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Match-related performance analysis in judo Para athletes with visual impairments is important to coaches and staff to identify technical–tactical profiles of their athletes and opponents but also to identify whether there are similar characteristics in each visual class. Thus, this study explores the match-related performance in judo Para athletes and verifies the relationship between performance using the old and new classification systems. The match-derived variables were analyzed using different statistical methods considering a total of 182 matches from the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. The results indicated that performance was affected by sex and degree of impairment. The new classification system seems suitable for grouping Para judo athletes, as it differentiates performance between the two proposed classes (J1 and J2), since athletes from each group compete separately. Furthermore, different variability index measures were correlated with competitive performance, demonstrating a specific performance profile for each sport class in judo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talent transfer has enabled elite athletes to be successful in another sport, with great potential in para-sport. Previous research suggests that similarities between donor and recipient sports may facilitate talent transfer; however, this remains unclear in para-sport. This study investigated patterns between donor and recipient sports' characteristics, identifying the impact on talent transfer in para-sport. An Australian case study utilizing secondary data of 38 Australian Paralympians who competed at the Paralympic Games from 2000 through 2020 was analyzed. Results demonstrated that similarities between sports were not significantly associated with successful talent transfers between Paralympic sports. Understanding patterns associated with successful Paralympic talent transfers offers a foundation of knowledge for designing and developing future talent-transfer pathways and research. Based on this study, it is recommended that sport administrators and practitioners explore greater opportunity for talent transfer in para-sport, rather than limiting talent-transfer opportunities based on athletes' donor sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study was to adapt selected accuracy and precision tests in table tennis to the specific skills of elite table tennis players with impairment. The study included a sample of 23 Para table tennis players with an average age of 31.8 ± 12.22 years (including 30.4% females) who belonged to the senior Polish Para table tennis team. A battery of six tests evaluating stroke accuracy and serve precision was assessed. The analysis of the reliability of these tests confirmed the legitimacy of using this battery of accuracy and precision tests to assess the skills of Para table tennis players in all three integrated sport classes: players in wheelchairs, in a standing position, and with intellectual impairment. Analysis of the data obtained from the tests could provide coaches with relevant information regarding elite Para table tennis players' level of performance and examine selected accuracy and precision elements of their individual technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine whether subgroups of disability-sport athletes exist on morality- and norm-based doping cognitions and whether these groups differ in anticipated guilt or doping intentions. A survey was completed by 186 athletes (Mage = 37.5 years, 78.0% male, 45.1% wheelchair basketball) assessing norms, doping moral disengagement, anticipated guilt, and intentions to dope. Cluster analysis revealed four distinct subgroups of athletes, including one potentially high-risk subgroup characterized by relatively high scores on doping moral disengagement, subjective norms, and descriptive norms. One-way analysis of variance revealed significantly lower anticipated guilt in two athlete subgroups characterized by relatively higher doping moral disengagement than the other two subgroups. Moreover, the potentially high-risk group had a greater proportion of athletes showing some presence of intention to dope. This study suggests there is a small subgroup of disability-sport athletes at elevated risk of doping who might benefit from targeted antidoping interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Paralympic Games have been around for over 60 years, women remain underrepresented in almost all aspects of the Paralympic Movement. It has been suggested that a way to increase women's involvement is through the implementation of mixed-gender events. On paper, this approach makes sense. However, when it comes to the implementation of mixed-gender opportunities for women, it is less clear how effective these events are in increasing participation by women in Para sport. Through document analysis and interviews with athletes and organizers of mixed-gender Paralympic sport, we explore the various strategies that four mixed-gender sports have used to address the issue of gender parity. Using critical feminist theories, we illustrate how larger social, political, and cultural ideas about gender influence women's experiences within these events and discuss the potential of using mixed-gender initiatives to address gender parity within the Paralympic Movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research provides a review of seated shot put alongside new data from the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games with the aim to understand the latest trends in equipment within a recently established rule set and how key equipment variables may impact performance for athletes in different classifications. First, a review of the literature found that the throwing pole is a key equipment aid that is not well understood, in part due to limitations in testing design. New data from the 2020 Paralympic Games showed inconsistent trends for the use of the throwing pole among athletes, particularly in transitionary classes (F33–34 and F54–55). A two-way analysis of variance found a main effect of classification on performance (p <.001), as well as an interaction effect between pole use and classification on performance (p <.05). Notably, pole users are seen to perform better than non–pole users in Class F32 (p <.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most people with intellectual disabilities have comorbid health conditions, which will impact optimization of sporting performance. Classification is used in Paralympic events to ensure that those with similar levels of functional ability compete fairly against each other. An evidence-based approach needs to be developed for athletes with intellectual disabilities to be classified in relation to their overall functional capacity into competition groups of similar ability. This research builds on previous work using the taxonomy of The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to group athletes with intellectual disabilities into comparable competition groups as an approach to Paralympic classification. Three groups of athletes—Virtus, Special Olympics, and Down syndrome—are compared using the ICF questionnaire indicating functional health status in relation to sporting performance. The questionnaire was found to discriminate between athletes with Down syndrome and other athletes, and an approach to using a cutoff score to develop competition classes is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Knowing the methods to assess the external load in Paralympic sports can help multidisciplinary teams rely on scientific evidence to better prescribe and monitor the athlete's development, improving sports performance and reducing the risk of injury/illness of Paralympic athletes. Objectives: This review aimed to systematically explore the current practices of quantifying the external load in Paralympic sports and provide an overview of the methods and techniques used. Evidence Acquisition: A search in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCO was carried out until November 2022. The measures of interest were objective methods for quantifying the external load of training or competition. The inclusion criteria for the studies were as follows: (1) peer-reviewed article; (2) the population were Paralympic athletes; (3) evaluated during training or competition; (4) reported at least one external