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Passive backscatter based ambient Internet of things (AIoT) was an important development direction for the future of IoT and currently attracted extensive attentions. In practical applications of AIoT, there existed strong self-interference caused by phase noise and spurs, which brought about new challenges for channel estimation. Therefore, an iterative channel estimator considering phase noise and spurs were designed for the AIoT system with two nodes. Specifically, the estimator was based on the least squares method and complex exponential basis expansion model (CE-BEM), and used iteration to improve estimation accuracy. The Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of channel estimation parameters was also derived to evaluate the theoretical limit of the estimation accuracy. Finally, simulation results were provided to corroborate the proposed studies.

This article examines the origin and attribution of ornaments in Eastern European style found to the south and east of the main Dnieper area of such artifacts. Previously unknown artifacts are introduced into scientific circulation. Development of local barbarian jewelry styles in Eastern Europe reached its peak in the late 2nd – mid-3rd centuries AD. Most known enameled finds belong to this time period, although some types of items can be traced back to the late 4th to early 5th centuries. Archaeological finds from closed complexes in the Northwestern Black Sea region, the Crimea, the North Caucasus, and the Lower Don are dated to all stages of the enameled style development. The early stage includes such sites as Bedrazhy Noi and Krasny Mayak, while the middle stage is represented by Valovyi I, Kepy, Chatyr-Dag, Diviziya, Skalistoye (burial 28Л), and Neapolis-Scythian. The late stage of development can be attributed to Neyzats (graves 275 and 480). Numerous casual finds in the Crimea area suggest regular connections between the northern forest-steppe and forest territories with the peninsula from early forms to later varieties of enameled items. The article discusses issues of ethno-cultural attribution and distribution of the enameled ornaments. Various theories and hypotheses about the origin of enamels associate them with different ethnic groups and regions. The movement of groups from the Dnieper region eastward through the Central Don and Khoper formed contacts with the local population reaching as far as the Volga region. However, the Caucasian finds, due to their remoteness and specific context, are of particular interest. Military campaigns along the Black Sea coast and the involvement of numerous tribes in those conflicts contributed to the spread of the enamel tradition, as evidenced by finds in the Crimea and the Lower Don region. It is also worth considering various forms of matrimonial contacts, given the fact that many burials were female.

The Ranunculales are a hyperdiverse lineage in many aspects of their phenotype, including growth habit, floral and leaf morphology, reproductive mode, and specialized metabolism. Many Ranunculales species, such as opium poppy and goldenseal, have a high medicinal value. In addition, the order includes a large number of commercially important ornamental plants, such as columbines and larkspurs. The phylogenetic position of the order with respect to monocots and core eudicots and the diversity within this lineage make the Ranunculales an excellent group for studying evolutionary processes by comparative studies. Lately, the phylogeny of Ranunculales was revised, and genetic and genomic resources were developed for many species, allowing comparative analyses at the molecular scale. Here, we review the literature on the resources for genetic manipulation and genome sequencing, the recent phylogeny reconstruction of this order, and its fossil record. Further, we explain their habitat range and delve into the diversity in their floral morphology, focusing on perianth organ identity, floral symmetry, occurrences of spurs and nectaries, sexual and pollination systems, and fruit and dehiscence types. The Ranunculales order offers a wealth of opportunities for scientific exploration across various disciplines and scales, to gain novel insights into plant biology for researchers and plant enthusiasts alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to generalize the current experience in the development of a design of a stepped spur, tested by past floods on the rivers Buffeljags, Duiwenhoks and Hex of the Western Cape province in the Republic of South Africa, and to propose a protective structure against debris loading (carchehod), which is aimed at the unhindered water flow movement and the capture of all drifting trees and their parts. Materials and methods. Numerous bank protection structures built on the river Kuban, do not fulfill their protective functions, but provoke bank erosion, which affects negatively the structure as a whole. The demand for stepped spurs and the lack of recommendations on their design and use determine the relevance of their development and use in difficult engineering conditions. The basis of scientific development were the data collected during the floods of 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2008 on the large rivers Buffeljags, Duiwenhoks and Hex of the Western Cape province in the Republic of South Africa. When developing a complex of protective structures, the generally accepted methods of scientific analysis, synthesis and design of hydraulic structures were used. Results. During the research, the advantages of the layout solutions of the used spur structures were determined, the advantages and conditions for structure usage during floods were found. The developments aimed at strengthening the advantages and eliminating the design flaws of the structures to ensure their protection from carchehod have been carried out. The structures can be made in the form of cruciform beams or T-shaped elements mounted on a longitudinal beam. Conclusions. The designs allowing protecting the spurs from damage by a debris loading (carchehod) have been proposed, they represent a single complex of protective structures. Proposals on the layout and design arrangement of the structures complex are formulated.

