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In the study, the urban policies of the centre-right in the struggle to establish neoliberal hegemony in Turkey, which became clear in the 1980s, were examined by focusing on the True Path Party (TPP). Thus, it is aimed to reveal the change in the urban policies of the Party in the neoliberal process. In order to achieve the stated purpose, a historical comparative research method was used in the study. It is thought that a comparative examination of the period from the establishment of the Party to Demirel's Presidency and the period when Çiller was Chairman of the Party can reveal the discontinuities, dilemmas and continuities experienced between the two periods in the Party's land policies, depending on the neoliberal perspective. It has been concluded that in the Party's discourses about the city in the period until Demirel's Presidency, it highlighted the patronage-based populist policies that were widely implemented during the Justice Party period, rather than the commodification process implemented by Motherland Party. During the Çiller period, TPP's urban policies went hand in hand with capital accumulation based on marketization and were based on the exploitation of non-commodified urban spaces, similar to the Özal period. However, while Özal was able to gain the consent of both the urban poor and the capital for a long time in sharing urban rent with the policies he implemented, Çiller could not achieve the balance between these two interest groups competing on urban land with the new property and zoning regulations she implemented. Thus, Çiller broke the Party away from Demirel's discourse, which made abundant references to welfare policies, and this caused the support of the urban poor, whose importance was increasingly increasing in the transforming social structure of the country, to shift towards new political movements. As a matter of fact, the Party lost the support of the most urban voters among its voter base and could not win any metropolitan municipality in the 1999 local elections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Squatting persists primarily in urban areas due to fulfil housing needs and lack of viable livelihood options for marginalized people. In Nepal, it is generally seen as a combination of economic and political factors. The study aims to assess the poverty levels among the squatters in the Balkhu Corridor of Kathmandu and to investigate the causes of squatting as a manifestation of urban poverty. The research utilizes a qualitative approach. The results indicate that squatters in the Balkhu Corridor lack options, resources, support, and government aid meant for the homeless. The research shows that landlessness is not the main reason for squatting among migrant families in urban areas. Instead, the financial strain of meeting housing, education, healthcare, and other essential needs exacerbates the difficulties faced by these families, ultimately pushing them towards squatting. Nepal's ruling and opposition parties utilize squatter communities for political gain. The flow of squatting in urban regions of Nepal can be linked to notable historical occurrences such as the People's Movement in the 1990s and the internal armed conflict spanning from 1996 to 2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper aims the action of the governor Mauro Borges Teixeira (1961-1964) in the squatter decommissoning movement, in the begginning of 1960's, when the staged a single-minded resistance against the land expropriation by land grabbers, farmers na profitters, that aspired to soak up the land market emmerd by the construction of Brasilia. In order couted whith a support program created by the USA after the Second World War, aimed to prevent spreading communist over Latin America, The Point Four Program. The punishmen to the land grabbers took place in the moment that came up the first reports of a help and agreement between the Governor of Goiás and USA Goverment through that program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the labour shortage in urban centres due to the mechanisation and rapid industrialisation in rural area the most significant migration situation was seen in Turkey in the 1950s. With the migrations to the big cities, migrant groupsbuilt shelters with one or two rooms, secretly, and mostly overnight, on public or private lands, without obtaining a building permit, to solve the housing problem. These structures were added to the silhouettes of cities over time and took their place in social life as 'squatter'. Families who migrated to the city maintained their traditional gender perception and roles, which are evident in rural areas, in squatters. The study aims to understand the view of marriage, divorce and patriarchy among women living in squatters and to reveal the factors affecting this view. In this context, face-to-face interviews were conducted with a total of 21 female participants between the ages of 18-65 living in the Eşrefpaşa neighbourhood in İzmir. As a result of the analyses, the understanding of marriage, divorce and patriarchy of women living in squatters was examined over four different main categories which are life before marriage, reasons for marriage, divorce, and patriarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kadın/Woman 2000 is the property of Kadin/Woman 2000 and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The limited house size in urban squatter areas is the main reason for the incursive encroachment of public space. However, many scholars contend it has instigated spatial problems that lead to spatial contestation. This research aims to inquire into the reasons of permeable house wall, the crossover communal space in the house, and the operated rules that constantly contest and negotiate spatial boundaries between interior and exterior space, private and public areas, and domestic and business use. This case study research was conducted in Kampong Kwitang, the most populated kampong in Central Jakarta. Here, a house wall is more than just a static and rigid boundary of house ownership; it is a multiple-functioning partition of ever-changing domestic and communal activities. Therefore, architects should evaluate not only the technical considerations but also the creation of permeable boundaries to foster defensible space and social cohesiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of urban informality has coincided with rapid urbanization in Turkey from the 1950s onward. By the urban transformation act that was presented in 2012, formal developments and activities have increased in informal areas. Although recent activities are legal/formal, they have caused the reproduction of informality in these areas. With focusing on this spontaneous collaboration of formal and informal activities, this article seeks to understand the new urban fabric that was created by formal and informal builders who are both rule-breakers and rule-makers. The research was carried out in the Güzeltepe neighborhood, a complex neighborhood with a mix of squatter houses and renewal areas. The field study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 with site visits, photo analysis, and archival research. We will reveal and discuss legalization and upgrading processes, and the effects of this transformation. We will then analyze how informality operates as a logic of urban life.

