Search

The recent transition to H2-based energy storage demands reliable H2 sensors that allow for easy, fast, and reliable detection of leaks. Conventional H2 detectors are based on the changes of physical properties of H2 probes induced by subsurface H-atoms to a material such as electrical conductivity. Herein, we report on highly reactive gasochromic H2 detectors based on the adsorption of H2 on the material surface. We prepared supraparticles (SPs) containing different types of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs), silica NPs, and the dye resazurin by spray-drying and tested their performance for H2 detection. The material undergoes a distinct color change due to the hydrogenation of the purple resazurin to pink resorufin and, finally, colorless hydroresorufin. The stepwise transition is fast and visible to the naked eye. To further improve the performance of the sensor, we tested the reactivity of SPs with different catalytically active NPs by means of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). We show that the choice of the NP catalyst has a pronounced effect on the response of the H2 indicator. In addition, we demonstrate that the performance depends on the size of the NPs. These effects are attributed to the availability of reactive H-atoms on the NP surface. Among the materials studied, Pt-containing SPs gave the best results for H2 detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-gasochromic supraparticles that undergo rapid eye-readable and gas-specific colour changes upon reaction with hydrogen or ammonia are reported. This functionality is achieved by tailoring the solid–liquid–gas interface within the mesoporous framework of supraparticles via spray-drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum are two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) widely used in the food industry. The objective of this work was to assess the resistance of these bacteria to freeze- and spray-drying and study the mechanisms involved in their loss of activity. The culturability and acidifying activity were measured to determine the specific acidifying activity, while membrane integrity was studied by flow cytometry. The glass transitions temperature and the water activity of the dried bacterial suspensions were also determined. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) micro-spectroscopy was used to study the biochemical composition of cells in an aqueous environment. All experiments were performed after freezing, drying and storage at 4, 23 and 37 °C. The results showed that Lb. bulgaricus CFL1 was sensitive to osmotic, mechanical, and thermal stresses, while Lpb. plantarum WCFS1 tolerated better the first two types of stress but was more sensitive to thermal stress. Moreover, FTIR results suggested that the sensitivity of Lb. bulgaricus CFL1 to freeze-drying could be attributed to membrane and cell wall degradation, whereas changes in nucleic acids and proteins would be responsible of heat inactivation of both strains associated with spray-drying. According to the activation energy values (47–85 kJ/mol), the functionality loss during storage is a chemically limited reaction. Still, the physical properties of the glassy matrix played a fundamental role in the rates of loss of activity and showed that a glass transition temperature 40 °C above the storage temperature is needed to reach good preservation during storage. Key points: • Specific FTIR bands are proposed as markers of osmotic, mechanic and thermal stress • Lb. bulgaricus CFL1 was sensitive to all three stresses, Lpb. plantarum WCFS1 to thermal stress only • Activation energy revealed chemically limited reactions ruled the activity loss in storage [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, experimental ball-milling mixed feedstock powder (BMP) and spray-drying feedstock powder (SDP) were prepared, and the WC–12Co/Cr 3 C 2 –25NiCr coatings were sprayed with high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF). The microstructures, phase compositions, as well as wear and corrosion resistance of the two coatings were explored. The results indicated that SDP at a 250 °C inlet temperature and 2 wt% binder had a uniform elemental distribution, excellent fluidity, and apparent density. The SDP coating was also more uniform and denser than the SMP coating. In addition, an amorphous phase formed in the SDP coating during the HVOF process. The SDP coating exhibited a uniform microstructure, better wear property, and wear rate of 5.5 × 10−14 m3/(N∙m), which is 29% lower than that of the BMP coating. Furthermore, the SDP coating showed superior corrosion resistance in a 36 wt% HCl solution, with a corrosion current of about 2.26 × 10−3 A∙cm−2 and corrosion rate of 26.57 mm/a, which is 81.8% lower than that of the BMP coating. The molecular dynamics simulation indicated that the uniform distribution of Cr 3 C 2 –25NiCr substantially reduced the adsorption energy of HCl for WC–12Co. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on the impact of the insoluble fraction of Persian gum–sodium alginate and a blend of the insoluble fraction of Persian gum–sodium alginate (IFPG‐Al) with whey protein isolate (WPI) on sprayed Ziziphus jujuba extract (JE) powder. The addition of whey protein led to powders with higher moisture (10%), higher solubility (99.19%), and lower powder yield (27.82%). The powders fabricated with WPI depicted the best protection of polyphenolic compounds (3933.4 mg/L) and the highest encapsulation efficiency activity (74.84%). Additionally, they had a higher Tg (62.63°C), which indicates more stability of the powders during shelf life. The sphericity of the majority of the particles was noticeable in powders, but multi‐sided concavities were visible in the protein‐containing particles. Based on the particle size's results, IFPG‐Al/WPI capsules fabricated relatively smaller particles (2.54 μm). It can be acknowledged that the presence of protein in particles can bring fruitful results by preserving valuable bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present investigation, spray drying independent operating conditions such as the inlet air temperature (A-IAT 130, 150 and 170 °C), outlet air temperature (B-OAT 60, 70 and 80 °C), needle speed (C-NS 3S, 4S, 5S), maltodextrin concentration (D-MD 10, 15, 20 %), pump speed (E-PS 5, 10, 15 mL/min) and water/grape pomace ratio (F-W/GP ratio 10, 15, 20) were optimized to develop the spray-dried grape pomace powder (SDGPP) with maximum yield. The impact of these conditions on total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH· values) of SDGPP samples were analyzed. The independent spray drying factors (IAT, OAT, NS, MD, PS, and W/GP ratio) impart a strong direct effect (p ≤ 0.05) on powder yield, TPC, TFC, and DPPH· values. The interaction effects (A × B, A × C, A × D, A × E, A × F, B × C, B × D, B × E, B × F, C × D, C × E, C × F, D × E, D × F, and E × F) of independent variables were noted non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) for response values. After validation of the model and verification of results, the independents' variables were found in the range of 170 °C (IAT), 80 °C (OAT), 4S (NS), 15 % (MD), 10 mL/min (PS) and 15 (W/GP ratio) for yield (64.7 ± 1.18 %), TPC (7.66 ± 0.53 mg GAE/g), TFC (3.19 ± 0.30 mg CE/g) and DPPH· 140.3 ± 1.59 (100 µL/mL), respectively. The decrease in TPC, TFC, and DPPH· values of SDGPP samples was noted during 60 days of storage at 25 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5 % RH (p ≤ 0.05) but not greater than unprocessed samples. It could be concluded that the protection of phenolic contents and retention of antioxidant activity of dried powders can be achieved at optimized spray drying conditions for discerning food and byproduct processing industries. [Display omitted] • Spray drying of phenolics rich grape pomace is a promising method for encapsulation. • Interaction for spray drying independent factors was optimized for pomace powder. • The quality of raw and spray-dried grape pomace was evaluated during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the bioactive properties and storage stability of microcapsules (MCs) obtained by co‐encapsulation of the potential probiotic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus VM004 and peanut skin polyphenolic extract (PSE) by spray drying, using whey protein concentrate (WPC) and water‐soluble chitosan (WSCh) as wall materials. The results showed that the selected wall materials provided protection to yeast during spray drying, storage, and simulated gastrointestinal conditions, obtaining better results for WPC and higher concentrations of PSE. Moreover, all formulations demonstrated cytoprotective effects against menadione‐induced oxidative stress in normal rat ileum epithelial cells (IEC‐18) at all concentrations