Introduction: Calcaneal spurs are bony triangular projections of varying sizes that are found on the calcaneum. By analyzing the incidence of plantar spurs and lumbar herniated disks, the current research aims to provide a reliable baseline for determining the pathological significance of spurs with herniated disks. Methods: Consecutive patients who had visited a local physiotherapy clinic for plantar calcaneal spurs between October 2022 and February 2023 with no self-reported comorbidities such as diabetes or vascular diseases were qualified for the study. Of the eligible subjects, a total of 84 patients were randomly selected from the clinic’s database. All 84 patients were subjected to weight-bearing lateral foot radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging scans. A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to measure heel pain. Associations between the presence of spurs, herniated disks, sex, body mass index (BMI), and heel pain were then explored. Results: Of the 84 patients, 40 were males (48%) and 44 females (52%), with a mean age of 64.2 ± 5.6 years. The mean BMI was 28.5 ± 5.2 kg/m2. From the analysis of the imaging examination results, of the 84 patients with calcaneal spurs, 40 (48%) had lumbar disk herniation at L5-S1, 38 (45%) at L4-L5, 1 (1%) high lumbar herniations, and 5 (6%) no hernia. Women accounted for 45% of L5-S1 herniations and 41% of L4-L5 herniations. Pearson correlation between the variables speaks for a positive weak (r = 0.33) and significant relationship between VAS and weight and between VAS and BMI (r = 0.436, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Given the high percentage of patients suffering concomitantly from plantar calcaneal spurs and discal hernias (94%), we assume that there might be a probable link between the two disorders.

One new genus Evacuxyela gen. nov., with two new species, Evacuxyela conflata sp. nov. and Evacuxyela hsiaoae sp. nov., is described and illustrated on the basis of two fossils from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of northeastern China. The new genus Evacuxyela gen. nov. is placed in the subfamily Macroxyelinae Ashmead, 1898, tribe Angaridyellini of Xyelidae, mainly based on veins C and R connected by a bridge next to pterostigma. The two new fossil species are similar, but differentiated by degree of expansion for hind femur, sclerotisation of pterostigma and venational details. In addition, the well-preserved spurs and expanded femora of hind legs provide important morphological characters to enhance our understanding of Xyelidae. ZooBank ID (LSID): Evacuxyela: Evacuxyela conflata: Evacuxyela hsiaoae: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginalski‐type E5 button spurs made from a Cu alloy are a characteristic attribute of the Middle Roman period in barbarian Europe. The find of part of a mould made of non‐ferrous metal at the Luleč site in the district of Vyškov, Czech Republic, provided key evidence for explaining the issue of their production. The discovery of this unique artefact showed that based on current knowledge, the spurs made from a Cu alloy were also produced in the Middle Danube region and not only in Northeast Europe as had previously been thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Calcaneal spurs are bony triangular projections of varying sizes that are found on the calcaneum. By analyzing the incidence of plantar spurs and lumbar herniated disks, the current research aims to provide a reliable baseline for determining the pathological significance of spurs with herniated disks. Methods: Consecutive patients who had visited a local physiotherapy clinic for plantar calcaneal spurs between October 2022 and February 2023 with no self-reported comorbidities such as diabetes or vascular diseases were qualified for the study. Of the eligible subjects, a total of 84 patients were randomly selected from the clinic's database. All 84 patients were subjected to weight-bearing lateral foot radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging scans. A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to measure heel pain. Associations between the presence of spurs, herniated disks, sex, body mass index (BMI), and heel pain were then explored. Results: Of the 84 patients, 40 were males (48%) and 44 females (52%), with a mean age of 64.2 ± 5.6 years. The mean BMI was 28.5 ± 5.2 kg/m2. From the analysis of the imaging examination results, of the 84 patients with calcaneal spurs, 40 (48%) had lumbar disk herniation at L5-S1, 38 (45%) at L4-L5, 1 (1%) high lumbar herniations, and 5 (6%) no hernia. Women accounted for 45% of L5-S1 herniations and 41% of L4-L5 herniations. Pearson correlation between the variables speaks for a positive weak (r = 0.33) and significant relationship between VAS and weight and between VAS and BMI (r = 0.436, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Given the high percentage of patients suffering concomitantly from plantar calcaneal spurs and discal hernias (94%), we assume that there might be a probable link between the two disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using horses as a historical lens, this study examines four components of ritualistic equestrianism in Tudor coronation ceremonies: the King's Champion, the Gilded Spurs, the Master of the Horse, and the Horse of Honor. These four components remained an essential part of coronation ceremonies during the Tudor era despite significant political, religious, and cultural changes and elevated in status, identity, and symbolism to parallel the rise of horse culture in early modern England. More importantly, these four components underlined the importance of horses and horsemanship to the Crown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Show jumpers and dressage riders are increasingly becoming the focus of public prosecutors. It is to be ascertained within the meaning of Section 17 No. 2b of the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) whether