Urbanization and urban growth are considered as a modern way of life which manifests economic growth and development in many countries. On the other hand, it yields a number of evils, especially unplanned (squatter) settlement. The study conducted on the area of squatter settlement in Jimma town is aimed to explore the socioeconomic factors contributing for squatter settlement and its effect on social, economic and institutional conditions of settler and development of the town. The study was guided by qualitative research approach and employed cross-sectional and phenomenological design in which primary data required for the analysis was collected through key informant interview, focus group discussion, non-participant observation as well as secondary data from document and analyzed by thematic analysis. The findings of this study revealed that, the root cause identified for squatter settlement is shortage of residential house and its consequential high price of house rent, the need of holding large plot of land and inefficient land administration system. Other findings indicated that squatter settlement incur costs on both the government and the squatter. Squatter settlement creates fear and dearth of confidence on the land they hold illegally, poor infrastructure due to lack of government interventions and low social service delivery, and social distress within the community. The study also found out that squatting displaces the host ex-farmers from their farmland and leads to consequent poverty and livelihood disasters. It is recommended that, political will in accessing residential land and financial commitment of the government is required. Active participation of the public and abiding legal procedures in accessing residential land is vital.

Sanayileşmenin hız kazanmasıyla birlikte yeni bir boyut kazanan kentleşme olgusu, günümüzde yayılarak devam etmektedir. Kırsal kesimden büyük kentlere yapılan göçlerin neticesinde kent merkezlerinde nüfus artışı meydana gelmiş ve fakat o yıllarda altyapının yetersiz olması ve yeterli konut politikasının izlenememesi, bazı sorunların doğmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. İmar mevzuatına aykırı, şehircilik ilkeleri ve planlama esaslara uymayan yapıların bu süreçte kullanılır hale gelmesi bu sorunların çözümünü zorlaştırmaktadır. Özellikle, bireylerin kendisine ait olmayan arazilerde ruhsatsız biçimde yapmış olduğu yapıların şehircilik ilkelerine aykırı olması, can ve mal güvenliğini de tehdit etmektedir. Bu nedenle sağlıklı ve dengeli bir çevrenin sağlanabilmesi amacıyla mevcut gecekondu alanlarının revize edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu kapsamda gecekonduların bundan sonraki dönemde yapılmasının önlenmesi; mevcutların ise gerek münferit gerekse alansal bazda ıslahı ve tasfiyesi hususlarının ele alınması önem taşımaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada, gecekondu önleme, ıslah ve tasfiye alanlarının tespiti ve bu alanların tespitini müteakip izlenecek uygulama süreci hakkında yargı kararları ışığında değerlendirme yapılacaktır.

Abstract Sanitation problems faced by the humanity are tightly coupled with the ever-growing water problems. Better sanitation infrastructures ensure sustainable solutions to the health and water issues faced by the majority of the urban population on the planet. In this study, we investigated sanitation status for squatter settlements in Mumbai, a major global megacity. We observe that capacity building in terms of adequate toilet infrastructure alone cannot eliminate open defecation. There is a huge need for more toilet blocks in Mumbai’s wards, even after considering unusable public and community toilets into account, since 71–99% out of 8417 toilets are not in good condition. We contend that the normal perception regarding more toilet infrastructures and its alleviating effect on open defecation is not always directly correlated and is an emerging as well as a complex urban issue. We corroborate the need for addressing associated governance issues along with capacity building, which will help stakeholders to identify the prevailing sanitation scenario towards further policy amendments. Further, effectively identifying the trends and processes entangled in the urban sanitation issues can ensure a more sustainable resource utilization situation and a better standard of living for the urban poor.