and storage temperatures evaluated. These results suggest that the obtained MCs could be potential functional food ingredients, considering their antioxidant, cytoprotective, and potential probiotic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this work, soy protein isolates (SPIs) were subjected to microparticulation, turning soy protein ingredients into microparticles with improved thermal stability which could be used in high‐protein foods. The pH is a critical determinant in microparticulation. Our work is mainly to investigate the effect of pH on the formation and properties of protein microparticles. To clarify the effects of pH conditions on the properties of the resulting particles, microparticulation was performed at different pH conditions (7.0, 6.0 and 5.0). Aggregation behaviours described by the parameters calculated from the protein dispersion viscosity combined with the observation of the morphology change were used to analyse the particle formation process. For the microparticles prepared at pH 5.0, soy proteins were more inclined to aggregate into clusters on a micro‐scale which had a flexible conformation. After spray drying, This powder could be easily dispersed in water, creating a dispersion with a protein concentration of 10 wt%. At this concentration, the thermal gelation capacity of the proteins was observed to decrease. Conversely, the tendency of protein aggregation was largely restricted when soy protein microparticulation was carried out at pH 7.0. As these soy protein particles in nano‐scale were dispersed in water, a decrease rather than an increase was recorded in the viscosity of this dispersion after it was heated, suggesting that these particles had improved thermal stability. This work has demonstrated that implementing appropriate pH conditions during microparticulation can prepare soy protein particles with different sizes and rheological properties, which might meet the demands of various food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Apigenin (AP) is a natural flavonoid with multiple health benefits that can be used in functional foods. However, the hydrophobicity and poor aqueous solubility of AP have hindered its food application. With ethanol injection and spray drying, encapsulated AP in dried chitosan‐coated liposomes could be promising in delivering AP via foods. By comparing with the unencapsulated AP, this study examined the potential of spray‐dried chitosan‐coated apigenin liposomes (SCAL) in preserving the AP content and antioxidant capacity against food‐related heat, pH, light, oxygen and salt conditions. The moisture sorption isotherms and storage stability of SCAL were also investigated. The results show that the encapsulated AP in SCAL had better stability against pH (pH 2, pH 4, pH 6 and pH 7), light, oxygen and salt stress (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 M NaCl) than the unencapsulated AP. The limits of relative humidity (RH) for SCAL storage were found to be <50% at 25 °C, <60% at 35 °C and <70% at 45 °C. SCAL could preserve AP over 90 days in room (86.55–95.42%) and chilled (91.54–95.79%) conditions. These findings suggest the potential of spray‐dried chitosan‐coated liposomes in improving the stability of AP, hence SCAL is promising for delivering AP in functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Mesoporous aluminosilicates Al-SBA-15 with large pore sizes and suitable acid properties are promising substitutes to zeolites for catalytic cracking of bulky hydrocarbons without molecular diffusion limitation. The conventional processes to synthesize Al-SBA-15 are time-consuming and often suffer from low "framework" Al contents. Herein, Al-SBA-15 microspheres are synthesized using the rapid and scalable microfluidic jet spray drying technique. They possess uniform particle sizes (45–60 μm), variable surface morphologies, high surface areas (264–340 m2/g), uniform mesopores (3.8–4.9 nm) and rich acid sites (126–812 μmol/g) and high acid strength. Their physicochemical properties are compared with the counterparts synthesized using traditional hydrothermal and evaporation-induced self-assembly methods. The spray drying technique results in a higher incorporation of aluminum (Al) atoms into the silica "framework" compared to the other two methods. The catalytic cracking efficiencies of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPB) on the Al-SBA-15 materials synthesized using the three different methods and nanosized ZSM-5 are compared. The optimal spray-dried Al-SBA-15 exhibits the best performance with 100 % TIPB conversion, excellent selectivity (about 75 %) towards the formation of deeply cracked products (benzene and propylene) and high stability. The catalytic performances of the spray-dried Al-SBA-15 with varying Si/Al ratios are also compared. The reasons for the different performances of the different materials are discussed, where the mesopores, high acid density and strength are observed to play the most critical role. This work might provide a basis for the synthesis of mesoporous rich metal-substituted silica materials for different catalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of a varenicline solution nasal spray (VNS) for reducing the signs and symptoms of dry eye following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods: Subjects electing to undergo LASIK were randomized to VNS (study group) or placebo/vehicle (control group) and initiated treatment with the nasal spray twice daily 28 days prior to surgery with continued treatment for 84 days following LASIK. After initiation of treatment, subjects were seen on the day of surgery and postoperatively on Days 1, 7, 28, 84 (3 months) and 168 (6 months). The primary outcome measure was the mean change in NEI-VFQ-25, a 25-item dry eye questionnaire, from baseline to 3 months. The second primary outcome measure was the mean change in corneal fluorescein staining. Secondary outcome measures included evaluation of tear break-up time, Schirmer testing, tear osmolarity and eye dryness score (EDS). Results: Twenty subjects were enrolled in each group and successfully underwent LASIK. Both groups demonstrated an improvement in the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ) at 3 months. The study group demonstrated improved corneal staining scores at months 1 and 3. Similarly, the study group demonstrated improvement in tear osmolarity scores versus the placebo group at the same time points. Although the study group was numerically greater than placebo for each time point for both corneal staining and tear osmolarity, the differences were not statistically significant for any primary or secondary outcome measures. Conclusion: VNS is a dry eye treatment option for patients following LASIK and may have potential benefit for patients hoping to avoid additional topical medications. The results were not statistically significant compared to placebo in this trial, and further investigation of the use of VNS following LASIK in a larger trial would be beneficial. Plain Language Summary: Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is a very successful refractive surgery option for patients hoping to reduce or eliminate their need for spectacles. Signs and symptoms of dry eye disease are very common after LASIK owing to the transection of corneal nerves that occurs during the procedure, and many patients are advised to manage it with frequent instillation of artificial tears. This study evaluated the use of a varenicline solution nasal spray, a recently introduced pharmacologic option that stimulates natural tear production through activation of the trigeminal nerve pathway. This is the first study to evaluate the use of the varenicline solution nasal spray in patients after refractive surgery and demonstrates that it could represent a favorable, ocular surface-sparing option for patients to minimize the signs and symptoms of dry eye following LASIK, a procedure known to trigger symptoms of dry eye disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Chitosan (CS) was newly found as an effective carrier for micro-encapsulation of Pg by spray drying technique for enhancing its bioactivity. Among various tested polymers, CS was screened as the most suitable substance for creating encapsulated Pg/CS microparticles (E-Pg/CS-MPs) with high recovery yield and good nanoscale properties. CS was further combined with other carbohydrate polymers and used for micro-encapsulation of Pg, however, no enhancing yield or better properties of encapsulated Pg microparticles were found. Further experiments indicated that the size of the spaying needle of 5.5 μm and the Pg concentration used at 0.05% were the most effective for producing E-Pg/CS-MPs. In nanoscale properties characterization, the E-Pg/CS-MPs were found spherical with smooth surfaces, good stability (Zeta potential