the rapping/touching and the hyperflexion inflicts the horse with long-lasting or recurring considerable pain and suffering. The equine medical and legal investigations oriented towards the “well-being of the horse” have so far not been able to specify the vague legal terms “considerable pain and suffering” with verifiable criteria. The investigating authorities are, therefore, unable to form a satisfactory opinion within the meaning of Section 261 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP). Only the international/national equestrian sports associations can remedy the situation by using their competence to set standards, which are protected by Article 9 Paragraph 1 of the constitution (“Grundgesetz”), by issuing clearly defined positive lists (regarding, for example, whips, spurs, gaiters, head position) through their responsible committees and, thereby creating a high degree of legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spur- -dikes are efficient hydraulic structures that are made for numerous purposes. They have one end on the stream bank and another extending into the current. As a result of the existing spur-dikes in the stream course, the local scour phenomena usually occur around them, leading to several predicaments which have been of great concern to the hydraulic engineers. For the present work, laboratory experiments were carried out to measure the scour depths around several spur-dikes located at different distances for the V-shaped one. The experiments were conducted using physical models installed in a non-curved flume with a bed with uniform cohesion-less sediment of a medium particle size (d50 = 0.7 mm). All the models were operated under the subcritical flow of clear-water conditions. The investigations include three spur-dikes (1, 2 and 3) and three distances between them (1, 1.5 and 2 of spur-dike length) as two countermeasures to minimize the local scour depths. The results showed that an increasing number of spur-dikes and the distances between them would decrease the scour depths within the limit of the present study. The experimental data were used to create a new formula of R2 = 0.954 that reflects a good agreement with the experimentally observed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zamin State Reserve, located on the western spurs of the Turkestan Range in the upper reaches of the Sangzar River, is the richest region of Uzbekistan in floristic and phytocenotic terms. This reserve, established in 1926, is unique in the number of rare endangered plant species growing in this small area. Juniper forests, in their completeness and richness of tree and shrub species, have no analogues in our republic. At least 20 plant species have been described from this territory, which is comparable to the most famous flora of Chimgan. List of vascular plants compiled and published by M.G. Popov, N.V. Androsov in 1937, for a long time was almost the only floristic information throughout the Western Pamirs. In the second half of the 20th century, large-scale floristic studies were carried out not only in this region, but also throughout the territory of Uzbekistan. In particular, lists of floras of the Chatkal, Nurata and Surkhan reserves were published. Thus, the dendroflora studied by us, richer in the number of plant species, will be a good help for creating an electronic database of the modern flora of Uzbekistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Horse sale advertisements are expected to present horses at their best to entice buyers. In such adverts, the prevalence of severe bits, restrictive nosebands, spurs, and whips merits scrutiny because such devices reflect the need for strong physical cues and their prevalence may serve as an indicator of training approaches. To examine the occurrence of various types of tack (equestrian gear) 6580 horse sale advertisements from Australia and North America were inspected for horse demographics, discipline, level, price, any tack and equipment apparent on the horse, rider age, and whether the rider was wearing spurs or carrying a whip. Chi-squared analysis and a GLIMMIX procedure determined differences between countries, main factors, and their relevant interactions (with significance at a P -value < 0.05). The most commonly advertised horse was a bay performance gelding of stock breed working at a basic level and priced under $5,000. Most horses were depicted in a snaffle bit, dressage saddle, and without extra equipment. Thoroughbreds, warmbloods, and performance horses at advanced levels were more likely to be wearing more severe bits, restrictive nosebands, head control equipment, and ridden with whips and spurs. Examining trends in the range and type of equipment being used on horses can provide insight into the uptake of ethical approaches to ridden horse welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in castles is booming. However, research is still dominated by a ‘male gaze’, focusing on the military, political and legal importance of castles while neglecting their role as social and gendered spaces. In this essay we attempt to challenge this male gaze on castles by presenting two case studies: trousseau inventories of Italian brides and inventories related to castle Bruck in eastern Tyrol. Special focus is given to the question of how material objects can help get a broader understanding of castles as social and gendered spaces. In a first step we show how difficult it is to interpret material objects in a gendered way using the example of spurs. While they are often regarded as exclusively male objects, inventories document that many women owned spurs and used them as representative items. In the second section we then analyse an inventory of castle Bruck to reconstruct its rooms, especially the women’s living rooms, and the material culture connecting them to the last inhabitants of the fifteenth century, mainly the two last countesses of Görz.