The number of urban regeneration projects, which are the reflection of neoliberal policies on urban space, have increased since the 1980s. Regeneration projects can be implemented in many different places but in Turkey they are usually carried out on squatter areas (illegal housing areas). The “New Mamak Urban Regeneration Project” has transformed Mamak, the location of the largest squatter district in Ankara, into a center of a huge urban regeneration project in terms of its area, number of flats and its inhabitants. This large project has caused a number of problems due to its transformative impact and dislocated original residents. The aim of the study is to identify the spatial transformations and caused by the New Mamak Urban Regeneration Project and the socio-economic changes that it brought about. Other aims are to examine the conflicts and contrasts between new and old spaces, debiting the residents of squatter houses who were relocated from their homes as part of neoliberal policies, as well as changing everyday life practices. Especially noteworthy is the spatial contradiction between the high-rise apartment buildings nearing their completion and the squatter areas where construction has yet to start. For this reason, case study areas include the stage 1, where the project has already been completed, and stage 2, where construction has not begun. As part of the qualitative research method that was applied in the study, data was collected through in-depth interviews with individuals from different stakeholder groups. Three sample groups were identified: residents, municipal officers charged with implementing the project, and academics who are experts in urban studies. The data obtained from the in-depth interviews were analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. The study showed that the people who originally lived in squatter areas but who then moved to apartment buildings had a longing for their old way of life and had difficulty adapting to their new living conditions. This situation is seen to have created scenes that contrast the newly built spaces.

Copyright of ASBU Law Journal is the property of Social Sciences University of Ankara and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of PRAKSIS is the property of PRAKSIS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fe Journal: Feminist Critique / Fe Dergi: Feminist Elestiri is the property of Ankara University, Women's Studies Center (KASAUM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sanitation problems faced by the humanity are tightly coupled with the ever-growing water problems. Better sanitation infrastructures ensure sustainable solutions to the health and water issues faced by the majority of the urban population on the planet. In this study, we investigated sanitation status for squatter settlements in Mumbai, a major global megacity. We observe that capacity building in terms of adequate toilet infrastructure alone cannot eliminate open defecation. There is a huge need for more toilet blocks in Mumbai's wards, even after considering unusable public and community toilets into account, since 71–99% out of 8417 toilets are not in good condition. We contend that the normal perception regarding more toilet infrastructures and its alleviating effect on open defecation is not always directly correlated and is an emerging as well as a complex urban issue. We corroborate the need for addressing associated governance issues along with capacity building, which will help stakeholders to identify the prevailing sanitation scenario towards further policy amendments. Further, effectively identifying the trends and processes entangled in the urban sanitation issues can ensure a more sustainable resource utilization situation and a better standard of living for the urban poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Squatters are the illegal tenants residing in public lands as immigrants due to livelihood collapse in their origins. They have been denied of public resources and urban facilities because of their identity crisis leading to a vicious circle of poverty with impoverished livelihood creating multifaceted adversities of learning for their children. In this context, this paper, based on a cyclical mixed method research design under transformative research approach, has explored the learning adversities faced by the squatter children of Kathmandu Metropolitan city, their protective and promotive strategies to cope with adversities and life-skills as learning outcomes. Squatter children are struggling against the backdrop of exposure to unhygienic settlements with low health conditions, poverty with impoverished livelihood, and illiteracy of parents, poor homely environment, and dysfunctional families. Despite such adversities, they were able to continue school education with the support of their teachers, peers, parents and families. The research study finds stronger family and community assets of the students. These assets are helpful for building educational resilience of the squatter children.