of + 80.1 mV), and average sizes at 529.5 nm. Especially, the E-Pg/CS-MPs demonstrated a potent nematicidal effect against both J2-nematodes and their egg-hatching, besides, the activity of E-Pg/CS-MPs was improved by about fourfold compared with pure Pg. The molecular docking and enzyme inhibition assays suggested the possible pathway of the nematicidal effect of Pg released from E-Pg/CS-MPs via inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. This study thus provides a novel and effective protocol to produce E-Pg/CS-MPs with potential use for managing black pepper nematodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drying fruit juice powders poses challenges because sugars and organic acids with low molecular weight and a low glass transition temperature inherently cause stickiness. This study employed a hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film to mimic the surface of the drying chamber wall. The Central Composite Design (CCD) using response surface methodology investigated the impact of power (X1, Watt) and the duration of oxygenated plasma treatment (X2, minutes) on substrate contact angle (°), reflecting surface hydrophobicity. To validate the approach, Morinda citrofolia (MC) juice, augmented with maltodextrins as drying agents, underwent spray drying on the improved PTFE-coated surface. The spray drying process for MC juice was performed at inlet air temperatures of 120, 140, and 160°C, along with Noni juice-to-maltodextrin solids ratios of 4.00, 1.00, and 0.25. The PTFE-coated borosilicate substrate, prepared at a radio frequency (RF) power of 90W for 15 minutes of treatment time, exhibited a porous and spongy microstructure, correlating with superior contact angle performance (171°) compared to untreated borosilicate glass. Optimization data indicated that the PTFE film attained an optimum contact angle of 146.0° with a specific combination of plasma RF operating power (X1 = 74 W) and treatment duration (X2 = 10.0 minutes). RAMAN spectroscopy indicated a structural analysis with an ID/IG ratio of 0.2, while Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis suggested an average particle size of less than 100 nm for all coated films. The process significantly improved the powder's hygroscopicity, resistance to caking, and moisture content of maltodextrin-MC juice. Therefore, the discovery of this modification, which applies oxygen plasma treatment to PTFE-coated substrates, effectively enhances surface hydrophobicity, contact angle, porosity, roughness, and ultimately improves the efficacy and recovery of the spray drying process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractDrying is a widely adopted unit operation that enhances the stability of pharmaceuticals. Conventionally, freeze-drying has been chosen, as evidenced by the numerous freeze-dried products available on the market. However, there are drawbacks related to freeze drying, extended drying times, freezing and processing-related stresses, and it operates as a batch process, making integration into continuous manufacturing schemes challenging. Similarly, spray drying has garnered significant consideration in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, but limited production yields hinder its adoption. These shortcomings prompted a quest for next-generation drying technologies tailored for therapeutic products. The emerging drying technologies include nano-spray drying, spray freeze drying, thin film freeze drying, supercritical fluid drying, foam drying, and other miscellaneous techniques to cater to stability issues and enhanced bioavailability. While certain drying technologies have been successfully implemented in the processing of therapeutics, others are currently undergoing early-stage feasibility assessments. This review aims to comprehensively understand novel drying technologies and their potential to tailor pharmaceuticals and biologicals for optimal therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium‐ion‐batteries (SIB) are a low‐cost alternative to currently used lithium‐ion batteries (LIB) but suffer from poor cycling stability. Spray drying provides porous, hierarchically structured particles of cathode active material (CAM) in large amounts, suitable for up‐scaling. Changing the chemical composition of the Na0.6Al0.11 − xNi0.22 − yFex + yMn0.66O2 layered oxides under identical synthesis conditions lead to differences in particle morphology, conductivities, sodium vacancy ordering, and phase transition, therefore influencing the electrochemical performance via several mechanisms. Here, a broad overview on these changes for samples with variable nickel and iron content is presented. With increasing iron content, the particle porosity is reduced and lower initial capacity is received for most cycling windows. Substituting half of the original Ni amount with Fe still leads to high capacities and improved cycling stability. The influence of Al as electrochemically inactive element becomes visible in stabilized cycling stability as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the effect of whey protein isolate (WPI) and its coconut oil complexes (CO-WPI) on the viability of Limosilactobacillus reuteri KUB-AC5 during spray drying and storage. Varied CO concentrations (0%, 4%, and 8%, w/w) and spray drying temperatures (110 °C and 130 °C) influenced secondary structures, free sulfhydryl groups, disulfide bonds, and DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities of WPI. Throughout the spray drying and storage processes, CO-WPI effectively reduced lipid peroxidation in the probiotic membranes, as detected by advanced 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance, compared to WPI alone. Microencapsulation in 4CO-WPI at 110 °C provided the highest cell viability during drying (1.34 × 1011 CFU g−1), coupled with the highest cholesterol assimilation (58.43%). After 12 months at 4 °C, viability remained high (5.57 × 1010 CFU g−1). This study demonstrated CO-WPI's potential in reducing oxidative damage and improving probiotic survival, highlighting its efficacy as a microencapsulant in spray drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray dryers have a wide range of applications in the industry for obtaining powder products. Precise control of the process is crucial, as a variety of particles can be formed through atomization, resulting in particles with different sizes, shapes, and properties. The morphology and shrinkage of the particles can be influenced by various factors such as drying rate, temperature, solution concentration, and characteristics of the drying fluid. This review covers both experimental and theoretical studies. Practical experiments involve techniques such as X-ray diffraction and camera monitoring to analyze the particles, while theoretical and mathematical models are developed to predict the drying behavior, considering factors such as drying rate and temperature. In the context of the single droplet drying (SDD) process, major phenomenological models of SDD have been discussed along with their considerations emphasizing the need for further in-depth research and more precise measurements to advance in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jasmine rice leaves extract contains a high number of beneficial flavonoids that have antioxidative, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. The extract has a short shelf-life due to high water activity. The powder form of the extract is convenient to handle and has a longer shelf-life. This study demonstrates an optimization of the microencapsulation process for protecting flavonoids from jasmine rice leaves extract by varying coating materials (maltodextrin, gum Arabic and chitosan) and spray drying conditions that are resulting in high yield and bioactivity. Physical and bio-chemical properties of jasmine rice extract microcapsules from different drying conditions (150–190 °C) also examined and compared to lead to the selection of a suitable coating material and spray drying condition. The results revealed the high potential of using gum Arabic to coat rice leaves extract at a 1:7.5 ratio under spray drying at 190 °C for the best retaining of bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xiao Er Xi Shi formulation powder (XEXS) is often used to treat indigestion for children and its extract powders have poor functional properties. In order to prepare XEXS-PCPs (porous core-shell composite particles) with optimal properties, the central composite design was used to optimize the formulation parameters that affect the direct compaction (DC) properties of PCPs based on XEXS. The proportions of shell material and pore-forming agent were taken as independent variables, and the yield, flowability, compactibility and disintegration time of PCPs were used as the response values. It was found