load measure; and (5) published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. Evidence Synthesis: Of the 1961 articles found, 22 were included because they met the criteria, and 8 methods were identified to quantify the external load in training or competition in 8 Paralympic sports. The methods varied according to the characteristics of the Paralympic sports. To date, the devices used included an internal radiofrequency-based tracking system (wheelchair rugby) a miniaturized data logger (wheelchair tennis, basketball, and rugby); a linear position transducer (powerlifting and wheelchair basketball); a camera (swimming, goalball, and wheelchair rugby); a global positioning system (wheelchair tennis); heart rate monitors that assess external load variables in set (paracycling and swimming) and an electronic timer (swimming). Conclusions: Different objective methods were identified to assess the external load in Paralympic sports. However, few studies showed the validity and reliability of these methods. Further studies are needed to compare different methods of external load quantification in other Paralympic sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth has tracked 10 physical activity (PA) indicators common to the Active Healthy Kids Global Matrix since 2014. This article expands on the U.S. report cards by presenting PA indicator assessments among children and adolescents with disabilities. Grades for indicators were assigned based on a search of peer-reviewed articles presenting nationally representative data. The Global Matrix 3.0 benchmarks and grading framework guided the process. Grades for overall PA, sedentary behaviors, organized sports, and school were F, D+, D+, and D, respectively. Insufficient evidence existed to assign grades to the remaining six indicators. There is a need in the United States for targeted PA promotion strategies that are specific to children and adolescents with disabilities. Without a commitment to this effort across sectors and settings, the low grades identified in this para report card are expected to remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the recognized benefits of physical activity (PA) for children and adolescents with disabilities (CAWD), collective information on this is lacking in Lithuania. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current "state of the nation" PA levels of CAWD, based on the 10 indicators from the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance Global Matrix 4.0 methodology. Scientific articles, practical reports, and published theses related to the 10 indicators from the Global Matrix 4.0 on CAWD age 6–19 years were reviewed, and data were converted to grades from A to F. (A) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis was carried out to interpret the grades by four experts. Data on organized sport participation (F), school (D), community & environment (D), and government (C) were available. Data on other indicators are largely missing yet are needed for policymakers and researchers to be aware of the current state of PA among CAWD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose was to synthesize information gathered from the interpretation and conclusion sections of the Global Matrix of Para Report Cards on the physical activity of children and adolescents with disabilities. The synthesis was based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats framework. The procedure consisted of three stages: (a) the application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health as the theoretical framework; (b) identifying and aligning Global Matrix indicators and benchmarks with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health components through a Delphi approach; and (c) using content analysis to identify themes from specific report cards. Outcomes reveal that further attention toward including children and adolescents with disabilities in fitness assessments is needed as well as adapted assessment methods. Program availability, equipment and facilities, and professional training emerged as strengths but need further development to overcome weaknesses. Paralympic inspiration was an opportunity, whereas extreme weather conditions presented potential threats to physical activity participation among children and adolescents with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoregulation is impaired in individuals with a spinal cord lesion (SCI), affecting sweat capacity, heat loss, and core temperature. This can be particularly problematic for athletes with SCI who exercise in hot and humid conditions, like those during the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. Heat acclimation can support optimal preparation for exercise in such challenging environments, but evidence is limited in endurance athletes with SCI. We evaluated whether seven consecutive days of exercise in the heat would result in heat acclimation. Five elite para-cycling athletes with SCI participated (two females, three males, median (Q1-Q3) 35 (31–51) years, four with paraplegia and one with tetraplegia). All tests and training sessions were performed in a heat chamber (30°C and 75% relative humidity). A time-to-exhaustion test was performed on day 1 (pretest) and day 7 (posttest). On days 2–6, athletes trained daily for one hour at 50–60% of individual peak power (PPeak). Comparing pretest and posttest, all athletes increased their body mass loss (p=0.04), sweat rate (p=0.04), and time to exhaustion (p=0.04). Effects varied between athletes for core temperature and heart rate. All athletes appeared to benefit from our heat acclimation protocol, helping to optimize their preparation for the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research on sport-related concussion has grown substantially in the last decade, research on concussion in para sports remains limited. The aim of this scoping review is to synthesize and describe the current literature on the incidence, assessment, and management of sport-related concussion in para athletes. The literature search was conducted in CINAHL, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases and identified 22 studies that addressed one of our research questions. A majority of studies addressed concussion in elite athletes; youth and collegiate para athletes were largely underrepresented. Fewer studies addressed concussion assessment and management, in part due to limitations in accessibility of current assessment tools for athletes with varying disabilities. Moving forward, there is a need to capture a larger range of incidence data, create modified assessment tools with para-specific normative data, and develop risk prevention strategies for para athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports-related concussion (SRC) is an injury whereby impact to the face/head/neck impairs cognitive functioning. Parasport athletes have an increased risk for SRC. The Previous Concussion in Sport Group iterations lack guidance for parasport SRC assessment, management, and return-to-play. This article aims to investigate the research relating to parasport SRCs published since the 2021 Concussion in Para Sport (CIPS) position statement and highlights possible new recommendations. A literature review of parasport concussions was conducted. Articles citing the 2021 publication and/or published since then were reviewed. Relevant data were extracted and discussed in this article. Since 2021, twelve (n = 12) articles emerged investigating parasport SRC. Parasport athletes experience greater concussion symptoms and severity scores compared to able-bodied athletes. Visually impaired athletes account for >50% of parasport SRCs. Wheelchair basketball and rugby have the highest SRC incidence rates across parasports. Current SRC assessment methodologies are not designed with consideration of parasport athletes' unique experiences. Guidelines lack a return-to-learning protocol, making returning to education/work challenging for such athletes. Understanding these athletes' SRC experiences is paramount in supporting their recovery. Specific guidelines for SRC assessment, management, return-to-play, and return-to-learn for parasport athletes are necessary to enhance their rehabilitation and avoid the occurrence of long-term symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Paralympic sports, classification ensures fair competition by grouping athletes based on their impairments. The