In the oldest stages of the early Middle Ages, the settlements located between the Warta and the Obra were concentrated predominantly in a few areas: between the Warta, the Sama and the Samica Stęszewska, in the vicinity of Pniewy and Lwówek, and to the west of Sieraków. The resulting structure, over time supplemented with settlement clusters in Opalenica Plain, formed the basis for a network of gords established in the 9th and the early 10th centuries. The arrangement of hamlets and gords allowed to reconstruct long-range transport routes connecting these regions with south Wielkopolska, Lusatia as well as the north-western Slavic domains.

Inventories as Corrective to the 'Male Gaze' on Castles: Bridal Inventories and Inventories of Castle Bruck near Lienz. The interest in castles is booming. However, research is still dominated by a 'male gaze', focusing on the military, political and legal importance of castles while neglecting their role as social and gendered spaces. In this essay we attempt to challenge this male gaze on castles by presenting two case studies: trousseau inventories of Italian brides and inventories related to castle Bruck in eastern Tyrol. Special focus is given to the question of how material objects can help get a broader understanding of castles as social and gendered spaces. In a first step we show how difficult it is to interpret material objects in a gendered way using the example of spurs. While they are often regarded as exclusively male objects, inventories document that many women owned spurs and used them as representative items. In the second section we then analyse an inventory of castle Bruck to reconstruct its rooms, especially the women's living rooms, and the material culture connecting them to the last inhabitants of the fifteenth century, mainly the two last countesses of Görz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study presents 48 items discovered in Bratei – Settlement no. 2, and which, for objective reasons, were not included in the monograph regarding inhabiting features of the 12th– 13th centuries, published in 2009. The items belong to various categories, such as prick spurs – nine items, knives with peduncle for handles – 11 items, nails – nine items, a door lock, a hinge or lock, three different iron parts of door whose function is less clear, two iron buckles – one rectangular, and the other in the form of the letter “ D”, an arrowhead with tube for hafting, an ellipsoidal iron strike-a-light, a scissor, an iron horseshoe, a base of pot with signs in relief, as well as seven iron items whose function could not be determined due to their preservation. The vast majority of these items were uncovered in features dating in the 12th– 13th centuries. Spurs are undoubtedly the category of artefacts with the highest chronological and even numerical relevance in the settlement of Bratei, occupying the first place, with the exception of ceramics. Typologically, the prick spurs are part of the generic type with pyramidal thorn, along with two variants. Although the present items do not differ from those found in other contemporary sites, they are by far the most important ones for a better understanding of the specificity of Bratei settlement. In the same time, they also indicate that the Bratei settlement is actually belonging to a horizon of discoveries distributed in south-eastern Transylvania around the middle of the 12th century until the first part of the next century. In order to easily identify the features in which the objects were found, we used the same abbreviations like the ones in the original site documentation : B = dwelling or household annex ; Gr = pit ; S = trench – followed by year(s) when those feature(s) were excavated.