that the best proportions of NH4HCO3 and PVP K30 were 4.76% and 9.42%, respectively. Furthermore, the measured values of yield, flowability, compactibility and disintegration time were 62.00%, 38.50°, 4.02 MPa and 14.33 min, respectively. The prediction errors were 2.99%, 1.09%, 5.70 % and 2.28%, respectively. In the present study, the optimal PCPs were mixed with four DC-grade excipients for continuous DC. The results showed that the optimal PCPs had excellent DC properties and applicability. It provides ideas and theoretical support for preparing PCPs and realizing DC for other traditional Chinese medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerosol deposition process, involving the impact of solid particles on a substrate at high velocities, is an attractive method for the manufacture of ceramic coatings at room temperature. For process optimisation, it is crucial to select a powder having the appropriate physical characteristics and evaluate the particle flow behaviour during the deposition process. In this study, a powder modification process using high-energy milling and spray drying to improve the applicability of precursor powders was developed and evaluated both numerically and experimentally. A modified aerosol deposition system incorporating a brush-type aerosol generator was employed to maintain the continuity of the aerosol supply and improve the stability of the particle concentration. The deposition efficiency was nearly tripled when using spray-dried granules (0.68%) instead of the as-received powders (0.26%). From tribological measurements, the strongest interfacial bonding was also confirmed for coatings prepared with alumina granules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic extract of Vitis vinifera grape pulp was prepared using ultrasonication at frequencies of 28, 40, and 28–40 kHz with a 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20 ratio of solid (grape pulp) to water. The 1:10 ratio and 40 kHz frequency were considered optimal conditions for the preparation of red grape pulp extract (RGPE). Then, RGPE was encapsulated within maltodextrin using a spray drying technique, and the produced powder was used in the gummy candy production. The results revealed that the phenolic content of the powder was almost constant during the storage time. The solubility of the powder decreased, whereas its moisture content increased during the 45‐day storage period. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that the produced microparticles had spherical shapes with a micron size. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction showed that RGPE was encapsulated in the structure of maltodextrin through the formation of hydrogen bonds, considering the amorphous structure of the powder. The antioxidant properties of the microencapsulated RGPE containing gummy candy were preserved. Sensory evaluation and colorimetric values of the enriched gummy candy had acceptable results compared to the control sample. In general, microencapsulation of RGPE within maltodextrin as a carrier using the spray drying technique and its application in gummy candy enrichment could be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Andrographolide (ADG) has poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. This study systematically reviews the use of solid dispersion (SD) techniques to enhance the solubility and absorption of ADG, with a focus on the methods and polymers utilized. Methodology: We searched electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus®, Embase and ScienceDirect Elsevier® up to November 2023 for studies on the solubility or absorption of ADG in SD formulations. Two reviewers independently reviewed the retrieved articles and extracted data using a standardized form and synthesized the data qualitatively. Results: SD significantly improved ADG solubility with up to a 4.7-fold increase and resulted in a decrease in 50% release time (T1/2) to less than 5 min. SD could also improve ADG absorption, as evidenced by higher Cmax and AUC and reduced Tmax. Notably, Soluplus-based SDs showed marked solubility and absorption enhancements. Among the five SD techniques (rotary evaporation, spray drying, hot-melt extrusion, freeze drying and vacuum drying) examined, spray drying emerged as the most effective, enabling a one-step process without the need for post-milling. Conclusions: SD techniques, particularly using Soluplus and spray drying, effectively enhance the solubility and absorption of ADG. This insight is vital for the future development of ADG-SD matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung diseases have received great attention in the past years because they contribute approximately one-third of the total global mortality. Pulmonary drug delivery is regarded as one of the most appealing routes to treat lung diseases. It addresses numerous drawbacks linked to traditional dosage forms. It presents notable features, such as, for example, a non-invasive route, localized lung drug delivery, low enzymatic activity, low drug degradation, higher patient compliance, and avoiding first-pass metabolism. Therefore, the pulmonary route is commonly explored for delivering drugs both locally and systemically. Inhalable nanocarrier powders, especially, lipid nanoparticle formulations, including solid-lipid and nanostructured-lipid nanocarriers, are attracting considerable interest in addressing respiratory diseases thanks to their significant advantages, including deep lung deposition, biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesion, and controlled drug released. Spray drying is a scalable, fast, and commercially viable technique to produce nanolipid powders. This review highlights the ideal criteria for inhalable spray-dried SLN and NLC powders for the pulmonary administration route. Additionally, the most promising inhalation devices, known as dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for the pulmonary delivery of nanolipid powder-based medications, and pulmonary applications of SLN and NLC powders for treating chronic lung conditions, are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Human milk fat analog emulsion (HMFAE) is an emulsion that mimics the composition and structure of human milk (HM) fat globules. The application of HMFAE in infant formula requires a series of milk powder processing steps, such as pasteurization and spray drying. However, the effect of milk powder processing on fat digestion of HMFAE is still unclear. In this study, the influence of pasteurization and spray drying on the lipolysis behavior of HMFAE was studied and compared with HM using a simulated infant in vitro digestion model. RESULTS: Pasteurization and spray drying increased the flocculation and aggregation of lipid droplets in HMFAE during digestion. Spray drying destroyed the lipid droplet structure of HMFAE, and partial milk fat globule membrane‐covered lipid droplets turned into protein‐covered lipid droplets, which aggravated lipid–protein aggregation during gastric digestion and hindered fat digestion in the small intestine. The final lipolysis degree was in the order HM (64.55%) > HMFAE (63.41%) > pasteurized HMFAE (61.75%) > spray‐dried HMFAE (60.57%). After complete gastrointestinal digestion, there were no significant differences in free fatty acid and sn‐2 monoacylglycerol profile among the HMFAE, pasteurized HMFAE, and spray‐dried HMFAE. CONCLUSION: Milk powder processing can reduce lipolysis by altering the lipid droplet structure of HMFAE and the degree of lipid droplet aggregation during digestion. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black pepper oleoresin was processed to powder for handling convenience in logistics and applications. Various wall materials (gum Arabic, modified starch, maltodextrins, or blends of them) and drying techniques (spray drying or freeze drying) were applied. The main objective was to determine the proper method for producing black pepper oleoresin microcapsules. The results demonstrated that the suitable oleoresin concentration for feed emulsion formulation was 15% (w/w) concerning the wall material weight, while gum Arabic was deemed as the most suitable wall material of those investigated, based on feed emulsion stability and encapsulation efficiency. Freeze-drying had greater values for powder recovery and total piperine content; nonetheless, spray-drying was recommended, based on its higher encapsulation efficiency, product solubility, product stability during storage, and lower costs. Encapsulated oleoresin powders had a slower piperine retention percentage reduction than raw black pepper powder and free oleoresin during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In food products, the encapsulation of flavor in a solid matrix is an important process to overcome the limited properties of flavors, and control flavor release. In this study, allyl sulfide (AS) was encapsulated by spray drying using the modified starch Purity Gum 1773 (PG), an octenylsuccinic acid-modified starch (OSA) as an emulsifier and as a part of wall material. The properties of flavor retention and stability after storage were investigated. PG was more effective in forming emulsified AS spray-dried powder than sodium caseinate. A 94% AS retention rate after spray drying was achieved with 12 wt% PG at 50 wt% solid content. Larger oil droplets and larger particle diameters of spray-dried powder exhibited higher retention of AS under the specified storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotechnological and pharmaceutical processes based on bacteria require an inoculum with high long-term viability. In order to provide a stabilized bacterial culture for biodegradation of ammonia and ammonium, the model species Kocuria rhizophila DSM 348 was spray-dried using different protective agents. Providing a medium with 200 g/L skimmed milk powder (SMP) and 12.5 g/L monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) resulted in a survival rate of 99.1% ± 3.6% immediately after spray drying, whereas 200 g/L trehalose and 12.5 g/L MSG led to a lower viability (34.7% ± 5.9%). A reference medium with phosphates (7 g/L KH2PO4 + 7 g/L K2HPO4) accomplished a survival rate of 9.8% ± 2.9%. Long-term experiments confirmed high viability of spray-dried bacteria after 52 weeks at 4 °C with less than 1 log-reduction compared to the first day of storage, resulting in powders with at least 1010 CFU/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few decades, there has been a growing discourse surrounding environmental and health issues stemming from drinking water and the discharge of effluents into the environment. The rapid advancement of various sewage treatment methodologies has prompted a thorough exploration of promising materials to capitalize on their benefits. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), as porous materials, have garnered considerable attention from researchers in recent years. These materials boast exceptional properties: unparalleled porosity, expansive specific surface areas, unique electronic characteristics including semi-conductivity, and a versatile affinity for organic molecules. These attributes have fueled a spike in research activity. This paper reviews the current MOF-based wastewater removal technologies, including separation, catalysis, and related pollutant monitoring methods, and briefly introduces the basic mechanism of some methods. The scale production problems faced by MOF in water treatment applications are evaluated, and two pioneering methods for MOF mass production are highlighted. In closing, we propose targeted recommendations and future perspectives to navigate the challenges of MOF implementation in water purification, enhancing the efficiency of material synthesis for environmental stewardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by the colonic microbiome has numerous benefits for human health, including maintenance of epithelial barrier function, suppression of colitis, and protection against carcinogenesis. Despite the therapeutic potential, there is currently no optimal approach for elevating the colonic microbiome's synthesis of SCFAs. In this study, poly(D, l -lactide- co -glycolide) (PLGA) was investigated for this application, as it was hypothesised that the colonic microbiota would metabolise PLGA to its lactate monomers, which would promote the resident microbiota's synthesis of SCFAs. Two grades of spray dried PLGA, alongside a lactate bolus control, were screened in an advanced model of the human colon, known as the M-SHIME® system. Whilst the high molecular weight (Mw) grade of PLGA was stable in the presence of the microbiota sourced from three healthy humans, the low Mw PLGA (PLGA 2) was found to be metabolised. This microbial degradation led to sustained release of lactate over 48 h and increased concentrations of the SCFAs propionate and butyrate. Further, microbial synthesis of harmful ammonium was significantly reduced compared to untreated controls. Interestingly, both types of PLGA were found to influence the composition of the luminal and mucosal microbiota in a donor-specific manner. An in vitro model of an inflamed colonic epithelium also showed the polymer to affect the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, such as interleukins 8 and 10. The findings of this study reveal PLGA's sensitivity to enzymatic metabolism in the gut, which could be harnessed for therapeutic elevation of colonic SCFAs. [Display omitted] • PLGA is susceptible to metabolism by the human gut microbiome. • Digestion of PLGA with Mw 2000–2500 g/mol led to sustained lactate release. • Lactate from PLGA was converted to propionate and butyrate in a colonic model. • PLGA affected the abundance and composition of luminal and mucosal microbiota. • PLGA exerted donor-specific effects on intestinal epithelial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bagasse, peels and seeds from fruits are usually discarded as byproducts. However, these byproducts contain high levels of bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to microencapsulate bioactive compounds from acerola byproducts by spray drying (SD) and freeze-drying (FD) using maltodextrin (MD), gum arabic (GA), and whey protein isolate (WPI) as carrier agents and then evaluate their stability in a gelatin food-model system. Moisture, solubility, and hygroscopicity of the powders were 5.02–10.05 %, 78.83–92 %, and 7.64–14.76 %, respectively. The best method for obtaining phenolic compounds and flavonoids was SD/GA, which yielded 1855.11 mg GAE/100 g and 289.38 μg/g of quercetin. The best method for obtaining anthocyanins was FD/GA, which yielded 33.85 mg of cy-3-glu/100 g. Powder dried by SD/MD could be used as a natural dye. Our results show that acerola byproducts has potential for reuse, and microencapsulation is a good technique for generating stable extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nacre with brick‐and‐mortar structure enables multiple toughening and strengthening mechanisms, and bioinspired ceramics with brick‐and‐mortar structure have been attracting much attention from many researchers. However, the process of constructing precise and uniform microstructure is quite complicated. Herein, we propose a novel and facial method to fabricate composite ceramics with brick‐and‐mortar structure. Si3N4 microspheres prepared by particle‐stabilized foaming and centrifugal spray drying were directly hot pressed after being immersed in suspension and evenly wrapped with ZrO2. The mechanical properties of composite ceramics were optimized by adjusting the pressure during sintering and ZrO2 content. When ZrO2 content was 10 wt% and sintering pressure was 5 MPa, the fracture toughness of ZrO2/Si3N4 brick‐and‐mortar composite ceramics reached 9.02 MPa·m1/2, and the flexural strength was 784 MPa, which were increased by 46.9% and 26.5%, respectively, compared with the control group. While retaining excellent flexural strength, the strong interface also induces crack to deflect and branch along the two‐phase interface of the brick‐and‐mortar structure caused by the residual stress, which was derived from the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient of ZrO2 and Si3N4, consuming more fracture energy to achieve the toughening effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray drying is regarded as one of the most economical methods utilized in the production of liposome powder in industry. However, the poor reconstruction of the powder following rehydration imposes constraints on its potential utilization. In this study, three membrane stabilizers, Poloxamer 188 (P188), trehalose (Tre), and Tween 80 (T80) were selected due to their distinct localization behaviors, and their impact on the reconstruction of rehydrated liposomes was discussed. The mannitol-based spray-dried liposome powder with excellent reconstruction was successfully developed. After rehydrating the powder, the particle size (Dh) and polydispersion index (PDI) of mannitol-encapsulated liposome powder (Bla) significantly increase. Although adding leucine improved the dispersion of the powder (Bla/Leu), the increase in Dh and PDI after rehydration was more significant, changed from 172.79 nm and 0.075 for Bla to 459.97 nm and 0.291 for Bla/Leu, the micropolarity and hydrophobicity of membrane also increased, indicating a poorer reconstruction. The addition of extra membrane stabilizers enhanced the stability of the liposomes after rehydration. Specifically, the addition of T80 reduced the changes in Dh and PDI caused by leucine to 118.39 nm and 0.015, while the changes of ANS fluorescence intensity and I1/I3 to 178.66 a.u and 0.02. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the addition of membrane stabilizer greatly reduced the disorder of the acyl chain, especially the T80. It could be the embedding mode of T80 on liposomes and its excellent solubilization played the best role. It also showed the best stability in extreme environments such as acidity and ionic strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray-drying and freeze-drying are indispensable techniques for microencapsulating biologically active compounds, crucial for enhancing their bioavailability and stability while protecting them from environmental degradation. This study evaluates the effectiveness of these methods in encapsulating Citrus x paradisi L. (grapefruit) peel extract, focusing on sustainable recovery from waste peels. Key objectives included identifying optimal wall materials and assessing each encapsulation technique's impact on microencapsulation. The investigation highlighted that the choice of wall material composition significantly affects the microencapsulation's efficiency and morphological characteristics. A wall material mixture of 17 g maltodextrin, 0.5 g carboxymethylcellulose, and 2.5 g β-cyclodextrin was optimal for spray drying. This combination resulted in a sample with a wettability time of 1170 (s), a high encapsulation efficiency of 91.41%, a solubility of 60.21%, and a low moisture content of 5.1 ± 0.255%. These properties indicate that spray-drying, particularly with this specific wall material composition, offers a durable structure and can be conducive to prolonged release. Conversely, varying the precise compositions used in the freeze-drying process yielded different results: quick wettability at 132.6 (s), a solubility profile of 61.58%, a moisture content of 5.07%, and a high encapsulation efficiency of 78.38%. The use of the lyophilization technique with this latter wall material formula resulted in a more porous structure, which may facilitate a more immediate release of encapsulated compounds and lower encapsulation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of medicinal substances in nanosized forms (nanoforms, nanoparticles) allows the therapeutic effectiveness of pharmaceutical preparations to be increased due to several factors: (1) the high specific surface area of nanomaterials, and (2) the high concentration of surface-active centers interacting with biological objects. In the case of drug nanoforms, even low concentrations of a bioactive substance can have a significant therapeutic effect on living organisms. These effects allow pharmacists to use lower doses of active components, consequently lowering the toxic side effects of pharmaceutical nanoform preparations. It is known that many drug substances that are currently in development are poorly soluble in water, so they have insufficient bioavailability. Converting them into nanoforms will increase their rate of dissolution, and the increased saturation solubility of drug nanocrystals also makes a significant contribution to their high therapeutic efficiency. Some physical and chemical methods can contribute to the formation of both pure drug nanoparticles and their ligand or of polymer-covered nanoforms, which are characterized by higher stability. This review describes the most commonly used methods for the preparation of nanoforms (nanoparticles) of different medicinal substances, paying close attention to modern supercritical and cryogenic technologies and the advantages and disadvantages of the described methods and techniques; moreover, the improvements in the physico-chemical and biomedical properties of the obtained medicinal nanoforms are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric thermal insulation materials, especially polyurethane foams (PUF), are widely used in buildings to diminish the energy penalty but highly flammable. To reduce the flammability and smoke release of polyurethane foams without sacrificing the inherent properties, we report an efficient strategy involving pulsed chemical vapor deposition (Pulsed-CVD) and spray atomization to generate a phosphorous/SiO2 nanolayer with a thickness below 200 nm on polydopamine modified rigid polyurethane foams. Due to the unique multilayers structure, the resultant composites showed an extra-ordinary thermal conductivity of 31.9 mW m−1 K−1 and enhanced compressive strength of 42%. Notably, the surface-treated PUF was hard to ignite in vertical test and had a very high limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 34.3%. Cone calorimetry (CC) results revealed that the total heat release (THR) and the total smoke release (TSR) were reduced by 32.9% and 64.3%, respectively. And the close-cell char structure was perfectly retained after CC test. The mechanism research suggested that silica and phosphorus promoted char formation, limited heat release and thermal degradation during combustion. These results indicate the strategy with a mild process has potential for industrialization with superior fire safety and structure stability in polymeric insulation materials. The polydopamine (PDA)-coated commercial polyurethane foam was treated through the pulsed-CVD and spray atomization strategy, the surface was decorated with flame retardant layers, and the flame and fumes were efficiently suppressed by instant char-forming and dense surface carbon barrier without sacrificing its inherent properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Amoxicillin trihydrate possesses poor solubility, compressibility, and flow behavior. Amorphous solid dispersion prepared by spray drying could solve all three problems at the same time. Objective. To prepare amorphous solid dispersion after screening of polymers by solvent casting method using a spray drying method. Methods. The solvent casting method was used to screen polymers, PVP/VA S-630, PVP K30, Soluplus, PEG 4000, HPMC AS, and HPMC HP55, in 1 : 1 and 2 : 3 ratios and followed by spray drying after polymer selection. Results. The dissolution performance of the formulation improved with time. The optimum feed rate and feed concentration were found to have an impact on the flow properties and particle size of spray-dried formulations, and they were selected as independent variables in a 32 full factorial statistical design. The ANOVA and regression analysis suggest that the developed regression model has a significant overall fit to the data and can explain a substantial proportion of the variability in the dissolution at 10 minutes. The optimized batch was selected based on the decisive factors of minimum and maximum values of response variables. Overall, the optimized batch demonstrated improved characteristics in terms of percentage yield (32.81%), dissolution at 10 min (49.70%), and angle of repose at 31.42°. Conclusion. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing formulation strategies for preserving the amorphous state of drugs and contributes to the development of stable pharmaceutical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to apply protein-rich red algal (Pyropia yezoensis) hydrolysates to formulate functional food using spray drying techniques. Four wall materials (WMs), namely gelatin, whey protein, starch, and dextrin, were used to observe the physicochemical properties and comparative efficiency in spray drying powders (SDP) formation. The efficiency varied from 25.85 ± 2.34% to 84.60 ± 4.87% in different WMs where the average particle size of the SDPs ranged between 23.49 ± 0.32 μm to 236.03 ± 0.72 μm. The morphological analysis of the SDPs was also conducted using SEM. FT-IR analysis of the WMs was different with SDPs and showed characteristic bands at some particular wavelengths, especially 3000–3300 cm−1 and 1000–1700 cm−1, indicating the successful formation of SDPs. Additionally, analyses of thermal gravimetric and amino acid content were performed. The taurine and GABA content were at their highest levels in SDPs with dextrin as a WM (323.18 ± 0.38 mg (100 g)−1 and 21.70 ± 0.14 mg (100 g)−1, respectively). The results of this study suggest that the SDP of P. yezoensis hydrolysates has commercial importance and can be used as a rich amino acid functional food material for humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicomponent solid forms for the combined delivery of antimicrobials can improve formulation performance, especially for poorly soluble drugs, by enabling the modified release of the active ingredients to better meet therapeutic needs. Chitosan microspheres incorporating ozonated sunflower oil were prepared by a spray-drying method and using azelaic acid as a biocompatible cross-linker to improve the long time frame. Two methods were used to incorporate ozonated oil into microspheres during the atomization process: one based on the use of a surfactant to emulsify the oil and another using mesoporous silica as an oil