Copyright of Journal of Ankara Studies / Ankara Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Sadberk Hanim Muzesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Architecture & Planning is the property of King Saud University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The phenomenon of urban informality has coincided with rapid urbanization in Turkey from the 1950s onward. By the urban transformation act that was presented in 2012, formal developments and activities have increased in informal areas. Although recent activities are legal/formal, they have caused the reproduction of informality in these areas. With focusing on this spontaneous collaboration of formal and informal activities, this article seeks to understand the new urban fabric that was created by formal and informal builders who are both rule-breakers and rule-makers. The research was carried out in the Güzeltepe neighborhood, a complex neighborhood with a mix of squatter houses and renewal areas. The field study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 with site visits, photo analysis, and archival research. We will reveal and discuss legalization and upgrading processes, and the effects of this transformation. We will then analyze how informality operates as a logic of urban life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The large-scale migrations towards large cities that occurred in Turkey after the 1950s have brought about many spatial and social problems. The massive migrant populations moving from rural areas to cities cannot be integrated with the city completely due to these problems. These groups, which settle in the city through informal channels, differentiate in social and economic dimension throughout the city in the course of time. Urban problems caused by the settlement pattern of the large-scale migration in large cities, socio-economic differences and the change of migration quality constitute the spatial divergence. The scarcity of sources in cities and applications performed by upper local institutions on the formal section of the city have created urban inequality throughout the city and accelerated the divergence even further. This study aims to focus on divergences, which occur as a result of the migration movements and are caused by social, economic and spatial inequalities on the area of Ankara-Altındağ Hill Squatter Region. Within the scope of this objective, we examined the spatial segregation as both a physical and a social issue using quantitative and qualitative data. The spatial segregation in Eski Altındağ was followed profoundly in two stages as local plane and supra-local plane, with the help of interviews.

Western planning experts, beginning with the United Nations Mission of Experts on Tropical Housing in 1950–1951, undertook major interventions in what they described as a zone of urban crisis across Southeast Asia after the Second World War. In various ‘emergencities’, allegedly threatened by expanding squatter settlements, the experts proposed robust and immediate state action to organise a comprehensive regime of planning to replace the unauthorised areas with regulated housing. Yet, despite its scientific appearance, the planning expertise constituted a political project that sought to transfer Western ideas of the “Garden City” to unruly Southeast Asian cities. The project stressed the importance of nationhood, citizenship and democracy in urban reform and was fearful of the appeal of communism in post-colonial Southeast Asia. The expert interventions usually failed but still had significant and unpredictable outcomes. By reinforcing patronage politics, they politicised housing and extended state power into urban life. The interventions also created crisis situations of their own making and catalysed social resistance, both spontaneous and organised. Southeast Asian cities became sites of a struggle between competing forms of urban modernity. In contrast to the experts framing modernity and tradition in opposition, however, squatters demonstrated their adaptive “cultures of modernity”, utilising both old and new ways in their pursuit of a modern life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an appraisal of the social ministry of Pentecostal churches through fellowship, healing and livelihood creation in the township communities of the city of Tshwane. In meeting this aim the discussion advances a thesis of these churches as agents of social support and survival of the downcast. In particular, the article attempts to show how these churches exert themselves towards establishing not only moral responsibility, but also a context where the weakest and the least privileged can learn how to survive. The squatter camp people are unique with the special challenges requiring distinctive consideration. Pentecostal churches believe that the lost people matter to God and are of importance to their congregations as well. The backyard Bible study ministries and mutual cooperation strategies are employed for mutual support. Making use of the existing empirical research data and available literature will show how Pentecostal churches in the townships support the laity and community in times of need.