International Paralympic Committee has provided scientific principles to guide evidence-based classification procedures. In Paralympic Powerlifting, athletes compete in one class, divided by sex and bodyweight categories, overlooking impairment impact on performance. Objective: This study aimed to establish a consensus among international Paralympic powerlifting experts regarding classification and performance issues to guide future research. Methods: A two-round Delphi study was conducted involving 26 experts. The study sought to identify the adequacy of the current classification and competition systems, explore the impact of various impairments, and lay the initial groundwork for a performance determinants model. Results: Experts agreed that existing classification and competition systems in Paralympic powerlifting do not align with Paralympic standards. Impairments from neurological conditions and those causing anthropometric changeswere suggested to have opposing performance impacts. Initial directions for a performance determinants model were outlined, focusing on arm and bar kinematics, anthropometry, and body composition. Conclusions: This study underscores the need for comprehensive research in Paralympic powerlifting, revealing critical discrepancies between current classification system and Paralympic standards. Insights into the multifaceted relationship between impairments and performance are provided to shape the future of Paralympic powerlifting research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The first objective is to examine the age-related trajectory of competitive performance and the age at peak competitive performance in wheelchair rugby players at the Paralympic Games. Another objective is to verify age correlations with performance over the years for each class. Design: This is a retrospective cohort study. Results: Data were collected from the official results books of the Paralympic games. The mean age (SD) of the 267 players and 448 analyzed data from all Paralympic games (from Sidney 2004 to Tokyo 2020) across all classeswas 32.8 (6.4) yrs, and the age at peak competitive performance was 30.6 (7.4) yrs. Each class had no statistical difference in age at peak competitive performance. In addition, there was no significant correlation between age and performancewithin classes or across all Paralympic games. Conclusions: The findings indicate that wheelchair rugby players' age at peak competitive performance is 30.6 yrs, which remains consistent across all classes. There is no statistical correlation between age and performance in wheelchair rugby. These findings significantly affect effective talent identification and athlete development programs. This impact ensures that athletes receive the necessary support to reach their maximum potential while avoiding the pitfalls of underestimating or overestimating their stages of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to test a model in which basic psychological needs (BPN) satisfaction in physical‐sport activity contexts is associated with self‐determined motivation, which, in turn, would predict the social inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities. A total of 286 people with intellectual disabilities (53.5% men) who reported engaging in physical‐sport activities responded to a validated questionnaire about the satisfaction of their BPN, motivation (using the Self‐determination index [SDI]), and social inclusion. A Pearson's bivariate correlation and structural equation modeling were conducted. The resulting model was reanalyzed in a multigroup analysis to test its invariance across self and proxy reports. Positive associations were found between the satisfaction of the BPN and the SDI. However, the SDI and social inclusion were positively associated only in proxy reports (βself = 0.07 vs. βproxy = 0.30). The tested model established positive relationships between the BPN and SDI in autonomy (βself = 0.21 vs. βproxy = 0.18), competence (βself = 0.47 vs. βproxy = 0.53), and relatedness (βself = 0.21 vs. βproxy = 0.23). Further research is needed to understand the factors leading to discrepancies between participants and proxies when relating the SDI to social inclusion in the context of physical‐sport activity. However, the results obtained suggest that it would be optimal to develop contexts of practice for people with intellectual disabilities in which the satisfaction of their BPN is favored and that this has a positive impact on their motivation and social inclusion. Highlights: In the context of physical‐sport activity practice, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in people with intellectual disabilities seems to be associated with developing more self‐determined motivation, with a strong association found between competence satisfaction and self‐determined motivation.Self‐determination index appears to have a positive relationship with the social inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities in physical‐sport activity contexts.Discrepancies have been found between the perceptions of people with intellectual disabilities and proxies regarding the terms of this relationship, necessitating research to understand better the factors that may be generating such discrepancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvements in race times for male and female Para canoe athletes across different sports classes have led to a reduction in relative differences between classes over time. However, there is a lack of research examining the comparative developmental trajectories between high-performance Paralympic (PCS) and Olympic (OCS) canoe sprint. In this study, we compared the developmental trajectories of 200-meter kayak performances among PCS and OCS athletes. In total, we analyzed 628 race results obtained from public online databases, for nine competitions between 2015 and 2023. Race times were reduced over the years except in specific sports classes (KL3-M, K1-M, and K1-F; KL: Kayak Level, M: male, F: female), with a poor positive correlation (r = 0.17 to 0.33) between time and the years. For the remaining sports classes, these correlations ranged from poor to fair (r = −0.58 to −0.13). OCS K1 athletes outperformed their Paralympic counterparts. Among Paralympic classes, KL1 had slower times than KL2 and KL3 (p ≤.05), with KL2 times significantly lower than KL3 in the female category. OCS athletes exhibited less variability in race times compared to PCS athletes. In the male category, there were no significant differences in the coefficients of variation (CV) and amplitude of race times between sport classes, except for KL1-M, which had a larger CV than K1 (p ≤.05). In the female category, the CV and amplitude of race times were significantly higher in KL1-F compared to KL3-F and K1-F. OCS times remained stable from 2015, with KL3-M following a similar trend. PCS displayed greater race time variability, particularly in higher impairment classes, notably KL1. This underscores the existence of distinct developmental stages within the canoe sprint modality, particularly emphasizing the early developmental phase of KL1. It also provides valuable insights for coaches and sports selection, especially concerning athletes with more severe impairments, including those in Rehabilitation Centers and during athlete recruitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Although rehabilitation exercise is known to be beneficial for cardiovascular and mental health, it remains a daunting challenge for patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) who rely on wheelchairs for mobility. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a 4-week para table tennis program in enhancing self-efficacy and health outcomes in adults with SCI. METHODS: A total of 39 SCI patients were included and divided into the experimental group (n = 18, a 4-week para table tennis training program) and the control group (n = 21). Frequency domain indices of heart rate variability (HRV) were used to evaluate the function of the autonomic nervous system. RESULTS: Following para table tennis training, there was a significant reduction in the physical stress index (PSI, P < 0.001), accompanied by shifts in autonomic regulation of vagal dominance. Additionally, the para table tennis training led to significant improvements in vessel state, differential pulse wave index, atrial elasticity, eccentric constriction power, remaining blood volume, and self-efficacy (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Para table tennis training results in favorable changes in sympathetic tone, enhanced self-efficacy, improved cardiovascular well-being, and an overall positive transformation in HRV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To the best of our knowledge, no studies have attempted to correlate athletic performance with muscle injuries sustained during Paralympic Games. Aim: This study reports the incidence, anatomical location, anatomical site classification, and relationship between competition results and anatomical site classification in athletes who participated in the Paralympic Games. Methods: All magnetic resonance images collected at the International Paralympic Committee polyclinic at the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games were reviewed to identify the presence and anatomical site of muscle injuries. The athletes' competition results were reviewed using IPC data sources. Results: Twenty-six magnetic resonance imaging–detected muscle injuries were observed in 16 male and 10 female athletes. Muscle injuries were most commonly observed during track and field events (n = 20) and in athletes with visual impairment (n = 12). Ten of the injuries involved the tendon. Twenty-one of injured athletes (81%) completed their competition, whereas five athletes did not. Eight athletes won medals in the games. The anatomical site of muscle injury did not significantly impact the proportion of athletes who did not finish competition. Conclusions: Many athletes who sustained muscle injuries completed their competitions. No association was found between anatomical site classification and Paralympic athletes' performance in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of sport and exercise participation for people with disability are well acknowledged. However, people with disability report numerous barriers to participating in sport and exercise, including negative interactions with fitness professionals. Limited research is available from the perspective of fitness professionals. This study aimed to understand the experience of fitness professionals supporting people with disability to engage in sport and exercise. A cross sectional survey study was used to gather quantitative and qualitative data on community-based fitness professionals from Australia, with or without experience working with a person with disability. A total of 72 fitness professionals took part in the study with most reporting experience and confidence in working with people with disabilities. Several barriers were identified with participants highlighting the lack of disability-specific training. Participants also identified potential facilitators, including effective collaboration with allied health professionals. There is emerging interest for fitness professionals to support people with disability to engage in sport and exercise. However, changes are required within the education provided to fitness professionals and with the current collaborative model with allied health professionals to better support the participation of people with disability in sport and exercise. As physical activity is pertinent to ongoing health and wellbeing of people with disability, with support, fitness professionals could provide a cost-effective solution to assist in enabling people with disability to access sport and exercise activities. Fitness professionals require continuing disability-specific education and input from allied health professionals to appropriately support their clients with disability. Changes are required within the Australian fitness industry and in the model in which allied health and fitness professionals collaborate to better support people with disability to engage in sport and exercise. Additional barriers external to the fitness professional such as the physical environment, funding restrictions and lack of societal awareness, continue to impede on people with disabilities' participation in sport and exercise settings and should also be acknowledged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this report is to provide insight and details regarding the development and implementation of an injury and illness surveillance (IIS) system for the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC). Methods: The development and deployment of the IIS employed a multiphase approach. First, researchers determined variables to include in the IIS using the recommendations from the 2020 IOC consensus statement for reporting sport epidemiological data. Second, the hosting and deployment platforms were comprehensively evaluated for their suitability, ease of use, flexibility, and backend data structure (for both capture and aggregation). Third, focus groups consisting of the Sports Medicine department leadership and clinicians piloted the IIS system and revisions were made based on their feedback. Pilot testing of the IIS and follow-up focus groups were then conducted among all departmental clinicians to solicit additional feedback and drive further revisions. Finally, the IIS system was piloted among providers working during the 2023 Pan American and Parapan American Games to refine the system for future Games. After reviewing all potential software platform options (electronic medical record [EMR] system, athlete management systems, secure data collection platforms), Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT, USA) was selected to host the IIS system. This choice was made due to the inability of the EMR and athlete-management systems to make frequent updates, modify existing questions, and provide the necessary form logic for the variety of scenarios in which the IIS system would be deployed. Feedback from the department's leadership and clinicians resulted in a number of changes, most notably being the ability to enter multiple diagnoses for a single injury event. Additionally, clinician feedback resulted in the creation of additional diagnostic codes not currently present in the OSIICS v14.0 diagnostic coding system, adding "non-sport" as an additional variable for injury setting, and developing a system for reporting return-to-sport date for time-loss injuries. Discussion: A multi-stage process of extensive planning, stakeholder feedback, and ongoing updates is required in order to successfully develop and implement an IIS system within a National Olympic and Paralynpic Committee. This process can be used to inform the development and implementation of IIS systems in other sporting organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para sport classification aims to minimize the impact of impairments on the outcome of competition. The International Paralympic Committee requires classification systems to be evidence based and sport specific, yet the sport of goalball uses a structure that is not supported by evidence demonstrating its legitimacy for competition. This study aimed to establish expert opinions on how a sport-specific system of classification should be structured in the sport of goalball. Using a three-round Delphi survey, 30 international experts expressed their views across topics linked to goalball classification. Participants were divided as to whether the current system fulfills the aim to minimize the impact of impairment on competition. Most felt that less impairment should be required to compete but that the one-class structure should remain. Experts identified measures of visual function that should be considered and 15 core components of individual goalball performance. Findings constitute a crucial first step toward evidence-based classification in goalball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explored coach and athlete reactions and challenges leading up to the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, with a specific focus on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Games' postponement. Nine Australian Paralympic coaches (n = 3) and athletes (n = 6) shared their experiences in semistructured interviews. The thematic analysis highlighted how participants experienced the emergence of the pandemic in different ways, but all were relieved when the late but eventual decision to postpone the Games was made. Regarding lockdown periods (i.e., social-distancing restrictions), some coaches and athletes thrived under the new reality (i.e., training from home, online coaching) while others had more difficulty