absorbent. The encapsulation efficiency of the ozonated oil was evaluated by measuring the peroxide value in the microspheres, which showed an efficiency of 75.5–82.1%. The morphological aspects; particle size distribution; zeta potential; swelling; degradation time; and thermal, crystallographic and spectroscopic properties of the microspheres were analyzed. Azelaic acid release and peroxide formation over time were followed in in vitro analyses, which showed that ozonated oil embedded within chitosan microspheres cross-linked with azelaic acid is a valid system to obtain a sustained release of antimicrobials. In vitro tests showed that the microspheres exhibit synergistic antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, C. albicans and A. brasiliensis. This makes them ideal for use in the development of biomedical devices that require broad-spectrum and prolonged antimicrobial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species belonging to the Bauhinia genus, usually known as "pata-de-vaca", are popularly used to treat diabetes. Bauhinia ungulata var. obtusifolia (Ducke) Vaz is among them, of which the leaves are used as a tea for medicinal purposes in the Amazon region. A microencapsulation study of lyophilized aqueous extract from Bauhinia ungulata leaves, which contain phenolic compounds, using five different wall materials (maltodextrin DE 4-7, maltodextrin DE 11-14; β-cyclodextrin; pectin and sodium carboxymethylcellulose) is described in this paper. The microstructure, particle size distribution, thermal behavior, yield, and encapsulation efficiency were investigated and compared using different techniques. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, phenolics, and flavonoids were detected and quantified in the microparticles. The microparticles obtained with a yield and phenolics encapsulation efficiency ranging within 60–83% and 35–57%, respectively, showed a particle size distribution between 1.15 and 5.54 µm, spherical morphology, and a wrinkled surface. Among them, those prepared with sodium carboxymethylcellulose or pectin proved to be the most thermally stable. They had the highest flavonoid content (23.07 and 21.73 mg RUTE/g Extract) and total antioxidant activity by both the DPPH (376.55 and 367.86 µM TEq/g Extract) and ABTS (1085.72 and 1062.32 µM TEq/g Extract) assays. The chromatographic analyses allowed for quantification of the following substances retained by the microparticles, chlorogenic acid (1.74–1.98 mg/g Extract), p-coumaric acid (0.06–0.08 mg/g Extract), rutin (11.2–12.9 mg/g Extract), and isoquercitrin (0.49–0.53 mg/g Extract), compounds which considered to responsible for the antidiabetic property attributed to the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Producing solid-state formulations of biologics remains a daunting task despite the prevalent use of lyophilization and spray drying technologies in the biopharmaceutical industry. The challenges include protein stability (temperature stresses), high capital costs, particle design/controllability, shortened processing times and manufacturing considerations (scalability, yield improvements, aseptic operation, etc.). Thus, scientists/engineers are constantly working to improve existing methodologies and exploring novel dehydration/powder-forming technologies. Microglassification™ is a dehydration technology that uses solvent extraction to rapidly dehydrate protein formulations at ambient temperatures, eliminating the temperature stress experienced by biologics in traditional lyophilization and spray drying methods. The process results in microparticles that are spherical, dense, and chemically stable. In this study, we compared the molecular stability of a monoclonal antibody formulation processed by lyophilization to the same formulation processed using Microglassification™. Both powders were placed on stability for 3 months at 40 °C and 6 months at 25 °C. Both dehydration methods showed similar chemical stability, including percent monomer, charge variants, and antigen binding. These results show that Microglassification™ is viable for the production of stable solid-state monoclonal antibody formulations. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Directly engineered amorphous nanoparticles with significantly high drug loading as opposed to conventional amorphous solid dispersions providing an alternate formulation option for drugs that suffer from high pill burden. • A manufacturing process train from generation of the nanoparticle suspension to preparation of a unit solid oral dosage form. • In vivo performance assessment (dog study) demonstrates the comparable in vivo performance of the engineered nanoparticle formulation with 45 % drug loading versus a conventional low drug loading ASD that leads to in-situ generation of nanoparticles. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is an enabling approach utilized to deliver poorly soluble compounds. ASDs can spontaneously generate drug-rich amorphous nanoparticles upon dissolution, which can act as a reservoir for maintaining supersaturation during oral absorption. But, conventional ASDs are often limited in drug loadings to < 20 %. For indications where the dose is high, this can translate into a significant pill burden. The aim of this research was to develop a high drug loading (DL) amorphous nanoparticle (ANP) formulation that can release the drug-rich nanoparticles into solution upon contact with aqueous environment. Nanoparticles were directly engineered using solvent/anti-solvent precipitation. The obtained nanoparticle suspension was then concentrated followed by solidification to a re-dispersible amorphous dosage form using spray drying or lyophilization. The impact of process variables was studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was observed that spray drying led to a non-re-dispersible formulation. Sucrose and trehalose containing lyocakes resulted in re-dispersible formulations. The trehalose containing lyocakes, in a dog study, gave comparable performance to the reference tablet in the fasted state but lower area under the curve (AUC) in fed state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure the high quality of biopharmaceutical products, it is imperative to implement specialized unit operations that effectively safeguard the structural integrity of large molecules. While lyophilization has long been a reliable process, spray drying has recently garnered attention for its particle engineering capabilities for the pulmonary route of administration. However, maintaining the integrity of biologics during spray drying remains a challenge. To address this issue, we explored a novel dehydration system based on aerosol-assisted room-temperature drying of biological formulations recently developed at Princeton University, called Rapid Room-Temperature Aerosol Dehydration. We compared the quality attributes of the bulk powder of biopharmaceutical products manufactured using this drying technology with that of traditional spray drying. For all the fragment antigen-binding formulations tested, in terms of protein degradation and aerosol performance, we were able to achieve a better product quality using this drying technology compared to the spray drying technique. We also highlight areas for improvement in future prototypes and prospective commercial versions of the system. Overall, the offered dehydration system holds potential for improving the quality and diversity of biopharmaceutical products and may pave the way for more efficient and effective production methods in the biopharma industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common factors influencing the survival of microbes to spray drying include microbial intrinsic resistance, properties of the carrier, inlet and outlet temperatures, and rate of feeding. In this work, cheese whey was used as both a growth medium and a carrier for spray drying of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis INL1. The growth of the strain was favoured by acid conditions, reaching higher counts when pH was not controlled during fermentation and when pH was controlled at a constant value of 5.5, compared with 6.5. Powders containing ca. 9 log order (cfu/g) of B. lactis INL1 were obtained by direct spray drying of the culture coming out of the fermenter. No differences in survival to spray drying were observed in terms of fermentation conditions. However, fermentation conditions are considered to have influenced the strain's survival along the storage. Spray drying in acid conditions was detrimental to the survival along storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dewatering of alkali metal halide salts in conventional co-current or counter-current spray driers to obtain low moisture content and agglomeration in resultant dried powders is difficult owing to their