowing at longer distances between rows smaller quantities of seeds were obtained with higher values of 1000 grains mass and germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permanent grasslands are an important source of fodder, due to the areas that they occupy, but also to high and good quality production that can be obtained from them. By using a rational management, grassland production may rise considerably. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of harvesting phenophase under the influence of organic and mineral fertilization on the productivity, composition and structure of vegetation cover of a grassland of Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex. Gaudin. The researches were conducted at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iasi, Ezareni farm (47°05'-47°10' north latitude and 27°28'-27°33' eastern longitude). The experimental factors were represented by the harvesting phenophase, with three graduations: a1-harvested at plant height of 15-18 cm, a2-harvested at the ear formation (control) and a3-harvested to full flowering and fertilization with seven graduations: b1- unfertilized (control), b2-N50P50K0 kg·ha-1 annually, b3-N75P75K0 kg·ha-1 annually, b4-N100P100K0 kg·ha-1 annually, b5-10 Mg·ha-1 sheep manure annually, b6-20 Mg·ha-1 annually and b7-30 Mg·ha-1 annually sheep manure applied at two years. The results obtained showed that dry matter production was influenced both by the harvest phenophase and the fertilizer doses used, the higher dry matter production values obtained in the fertilized variants with N100P100K0 kg·ha-1 annually and 30 Mg·ha-1 of two-year-old sheep manure harvested in full-flowering phenophase of the dominant species. Both harvesting in different phenophases, but especially fertilization, led to the modification of structure of vegetation cover by favoring valuable species from fodder point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research conducted between 2013-2014, at Ezăreni Farm, Iaşi (47°05' - 47°10' north latitude and 27°28' - 27°33' east longitude) investigated at alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), in the second, third, fourth and fifth vegetation year at the first cut, the influence of alfalfa plant phenophase at harvest on plant production of leaves, stems and whole plant (DM - dry matter) per hectare and leaves, stems and whole plant N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus), Ca (calcium) and Mg (magnesium) content. The experiment was laid by randomized block method in three replicates. Graduations of the studied factor were represented by the development phenophases: early bud, mid bud, late bud; early bloom, 10% bloom and full bloom. The results showed that the total production of DM was between 3.20 Mg·ha-1 (control variant) and 4.73 Mg·ha-1 (full bloom variant). At a more detailed analysis of interdependencies between mineral elements studied were highlighted some important ideas. Thus, from mineral elements studied in whole plants, between Ca and P there is the slightest interdependent relationship. The relationships N-P/P-N (R²=0.739-0.841) and N-Mg/Mg-N (R²=0.613-0.661) are positive, and the relationship Mg-Ca/Ca-Mg (R2=0.576-0.653) is negative. The results can be useful to improve alfalfa fertilization system and to balance the Ca/P ratio from alfalfa plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research conducted during March-October 2011, on Ezăreni farm, studied the influence of innoculation, fertilization and plant growth stage at harvest on calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) content and calcium/phosphorus ratio at alfalfa crop (Medicago sativa L.) in the second year after sowing, at first cut. Factor A - inoculation with two graduations (a1 without seed inoculation, a2 with seed inoculation); factor B - fertilization with four graduations (b1 -unfertilized, b2 - N50P50, b3 -N75P50, b4 -30 t/ha manure); factor C - plant growth stage at harvest with six graduations: early bud (c1), mid bud (c2), late bud (c3); early bloom (c4), 10% bloom (c5) and full bloom (c6). The results showed that each of the three studied factors had a different impact on the Ca and P content in the plants. Following analysis results of the influence of seed inoculation on the Ca and P content in alfalfa it was observed that this factor had not a significant influence. In fact, the differences were as small as 0.03 g⋅kg-1 DM or there was no difference. Regarding P content in alfalfa plants, fertilization determined positive differences (0.27-0.35 g⋅kg-1 DM) statistically assured in all studied variants and on Ca content, positive and negative differences, depending on the fertilizer type. The influence of harvest time on Ca content in the entire alfalfa plant, leaves or stems showed that as plants are aging, the concentration of this element increases very significant. Phosphorus content recorded a decrease with alfalfa aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sand-based rootzone mixtures used in establishing turfgrass areas have many advantages such as: reduced compaction from traffic and a fast rate of water infiltration. At the same time rapid draining and the lightweight of secondary materials used along with sand, such as peat or composted manure result in an overall lower weight of such rootzones compared to soil. This experiment studied the performance of some species of perennial cool season grasses for turf grown on four different rootzone mixtures in greenhouse conditions. Results demonstrated that a rootzone made by sand and sphagnum peat mixed in a ratio of 2:1 by volume considerations, obtained the highest turf quality in terms of establishment capacity, recovery after cutting, vertical growth, turf density, percent ground cover, thermo-hydric stress tolerance and general ornamental appearance. Compared with the rootzone made from 100% soil, sand + peat mixture offered a better availability of water and nutrients for plants. But using sand as a primary material for growing turf recommends a greater attention for supplying water and nutrients to the plants, imposing an intensive management where irrigation and fertilization should be done with smaller but more frequent doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permanent grasslands of Festuca rubra L. and Nardus stricta L. represent an important source of fodder in Dorna Basin. Although they have low productivity and inferior quality, these grasslands are used by grazing or alternative use. Improving soil nutrients regime, through fertilization with manure, causes changes in floristic composition and proportion between species in favor for valuable species, thus, contributing to the increase of production and improvement of quality. Research were conducted in the pedo-climatic conditions of the locality Saru-Dornei, in the period of 2012-2014. The experiment was organized on a field located at an altitude of 940 m, with a terrain slope of 10°, where was studied the effect of fertilization with 20-50 t/ha manure applied annually or every 2 years, on production, biodiversity and sward structure of a Festuca rubra L. and Nardus stricta L. type grassland. Application of manure resulted in production increases from 87.9 to 120.3% statisticaly assured. Organic fertilization resulted in a decrease of Nardus stricta L. species from 47-65% up to 8-17% in favor of valuable species: Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca rubra, Trisetum flavescens, Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lawns are established with perennial grass species and varieties mixed in different proportions, to create various types of turfgrass mixtures that meet certain requirements of utilisation or can adapt to specific climatic conditions such as excessive drought or strong shading. In our study were analyzed the nitrogen content in plant tissue and visual quality of three different turf mixtures under the influence of differentiated fertilization and the pedoclimatic conditions in the NE region of Romania. The first mixture (M1) was composed of Festuca arundinacea 80% + Lolium perenne 10% + Poa pratensis 10%. The second mixture (M2) consisted of three varieties of Lolium perenne mixed in equal proportions. The third mixture (M3) was composed of Festuca rubra 60% + Lolium perenne 20% + Festuca ovina duriusculla 10% + Poa pratensis 10%. Three types of fertilizers were applied: ammonium nitrate, a complex fertilizer with nitrogen and phosphorus and a commercial lawn fertilizer with macro and micronutrients. The experimental design was a split plot design with three replicates. Mixtures reacted positively to all three types of fertilizers. The highest nitrogen content was registered at the mixture M2 (2.33% nitrogen in DM). Considering the fertilizer used, the highest nitrogen content was determined at the fertilization with ammonium nitrate (2.32% nitrogen in DM) and the lowest concentration was registered at the control plot where fertilization was not applied (2.09% nitrogen in DM). Statistical interpretation of the data was done by analyzes of variance and limit differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]