adjusting. Furthermore, results highlight the many uncertainties still remaining, which continue to influence participants' sport and personal lives. The experiences of coaches and athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic sheds light on strategies and resources that could support Paralympic coaches and athletes during current and future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research pertaining to the experiences and motives of Paralympic athletes who transfer between sports is scant. This study aimed to address this gap through semistructured interviews with Canadian Paralympic coaches (n = 35) and athletes (n = 12). Three higher-order themes of "alternative to retirement," "career extension," and "compatibility" were identified. The subthemes of "psychobehavioral" and "physical and physiological" (from the higher-order theme of alternative to retirement) captured reasons leading to transfer, which are similar to reasons athletes may consider retirement. The subthemes of career extension—"better opportunities" and "beneficial outcomes"—shed light on factors that contributed to the withdrawal of negative experiences and reinforcement of positive outcomes associated with transferring sports. Last, compatibility had three subthemes of "resources," "sport-specific," and "communication," which encapsulated factors athletes should consider prior to their transfer. In conclusion, the participants highlighted the importance of transparent and effective communication between athletes and sports to align and establish realistic expectations for everyone involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Sleep serves many important functions for athletes, particularly in the processes of learning, memory, recovery, and cognition. Objectives: Define the sleep parameters of Paralympic athletes and identify the instruments used to assess and monitor sleep Paralympic athletes. Evidence Acquisition: This systematic review was carried out based on the PRISMA guidelines. The survey was conducted in April 2020, the searches were carried out again in September 2021 to check whether there were new scientific publications in the area of sleep and Paralympic sport, searches were performed in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Virtual Health Library (BIREME), and SciELO. This systematic review has included studies that investigated at least one of the following sleep parameters: total sleep time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, number of awakenings, quality of sleep, daytime sleepiness, and chronotype; the participants were comprised of athletes with disabilities. Studies published at any time in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, were included. Evidence Synthesis: Data extraction and study selection were performed by 2 researchers independently, and a third author was consulted as necessary. The search returned a total of 407 studies. Following the screening based on exclusion and inclusion criteria, a total of 13 studies were considered. Paralympic athletes have a low amount (7.06 h) of sleep with poor quality and sleep latency (28.05 min), and 57.2% have daytime sleepiness, with the majority belonging to the indifferent chronotype (53, 5%). Moreover, 11 studies assess sleep using subjective instruments (questionnaires), and 2 studies used an objective instrument (actigraphy). Conclusions: Sleep disorders are common among Paralympic athletes, poor sleep quality and quantity, and high rates of daytime sleepiness. Subjective methods are most commonly used to assess sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of research on the coach–athlete relationship has been explored from the perspective of able-bodied athletes. The purpose of this study was to explore wheelchair basketball athletes' perceptions of the coach–athlete relationship. Timelining and semistructured interviews were conducted with six wheelchair basketball athletes, and data were analyzed using a reflexive thematic analysis. Athletes highlighted the important role that parasport coaches played in fostering an enjoyable wheelchair basketball environment and valued coaches who displayed expertise regarding their athletes' equipment and had personal parasport athletic experiences. Additionally, athletes identified personal preferences, including coaches who addressed sex differences and maintained professional relationships at the national level as contributing factors to the coach–athlete relationship. The current results benefit both parasport coaches and athletes by providing a portrayal of coaching behaviors, characteristics, and expertise that not only influence the parasport coach–athlete dyad but also affect the well-being and athletic development of parasport athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport commitment describes a psychological attachment to a sport that influences one's desire or resolve to continue involvement in it. Studying antecedents believed to influence long term commitment to sport among athletes with a disability will help ensure that participants gain those psychosocial and health outcomes from sport participation that benefit quality of life. Our purposes in this study were: (i) to examine the Sport Commitment Model (SCM) in terms of the magnitude of the contribution of antecedent factors (i.e., enjoyment, personal investment, involvement opportunities, social constraints, involvement alternatives) to sport commitment of athletes with disabilities; and (ii) to examine the model structure (i.e., original SCM, mediation, and direct/indirect model) that best reflects an understanding of the sport commitment antecedents for these athletes. A total of 157 adult athletes (M age = 34.87, SD = 11.78) with physical disabilities from both team and individual sports across the United States, Europe, and Asia completed the Sport Commitment Questionnaire. Data analyses indicated that sport involvement opportunities, followed by personal investment, were the strongest predictors of these athletes' sport commitments (R2 =.66). Based on the principle of parsimony, the original structural equation model (χ2 (215) = 384.95; RMSEA =.07; CFI =.95; SRMR =.06) was deemed better for understanding the mechanism of sport commitment than the mediation or direct/indirect models. We address implications of applying the SCM to athletes with disabilities, and we offer suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual mindfulness may be helpful for individuals with intellectual disabilities in the context of COVID‐related disruptions of in‐person programming, such as Special Olympics (SO). This study examined the feasibility of a virtual mindfulness intervention for SO athletes and their caregivers. Method: SO athletes (n = 44) and their caregivers (n = 29) participated in a 6‐week adapted virtual mindfulness intervention. Athletes completed mindfulness and well‐being questionnaires prior to, immediately following, and 3‐months post‐intervention. Caregivers completed questionnaires assessing their own stress, mindfulness, and well‐being, as well as athlete mental health. Exit interviews were conducted immediately following the intervention. Results: The intervention was feasible in terms of demand, implementation, acceptability, and limited testing efficacy. There were significant improvements in athlete well‐being and mental health, and caregiver stress and mindfulness post‐intervention. Conclusions: Adapted virtual mindfulness groups may be an effective intervention in improving the well‐being of adults with intellectual disabilities and their caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to investigate the impact of neuromuscular training (NMT) on static and dynamic postural balance (PB) among high‐level male runners with intellectual disability. Method: Twenty‐seven runners were randomly assigned to a NMT group and a control group who maintained their conventional training. Static and dynamic PB were assessed using the centre of pressure (CoP) excursions (in bipedal and unipedal stances under open eyes (OE) and closed eyes (CE) conditions) and the star excursion balance test (SEBT), respectively, at pre‐training and post‐training. Results: The NMT group showed significantly (p < 0.05) decreased CoP values and increased SEBT scores at post‐training compared to pre‐training. The switch from OE to CE did not affect static PB in the bipedal stance, only in the NMT group. Conclusions: The NMT was effective