To the government, the squatter settlement on the ex-military site in Treasure Hill was an eyesore that should be removed to make way for a park. To the social activists, including academics and students, the spatial organization and the consequent social cohesion found in the settlement were valuable knowledge on use values of the evolving lived space. Mastering this knowledge and capitalizing on the wider socio-political opportunity of the new mayor's emphasis on cultural development, the social activists have succeeded in developing a co-living discourse, arguing for the merits of having artists-in-residence, welfare housing tenants and youth hostel sojourners to co-develop a sustainable, creative learning environment in the historic architecture of the squatter huts. In order to materialize this ideal, they even became the contractual party in implementing the project. The case nevertheless highlights the fragility of organic lived space. While the co-living concept allowed residents the option to stay in the area, the whole saga had led to the departure of many residents, dismantling the coherent community and ending its dynamic self-regenerating process. The experiment of mixing disadvantaged squatter residents and spontaneous artists in a fossilized physical setting has not been conducive to regenerating self-sustaining lived space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the factors behind the continued resurfacing of squatter settlements in Epworth, Harare. To achieve the study's objectives a qualitative methodological approach was adopted which included the use of Focus Group Discussions and key informant interviews. The study made use of the Socio-Spatial approach and of the Actor-Oriented approaches. Findings show that a number of factors ranging from escaping high rentals, increasing family sizes and escaping the impacts of Operation Murambatsvina were some of the factors that are behind the continued resurfacing of squatter settlements in Epworth. Furthermore a number of challenges are being faced by the squatter residents ranging from poor sanitation services to the challenge of social vices in the area. As a result, the squatter dwellers are calling upon their agency to find a way into the area and finding their way around the limitations they face by residing in the squatter settlements in Epworth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteenth-century Scottish 'pastoralists'1 in Western Victoria were responsible for one of the most extraordinary episodes in Australian architectural history, the 'Western District homestead', which has almost legendary status in Victoria.2 In a relatively short space of time, from the 1840s to the 1880s, they commissioned hundreds of homesteads, station outbuildings and associated structures to house their burgeoning enterprises. Through these settlements they produced a tight network of family, community and business interests extending from one end of the District to the other and they transformed themselves from economic adventurers into a powerful social and political elite.3 While these Scots were prodigious builders, Scottish architects were relatively few in the District although their contribution was substantial, particularly Alexander Hamilton of Colac and the Davidson and Henderson partnership of Geelong. In the following broad survey of the Scottish contribution to Victoria's early architectural history attention will be paid to the Scots as both clients and architects, while first setting the social and economic context of this extraordinary output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the construction of a 'cosmopolitan neighbourliness' which emerges in a Delhi squatter settlement in the context of communal violence. Through interviews with over 80 inhabitants, I suggest that an openness to 'others' in the settlement is produced in order to construct a home for oneself in an exclusionary city through a series of relational constructs-between the 'cosmopolitan' city and the 'parochial' village; between the 'murderous' city and the 'compassionate' slum; between the exclusionary urban public sphere and the 'inclusive' neighbourhood sphere. The squatter settlement is internalised as a microcosm of a 'mongrel city', a place which through its set of oppositional constructs becomes inherently 'urban'. 'Cosmopolitan neighbourliness', however, remains fragile and gendered. It is a continuous strategic practice that attempts to bridge across differences of caste and religion through gendered performances that avert and discourage communal violence even when the city becomes murderous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper uses a case study from Botswana in the context of southern Africa, to assess the effort of Botswana to integrate peri-urban squatter areas into urban planning. In a compromise to minimise the numbers of squatters that would suffer from eviction, Botswana allowed some of the squatters to pay fines, regularize their plots, and avoid eviction. Data obtained from interviews, mapping of peri-urban developments using ArcGIS, and observations from fieldwork, were all used to evaluate the impact of this compromise on integrating squatters into mainstream planning. Results revealed that the compromise introduced unfair advantages in favour of squatters who legalized their plots in terms of comparative size of plots. It also augmented conflicts in the planned layouts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Forced eviction is a familiar sight in developing countries. The presence of widespread poverty often leads to a culture of illegal housing usurpation known as squatting. In Seoul, as in large cities in many other developing countries, evictions have become more common since the 1950s, a growth observed in tandem with the formation of extensive squatter communities and neighborhoods. In the 1980s, much of the squatter territory in Seoul was developed, which caused severe social conflict. After that period, ending in the mid-1990s, the squatter community practically disappeared. This paper intends to organize and describe the history of Seoul’s squatter which experienced such dramatic changes, and to generalize such changes. For this, the author describes the changes in the Seoul metropolitan government’s squatter policy in four stages and documents the new development methods for deteriorated residences emerging in the past decade. The paper frames its explanation through the concept of the dual role of the state—accumulation support and social legitimization. According to this concept, the state utilizes squatters to provide cheap residences for a low-income urban labor force but at the same time, supports capital accumulation through development of the squats. Due to these two conflicting roles, squatting policies appear in various forms, such as connivance, eviction, relocation, local improvement, and commercial redevelopment, which Seoul has already experienced. This paper, however, has reservations about whether the experience of Korea is of general characteristics to be applied to other developing countries. It is necessary to find more advanced discussion regarding the formation and change of squatter through various inter-country comparison researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]