hygroscopic nature. Co-current spray driers offer the advantage of good heat transport characteristics in spray zone while counter-current spray driers offer better thermal utilization throughout the drying chamber. In the present work, modified prototype of a conventional counter-current spray drier is developed to obtain both these advantages in the drying chamber by employing induction heating and mechanical pulsation techniques. After carrying out several experiments in this prototype viz. Induction heating-based pulsed spray drier (IH-PSD), the optimal process parameters are obtained which maximize thermal utilization throughout the drying chamber and minimize both moisture content and agglomeration in resultant dried powders of sodium and potassium halide salts. The initial droplet and final particle size distributions are obtained using laser diffraction analyzer and sieve shaker experiments respectively. An experimentally validated numerical model implemented using open-source computational solvers is utilized to obtain average drying rates in IH-PSD. It is observed that the average drying rate lies between 0.03 and 0.18 mg/s and 0.04 and 0.14 mg/s for sodium and potassium metal halide salts respectively. Spray drying prototype coupled with Induction heating and mechanical pulsation. Dewatering of sodium and potassium metal halide salts using the spray drying prototype. Numerical-neural network model implemented by open source computational solvers. Utilization of Laser diffraction analyser for measurement of initial droplet size. Model calculates the average drying rate with an accuracy around 83%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality baijiu yeast – modified Sporidiobolus johnsonii A (MSJA) suffers from the problem of weak vitality, thus failing to combine high efficiency and high survival rate drying. Therefore, in this study, we firstly designed a real-time sampling experiment of MSJA spray drying process, and based on this, we established a New CFD model (N-CFD model) that can accurately simulate the variation of the spray drying process of microorganisms such as MSJA. Then, a new spray drying air inlet mechanism of "high-temperature cyclone in the center L-type guide plate + medium-temperature laminar flow in the peripheral holes and slots" was invented. Finally, the parametric scanning simulation was carried out to optimize the flow angle θ of the L-type guide plate using the N-CFD model. The results show that, firstly, the N-CFD model can accurately simulate the temperature distribution (P1 = 0.05) and the motion of drying particles in the drying tower. Secondly, the optimized new air inlet mechanism with the L-type guide plate flow angle θ = 47° can even out the temperature and particle distribution in the drying tower, which meets the "two-stage theory of spray drying." Finally, under the premise of ensuring the drying efficiency, the survival rate of MSJA spray drying was increased from 42.6% to 82.24%, which achieved the objectives of low sticking wall, high efficiency and high survival rate of spray drying MSJA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, microwave (MW)‐assisted extraction was used to obtain mucilage from Camelina sativa seeds. MW pretreatment was applied for 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 min and then conventional heating was conducted (55 °C for 2 h). The extracted mucilage was spray dried. The MW‐assisted extraction method (2.02%–2.50%) had higher extraction yield for camelina seed mucilage than the conventional heating method (1.91%) (P < 0.05). The emulsifying properties of the mucilages were compared with those of gum Arabic and all emulsions displayed shear thinning behaviour (pseudoplastic, n < 1). The apparent viscosity of the conventional, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 min MW mucilage emulsions were 15.83, 14.48, 7.91 and 7.56 cP, respectively, at 10 s−1. MW pretreatment improved physical stability and resulted in a reduction in the droplet size of mucilage‐stabilised emulsions with increasing process time. The highest droplet size belonged to the conventional mucilage emulsion (d32, 4.43 μm), while the lowest belonged to the 7.5 min MW mucilage emulsion (d32, 2.08 μm) (P < 0.05). The results highlight the advantages of using MW pretreatment for mucilage extraction and the potential of using camelina seed mucilage as a natural emulsifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Increasing demand for the production and use of non‐dairy products has resulted from the rapid increase of vegetarian and lactose‐intolerant populations. In this study, non‐dairy yoghurt was developed from soybeans using microencapsulated starter culture consisting of Levilactobacillus brevis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from kombucha based on spray drying and freeze drying techniques using 20% maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic‐maltodextrin mixture (GA‐MD) as carriers. Scanning electron microscopy revealed high integrity and effective microbial protection within the carrier matrices, especially for freeze‐dried samples with L. brevis density being in the range of 6.1–6.4 log CFU/g. During 21‐day storage of microcapsules at 4 °C, L. brevis density decreased to 4.4–5.1 log CFU/g for all carriers while GA‐MD was incapable of preserving its viability at 30 °C. Meanwhile, the soybean‐based yoghurt was produced using these four microcapsules as active dry starter culture for the investigation of warm incubation/curd formation and subsequent refrigeration. Regarding warm incubation, in contrast to conventional yoghurt, there was no drop in pH or total acidity over the first 7–8 h of storage, followed by their sudden decline which led to the curd formation in the next hour at pH and total acidity of 5.42–5.75 and 2.29–3.06 g lactic acid/L respectively. Furthermore, GA‐MD samples exhibited more severe syneresis and surface cracks than MD during refrigeration in which the hardness and gumminess of yoghurt increased over time. Electrophoresis results also confirmed the proteolytic activity of lactic acid bacteria and yeast on β‐conglycinin and glycinin fractions of soy proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying is a complicated phenomenon involving a combination of transport, deformation, and chemical kinetics. It is an energy intensive lengthy process and results in deterioration of food quality. The glass transition temperature (GTT) significantly affects the internal mass transfer mechanism and hence significantly affects the drying kinetics. Moreover, the rheological and transport characteristics of food materials are remarkably impacted by GTT, which has an influence on the energy consumption and quality of food products during drying. Similarly, molecular weight and drying conditions also affect the GTT. This comprehensive review uncovers the fundamental understanding of GTT and demonstrates its crucial relationship with physio-structural and transport properties of food items. It has been demonstrated that a clear understanding of the glass transition temperature may help in determining appropriate drying conditions while ensuring great food quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the environmental impact of porcelain tile production while maintaining cost-effectiveness is challenging. This work introduced a novel modeling approach for optimizing a standard composition range comprising kaolinite (15-38 wt.%), illite (0-20 wt.%), quartz (20-40 wt.%), and feldspar (20-45 wt.%) to establish a robust composition interval for porcelain stoneware tiles. The proposed study considers several factors, such as composition impact on the manufacturing sequence, production costs, and CO2 emission.Aflowsheet simulation databasewas generated by coupling the Dyssol framework with MATLAB. This study investigated the influence of rawmaterial compositionwithin the process sequence, the total CO2 emissions, and production costs within the contexts of Spain and Brazil, two of the top five global producers. Granules with a higher proportion of talc and illite exhibit reduced moisture content after spray drying, and these combinations have lower green body porosity after compaction. The addition of talc allowed for decreased porosity content after compaction reduced firing temperature, and lowered costs and CO2 emissions despite the higher prices associated with talc. The proposed simulation methodology offers a powerful decision-making tool for optimizing raw material composition tominimize cost and CO2 emissions in the porcelain tile production. This methodology represents an early stride toward integrating digital twin methodologies within the ceramic tile sector, facilitating improved process regulation, and promoting the adoption of digital technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]