in improving static and dynamic PB in runners with intellectual disability. The NMT could reduce visual dependency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study is to verify the performance trajectory related to age, classification (KL: kayak level; M: male; F: female), and sex of elite kayak Para canoe athletes. Design: This is a retrospective cohort study. Results: Race results and athletes' data were retrieved from publicly available online databases for 17 competitions and 102 finals between 2015 and 2022. Race time reduced over the years except for KL3-M class. There was a reduction in the relative difference between KL2-M and KL3-M over the years (r = -0.83, 95% confidence interval = -0.34 to -0.97, P = 0.05). In addition, no significant differences were found in race times relative differences between KL2-F and KL3-F over the years. Although the correlation between age and performance was only found to be statistically significant in the KL3-F class, the ages of all classes (35.2, 32.6, 29.5, 34.6, 37.6, and 30.6 yrs for males and females KL1, KL2, and KL3, respectively) were higher than those in Olympic canoeing (27.8 yrs). Conclusions: Race times have improved overall since 2015, but not for the KL3-M class. Nevertheless, because of the stochastic ages of the finalist athletes, it was not possible to determine the age at which peak performance is achieved in all classes. Kayak Para canoe classes should be monitored in the coming years to determine whether interventions are necessary to improve differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheelchair rugby was created as part of the rehabilitation for patients with spinal cord injury. The biomechanical analysis of wheelchair propulsion (WP) in these athletes seems to be a key element to understand the reasons behind musculoskeletal injuries. This case reports study aimed to describe the electromyographic activity and kinematic parameters of the shoulder during the propulsion phases on the wheelchair in two Paralympic rugby players (A1 and A2) with spinal cord injury. Myoelectric activity (three portions of the deltoid, biceps and triceps brachii) and kinematics of the shoulder were assessed during the push (PP) and recovery (RP) phases. These variables were calculated considering ten propulsion cycles by each athlete. The results showed a different muscle activation between players, A1 described a high average amplitude of the anterior deltoid (PP = 58.44 ± 16.35%MVC; RP = 43.16 ± 13.48%MVC) in both propulsion phases, while A2 generated high average activity of triceps brachii (29.28 ± 10.63%MVC) and middle deltoid (46.53 ± 14.48%MVC), during PP and RP, respectively. At the same time, the player with a C7-T1 spinal cord injury (A2) showed a higher range of motion in the three plans, considering both propulsion phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recently, European Society of Cardiology (ESC) validated a prediction model to estimate 10-year fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease risk (CVDR) in individuals (aged 40–60 years) without previous cardiovascular disease or diabetes (ESC-SCORE2) and to provide indications for treatment. At present, data describing the CVDR in Paralympic athletes (PAs) are scarce and inconsistent. Therefore, we sought to assess the prevalence of risk factors in PAs to estimate their CVDR through SCORE2. Methods: We enrolled 99 PAs aged ≥ 40 y.o., who participated at 2012–2022 Paralympic Games, competing in 22 different sport disciplines classified according to sport type (power, skills, endurance and mixed) and disabilities: spinal cord injuries (SCI) and non-SCI. CVDR factors, anthropometric measurements and blood samples were collected. Results: Among the 99 PAs (78% males, mean age 45.7 ± 4.7 y.o.), 52.5% had SCI; 54% were dyslipidemic and 23% were smokers. According to ESC-SCORE2, 29% had high and 1% very-high CVDR. Women (compared to men) and endurance (compared to other sport) exhibited better CV profile. SCI showed no differences when compared with non-SCI for CVDR, excepted for a lower HDL and lower exercise performance. None of the dyslipidemic athlete was on pharmacologically treatment, despite the altered lipid profile had already been detected at younger age. Conclusion: PAs are a selected population, presenting a high CV risk profile, with 30% showing either high or very-high CVDR according to ESC-SCORE2. Dyslipidemia was the most common risk factor, underestimated and undertreated, emphasizing the need for specific preventive strategies in this special setting of athletes. Summary of main findings of our study: 30% of PAs presented an high to very-high SCORE2. PAs practicing endurance disciplines and female athletes presented a better CV risk profile and a lower SCORE2, while no differences where highlighted between SCI and NSCI athletes. A high prevalence of CV risk factors was found, mostly uncorrected over time and untreated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, the U.S. Center for SafeSport launched the first public disciplinary sports registry listing individuals accused of engaging in harmful behavior against child and adult athletes. Our study reviews information from 1,161 individuals on SafeSport's sports registry. Of the individuals on the sports registry, 22% were concurrently listed on the national registry for sexual offenses. Relative to individuals listed only on the sports registry, those on both registries were 4.5 and 1.4 times more likely to have sexual misconduct allegations and allegations involving a child, respectively. Of those on both registries, 31% were on the national registry approximately seven years before appearing on the sports registry. We discuss whether and how public registries represent effective strategies for crime prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to identify the AT demands of para-athletes in para-badminton and present the process of prescription, and follow-up of the AT devices. Also, to evaluate the expectations and the level of satisfaction with the service provided and the AT device. Case study with 3 professional para-badminton athletes, that had as baseline the Matching Person and Technology (MPT) model, the Para-athlete Questionnaire, the AT Device Predisposition Assessment (ATD PA-Br), the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with AT (B-QUEST) and an Observation Script. The data were analyzed using absolute frequency statistics, and the qualitative data were grouped according to the categories of the MPT model. 4 AT demands were identified: 1 insole, 1 wheelchair footrest adaptation, 1 armband, and 1 lower-limb strap, with prescription, and AT follow-up by the occupational therapist. The quantitative analysis showed a gain in athletes' satisfaction with the AT devices, and in the expectations achieved with the use of the device. The role of the occupational therapist in parasports, based on a theoretical model, can contribute to the successful use of AT and therefore better performance of para-athletes. Studies with different populations are necessary to improve knowledge in the area. Understanding the Assistive Technology (AT) intervention, considering the use AT guidelines and the Matching Person and Technology (MPT). Presenting the intervention of an occupational therapist (OT) with paralympic athletes, more specifically in the area of AT in with relation to Para-badminton; Identifying the AT used and customized in para-badminton and their objectives; Identifying personal, contextual and technological factors that can interfere with the use of AT in parasports; Presenting the satisfaction with the AT device in the parasport, such as: insole, wheelchair footrest adaptation, armband and, lower-limb strap; before and after OT intervention in the area of AT; Knowing the satisfaction with the AT service provided by the occupational therapist based on the MPT model; Comprehending the use of the MPT conceptual model and application of the AT Device Predisposition Assessment (ATD PA-BR) for prescribing and monitoring AT use in the para-athlete population; [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We analyzed the retrospective performance of para powerlifters over 8 yrs considering sex, the origin of impairment, and sport classification of para powerlifting. Design: This retrospective study analyzed data from 6791 (4613 and 2178 for male and female, respectively) individual results from 1634 athletes' performances. We collected absolute load (in kilograms), relative load (in kilogram/body mass), chronological age and origin of impairment (acquired or congenital), and sport classification (leg length difference, limb deficiency, range of movement, impaired muscle power, hypertonia, ataxia, athetosis, and short stature of para powerlifters. Results: Maleswere stronger than females thorough the yearswith acquired impairment being stronger than congenital impairment. Para powerlifters with acquired impairment were older compared with congenital impairment over the years. Acquired impairment males won 60% more medals than the congenital group. There was a significant association between competition achievement and sports class classification, with a higher number of medals for limb deficiency than other sports classes. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the sex, origin of impairment, and sports classification influence performance of athletes in para powerlifting. Thus, this information can help athletes, coaches, sport managers, and sport institutions involved in the sport of para powerlifting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School physical education (PE) has been presented as a privilege for socially dominant groups recognized by their non-disabled bodies. This study aims to investigate the introduction of a 5-week Paralympic sports unit into the PE curriculum as an educational right for disabled students through its recognition as official knowledge representative of their physical abilities and educational right in PE classes. With a poststructuralist perspective, we reflect on dominant discourses on disability in the school PE field and highlight traditional practices and beliefs that pertain to disabled students. Accordingly, we conducted interviews and focus group discussions with one disabled student, his peers and their PE teacher, allowing for the exploration of values, beliefs and practices associated with disability before and after the Paralympic sports unit. Participants' comments were subjected to interpretative thematic analysis. Paralympic sports enabled the disabled student to recognize and express their identity by critically questioning PE normative practices. Furthermore, Paralympic sports in the PE curriculum was presented as a strategy to raise non-disabled students' disability awareness rather than as disabled students' educational right. Paralympic sports constitutes a crucial aspect of the path towards inclusive education grounded in the values of equity and disability identity recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this qualitative study, the experiences of sport spectatorship by people with disabilities who watched the PyeongChang Paralympics were explored to add to the body of knowledge surrounding the legacies and leverage of major mega-sports events, in which the experiences of people with disabilities in non-western contexts have been largely overlooked. Fifteen adults with physical disabilities of Asian origin or heritage participated in semi-structured, in-depth interviews concerning their responses to observing the para-games. Analysis of the interview data yielded five thematic reactions: (1) desire to participate, (2) sense of in-group pride, (3) self-efficacy, (4) disability sports awareness, and (5) social inclusion. Conceptual and practical perspectives are discussed along with suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the psychological outcomes of engaging in adaptive sports for individuals with disabilities. Methods and Materials: This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews with 23 participants ranged from 18 to 55 years, with a mean age of 32 years who are actively involved in adaptive sports. Participants were selected through a purposive sampling technique to ensure a diverse representation in terms of age, gender, type of disability, and sport. Data collection focused on participants' personal experiences with adaptive sports, with an emphasis on psychological impacts. Theoretical saturation was achieved to ensure comprehensive coverage of the experiences. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify main themes and categories within the psychological outcomes of adaptive sports participation. Findings: The analysis revealed five main themes associated with the psychological outcomes of participating in adaptive sports: Emotional Well-being, Social Integration, Personal Empowerment, Cognitive Outcomes, and Adaptation and Coping. Under Emotional Well-being, participants reported improvements in emotional resilience, self-esteem, joy and fulfillment, and anxiety reduction. Social Integration was characterized by a strengthened sense of belonging, enhanced social support, and improved communication skills. Personal Empowerment was evident through increased autonomy, goal achievement, and personal growth. Cognitive Outcomes included better concentration and focus, as well as enhanced problem-solving skills. Lastly, Adaptation and Coping were observed through the development of effective coping mechanisms, increased resilience, and acceptance of disability. Conclusion: The study concludes that adaptive sports play a significant role in enhancing the psychological well-being of individuals with disabilities. Participation in adaptive sports leads to improvements in emotional well-being, social integration, personal empowerment, cognitive functions, and adaptive coping strategies. These findings underscore the importance of promoting and facilitating access to adaptive sports as a means of supporting the mental health and overall quality of life for individuals with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive outdoor recreation experiences are widely accepted as a means to rehabilitation and community inclusion; however, therapeutic recreation specialists, have been limited in their ability to document benefits of outdoor recreation activities due to a lack of available instruments. This study reports on the development and implementation of the Progress Report assessment tool, designed to capture functional outcomes of an adaptive snow sports program in the Rocky Mountains. Instrument design, validation, and pilot testing are reviewed. Findings indicate positive changes in participant functional skills observed during snow sports lessons and a positive relationship between number of lessons and one's ability for the respective snow sports activity. Considerations for adaptation and application of the Progress Report, and implications for future research, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on presenting a comprehensive proposal for the systematization of para sports for hospital applications, particularly within the SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals in Brazil. It highlights the success of Brazil's Para sports program, ranking seventh in the Tokyo 2021 Paralympic Games, and aims to disseminate a rehabilitation model through sports.

Purpose: This case study aims to describe the multidisciplinary preparation of a multiple medal-winning Paralympic cyclist active in the C5 class. Specifically, it describes the 12-month preparation period toward the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games. Method: The participant (height 173 cm; weight approximately 63 kg) is active in the C5 para-cycling class (right arm impairment) and was preparing for the individual pursuit, road time trial, and mass-start race in the Tokyo Paralympic Games. The participant was supported by a multidisciplinary practitioner team focusing on multiple facets of athletic preparation. Morning resting heart rate (HR) and HR variability, as well as daily training data, were collected during the 12 months prior to Tokyo. Weekly and monthly trends in training, performance, and morning measures were analyzed. Training intensity zones were divided into zone 1 (lactate threshold, critical power). Results: The participant won a silver (individual pursuit) and a bronze (time trial) medal at the Paralympic Games. Annual sums of volume and total work (in kilojoules) were, respectively, 1039 hours and 620,715 kJ. Analyzing all road sessions, 85% was spent in zone 1, 9% in zone 2, and 6% in zone 3. Physiological (eg, high training loads, hypoxic stimuli) and psychological stressors (ie, significant life events) were clearly reflected in morning HR and HR-variability responses. Conclusions: This case study demonstrates