In the Považský Inovec hills, which hide several interesting sites from various historical periods, a gilded spur with slightly curved arms was discovered. It is an exceptional artefact, since we did not know about any such spurs from our territory before. Although it is an accidental find which might have been lost during a hunt or while crossing the mountains, it can point to importance of certain families settled in our territory in the more stable Kingdom of Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Existenz Großmährens wird in die Zeit vom 9. bis zur 1. Hälfte des 10. Jahrhunderts datiert. Es erstreckte sich zwischen dem karolingischen Westen und dem slawischen „Außeneuropa" und galt als erstes Staatsgebilde der Slawen, das die militär-aristokratische Struktur Westeuropas nachahmte. Neu entdeckte separate Bestattungen mit Waffen und Sporen lassen jedoch Zweifel an dieser Deutung aufkommen. Der besondere Bestattungsritus der hier vorgelegten Bestattungen weist zwar Ähnlichkeiten mit den separaten Friedhöfen des fränkischen grundherrschaftlichen Adels oder der freien Bauernkrieger auf, die archäologischen und bioarchäologischen Analysen erlauben in Mähren jedoch Rückschlüsse auf ein unterschiedliches soziales Phänomen, das zur Erschließung der historischen und kulturellen Spezifika dieses Raums als Schnittstelle zwischen Ost und West beitragen könnte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floral mutants display various deviant phenotypes and, as such, they are appropriate material with which to address the origin and the building of morphological variation. To identify the pivotal developmental stages at which floral variation may originate and to infer the putative associated genetic causes, we studied abnormal flowers in nine cultivars of Aquilegia and Delphinium of Ranunculaceae, a family displaying a high range of floral diversity. Wild-type flowers of the two genera are pentamerous and spurred, but they differ in their overall symmetry (actinomorphy vs. zygomorphy). Floral morphology of their cultivars at different developmental stages up to anthesis was observed, and the putative identity of the perianth organs and vascularization was inferred. Our results show that in the floral mutants in both genera, phyllotaxis was generally conserved, whereas floral organization, vascularization and symmetry were modified. Most of the morphological and anatomical deviations impacted the perianth, including organ number, identity and (spur) elaboration, and also led to the formation of mosaic organs. We hypothesized that the phenotypes of floral mutants in Aquilegia and Delphinium result from genetic alterations affecting frontiers between sets of organs of different identity, homeosis and length of floral meristem activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a copper-alloy goad discovered in 2017 in Lubniewice in Lubuskie Voivodeship, Poland. An interdisciplinary analysis has shown that the goad was originally part of a lavishly decorated copper-alloy spur representing a type known from high-status West Slavic graves (e.g. Lutomiersk, Ciepłe) and settlement sites. Because objects of this kind are made of costly material, and because expert skills were required to produce them, it is argued that they were commissioned by a very specific group of people who used them as “material markers” of their distinct cultural and religious identity. It is not unlikely that the owners of such spurs were members of the elite retinue of the Piasts who played important roles on and off the battlefield.

The Ridden Horse Pain Ethogram (RHpE) was applied to 1010 competition starts at British Eventing (BE) 90, 100 and Novice one-day events and compared with performance. The overall median RHpE score was 4/24 (IQR 2,6; range 0,12). There were moderate positive correlations between RHpE scores and dressage penalties (Spearman’s rho = 0.508, 0.468, 0.491, all p < 0.001 for BE 90, 100 and Novice, respectively). There were weak positive correlations between RHpE scores and final placings (Spearman’s rho = 0.157, p = 0.033, BE90; rho = 0.263, p < 0.001, BE 100; rho = 0.123, p = 0.035, Novice). In showjumping, 1.7% of starters were eliminated or retired, compared with 9.8% of cross-country starters. Horse or rider falls occurred in 2.6% of cross-country starts. Horses placed first, second or third had lower median RHpE scores (2/24, IQR 1,4; range 0,8) than other horses that finished (p < 0.001), those that were eliminated or retired (p < 0.001) or were withdrawn (p < 0.001). The RHpE score was ≥8/24 for 9.3% of starters; horses with a RHpE score ≥8/24 had higher total penalty scores (p < 0.001) than horses with a RHpE score

This paper designs a parallel coupled microstrip bandpass filter at the ends of the hybrid frequency synthesizer of PLL+DDS mixing in the outside of the feedback loop systems. This filter is used to suppress the frequency synthesizer′s spurs and harmonic in the output spectrum. The band pass filter is designed by the parallel coupled microstrip line. The measuring results show the center frequency is 2 350 MHz and the bandwidth is 50 MHz. And the maximum loss is -5 dB in the passband. In the external bandpass, the loss of 2 200 MHz is -47.7 dB, while at the 2 285 MHz，the loss is -29.0 dB. By measuring the filter and the output signals of the hybrid frequency synthesizer, it is proved the effectivity of the filter to suppress spurs and harmonic in the output spectrum of the frequency synthesizer.