how a multidisciplinary team of specialist practitioners successfully prepared an elite Paralympic cyclist utilizing a holistic approach to training and health using data to manage allostatic load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three simulated goalball games on neuromuscular, physiological, perceptual, and technical parameters. Ten male players underwent assessments before and immediately after each game. Heart rate was recorded at rest and during all games that were entirely filmed for further technical performance analysis. Exercise significantly decreased knee extensor muscles peak force and percentage of voluntary activation after the second and third games, indicating the presence of central fatigue. Heart rate responses remained predominantly in a range equivalent to moderate activity intensity in all games. In addition, perceptual parameters were associated with reduced frequency of throws and density of actions. These findings suggest significant implications for the management of physical training, game strategy during a competition, and fixture change from three to two games per day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide crisis. It has been, and is, an extreme challenge for our health care and prevention systems, and for society as a whole. Among many facets of life, physical activity and sport has been heavily impacted. The aim of this viewpoint article is to highlight the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with an intellectual disability, with a particular focus on physical activity and Special Olympics. Specific objectives are (a) to share what the literature reveals about the impact of COVID-19 on the health and well-being of individuals with an intellectual disability, (b) to examine what is known about the impact of the pandemic on physical activity of individuals with an intellectual disability, (c) to describe Special Olympics program responses during the pandemic, and (d) to recommend areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Motor competence is the ability to perform goal directed human movements in a co‐ordinated, accurate and error free manner. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of coaches' perceptions of children's motor competence with their actual motor competence. Method: This study examined the motor competence of children with intellectual disabilities (n = 100) and coaches' perceptions of children's motor competence (n = 10). Participants were assessed using TGMD‐3. Coaches completed an adapted version of the pictorial scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence. Results: The predictive power of coaches perceived motor competence versus children's actual motor competence was assessed. Conclusions: This research will provide insight for sports organisations to determine whether coaches can accurately report on the motor competence of children with intellectual disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The participation of people with intellectual disabilities in Special Olympics sports and training opportunities offers numerous benefits for health and inclusion. However, little is known about the impact of such training on physical activity behaviour. Here, we evaluate the differences in physical activity volume and intensity of Special Olympics athletes between Unified and non‐Unified football training. Method: Accelerometer data of 12 male athletes from eight standardised training sessions (four Unified, four non‐Unified) were analysed. Results: While there was no statistically significant difference for the main part of the training, athletes showed higher levels of physical activity intensity (MVPA: Mdiff = 11.74%; 95% CI = 5.50–17.97) and volume (average acceleration ENMO: Mdiff = 112.82 mg; 95% CI = 24.73–200.90) in a Unified compared to non‐Unified endurance‐related exercise task. Conclusion: Understanding physical activity participation in different training types can help to design and implement future training programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bibliometric analysis was performed to examine global publication trends and patterns connected to the use of information technology in sports education. All articles from the Scopus database from 1996-2023, totaling 396 articles related to this theme, were taken and then analysed using the help of mapping engineering analysis software, namely VOSviewer. The research findings show that there have been fluctuations in the number of publications, but 2011 marked the beginning of the trend for publications to increase by double digits. Of the 186 documents, the document types "conference paper" and "article" were the largest among the other types, with 173, respectively. The well-known journal "Journal of Physics Conference Series," is the scientific source that has published the most articles with 32 documents. Other findings revealed that the "Computer Science" area, with 193 documents, was the one most studied by scholars to carry out their research. China is the country with the highest number of publications, namely 266 documents, and one of its universities, namely Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, is the top affiliate with ten published documents. The use of the keywords "information technology" (82 occurrences), and "physical education" with (81 occurrences), is the most popular compared to other phrases for this topic. Our research provides more comprehensive information about the rapid progress of technological literacy in facilitating the development of sports education as a basic ingredient in building a country's sporting success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to produce a volleyball learning model for disabled students aged 10-12 years by developing a model that is easily adapted to the physical form. This research is a type of development research used the Borg and Gall model. The subjects of this study are disabled students aged 10 - 12 of 7 specific or exclusive elementary schools grades 4, 5, and 6. Developing or validating model products in the field for physically disabled students is the product of this study. Evaluation by experts using two physical education experts and one learning expert, furthermore we conducted small-scale trials involving questionnaires, consultations, and evaluations. The development results show that the sitting volleyball game learning model is suitable for use and the t test results show that Sig 0,001 < 0.05. These results show that the volleyball model training method is effective in improving the physical fitness of disabled students when compared to conventional training. The conclusion obtained in this research is that the sitting volleyball for disabled students aged 10-12 years is a model that is easily adapted to the physical movement form of students with special needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the school learning system, which was initially done offline; now, it is done online. However, several problems arise related to the learning process carried out. This study wanted to find out about students' interest in online learning. This study aimed to determine how much middle school students are interested in learning sprinting online during the new normal. The study is quantitative descriptive research, and the method used in this study was a survey with a questionnaire data collection technique in the form of a questionnaire. The population in this study were students of middle schools Informatika Bina Generasi Ciomas Bogor in class VIII, totaling five classes of 150 people. The sample in this study was class VIII-B, with 30 students. The data analysis technique used quantitative descriptive analysis as outlined in the form of a percentage. This study's results indicate that the study's results suggest that the interest of middle school students in online-based sprinting learning during the Covid-19 New Normal period is included in the high category. Where out of 30 respondents, in the very high category were five students (17%); in the high category were 17 students (56%); in the medium category were three students (10%); the low category were three students (10%), and the very low category were two students (7%). This study concludes that middle school students' interest in online-based sprinting learning during the COVID-19 New Normal period is more dominant on intrinsic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]