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This paper reviews performance of bank protection works constructed over the last decades along the major rivers in Nepal. The study reveals main reasons of early spurs failure in five major rivers - Koshi, Narayani, West Rapti, Karnali and Mahakali. The overview finds design deficiency as the main reason of failure of bank protection works. The methodology incorporates a combination of field visits and a review of design reports, master plans. The study finds bank protection works along the major rivers in Nepal consist almost exclusively of spurs often combined with revetments in between, made of gabions filled with boulders. Also, the launching aprons are constructed of gabions. The lifetime of these bank protection works is less than 10 years and often much shorter. Designs are based on standard designs from Indian standards, developed for normal alluvial rivers. The study recommends initiating a bank protection pilot project to identify the cause of failure of the bank protection works and to test remedial measures for the sustainability enhancement of river protection works in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1970s or the early 1980s an anonymous donator has gifted a pair of spurs to Zdenko Vinski, who had been in charge of the Mediaeval Department for decades. Unfortunately, the whereabouts of the discovery and the find spot are unknown and we may only speculate that these spurs were found somewhere in former Yugoslavia. They are nonetheless easily identifiable from a typological point of view, being late Roman spurs belonging to the so-called Leuna type. This set may be dated to the 4th century AD. One may presume that this set was found in a grave, since Leuna-type spurs are more often than not either grave finds or finds discovered within Roman military sites and settlements, the latter finds usually not being full sets but single spurs or fragments. The find context is shrouded in mystery because the discovery did not occur under archaeological supervision and within the legal frame of professional field research. One may only conjecture what else could have been found in that grave but in any case, the discoverer, or one of the discoverers, contacted Zdenko Vinski, probably in order to get more information about his (or their) find. The late curator must have somehow convinced the anonymous finder to leave the spurs in the Museum but he probably never managed to obtain more information about the find spot and the archaeological context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Academica Šumenensia is the property of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lituanistica is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this comprehensive review is to give a historical account of iliac vein compression and to analyse the pathophysiological aspects and their clinical implications. An extensive search of the databases was performed from inception until 2019. The patterns, length and site of compression, wall and luminal changes, and anatomical variations were some of the factors recorded and analysed. Twenty-seven studies were included in this review, divided into cadaveric, histological, and imaging. According to the literature 22%–32% of the asymptomatic population shows "spurs" at the origin of the left common iliac vein (LCIV). Imaging studies also show the presence of direct and indirect compression signs such as the presence of collateral venous flow in axial, transpelvic, or ascending lumbar collaterals, and >50% compression in 37%–44% of the asymptomatic population. In patients without thrombosis it is unknown what produces the signs and symptoms, as the obstruction pre-exists their development. Haemodynamic evaluation is found in only a few studies often including patients with previous deep vein thrombosis. Furthermore, most of the tests are performed with the patient in the supine position and therefore the haemodynamic information is relatively poor. Patients with venous obstruction have various clinical presentations from being asymptomatic to having venous claudication and skin damage. Obstruction should be placed into clinical context, together with other contributing factors. Proper evaluation and clinical judgement are important in selecting patients for treatment. Given that such selection is not always clear, further work is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Surface irregularities of the greater trochanter have been described as a potential radiographic sign of greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS). We report a diagnostic accuracy study to evaluate the clinical usefulness of trochanteric surface irregularities on plain radiographs in the diagnosis of GTPS. Methods: We retrospectively identified the anteroposterior pelvic radiographs of a consecutive group of 38 patients (representing a 27.5% series prevalence) diagnosed with GTPS (mean age 69.5 years ± 16.1 [standard deviation], 27 females, 11 males) based on clinical symptoms and a positive response to a local anaesthetic and steroid injection. A control group consisted of 100 patients (mean age 73 years ± 17.1 [standard deviation], 67 females, 33 males) with either hip osteoarthritis listed for hip arthroplasty (n = 50), or with an intracapsular neck of femur fracture (n = 50) both presenting between January and July 2017. Radiographs were cropped to blind observers to the presence of hip osteoarthritis or intracapsular fracture but included the trochanteric region. The radiograph sequence was randomised and separately presented to 3 orthopaedic surgeons to evaluate the presence of trochanteric surface irregularities. Results: The inter-observer correlation coefficient agreement was acceptable at 0.75 (95% CI, 0.60–0.84). Trochanteric surface irregularities including frank spurs protruding ⩾2 mm were associated with a 24.7% positive predictive value, 64.0% sensitivity, 25.7% specificity, 74.3% false-positive rate, 36.0% false-negative rate, and a 65.3% negative predictive value for clinical GTPS. Conclusion: Surface irregularities of the greater trochanter are not reliable radiographic indicators for the diagnosis of greater trochanteric pain syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]