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The governing equations of two-phase flows have a safe operating range, and exceeding this range can negatively impact the results. To extend this safe range, one key strategy is to incorporate the momentum flux coefficient into the governing equations. This paper introduces the application of the momentum flux coefficient to no-pressure or free-pressure model equations for the first time, specifically evaluating its performance in downward co-current two-phase flows through numerical methods. A new and improved version of the no-pressure model is also presented. Findings suggest that the force approach method yields more accurate results compared to other methods, whereas the Richmeier method produces unrealistic outcomes at discontinuities. A comparison between the standard and the developed no-pressure models reveals that the latter does not prevent nonphysical mutations and even exacerbates their occurrence. However, the developed no-pressure model successfully reduces numerical distribution production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle-aged adults represent the transition between younger and older adults, where some of the characteristic gait differences due to aging begins to surface. However, the gait characteristics of middle-aged adults across the whole gait cycle remains an understudied topic. As speed is a sensitive indicator of health, characterizing the effects of speed on the gait of middle-aged adults and differentiating it from the response of young adults will provide insights into the effects of aging on gait speed modulation mechanisms. What are the mechanisms of gait speed changes that are employed by middle-aged adults, and how are they different from younger adults? A cohort of healthy young and middle-aged adults completed 60 second trials at three different speeds. Joint kinematics, kinetics, and surface electromyography data were analyzed and compared between the speed levels and age groups. Statistical Parametric Mapping along with a nonlinear curve registration algorithm was used to simultaneously assess the changes in both magnitude and timing of different metrics. When compared to the younger cohort, the middle-aged cohort had significantly lower ankle range of motion, dorsiflexion moment during loading response and plantarflexion moment during push-off. At the knee joint, the middle-aged adults had significantly lower knee flexion moment during stance. At the hip joint, the middle-aged adults had lower extension moment during terminal stance. Time-continuous analysis showed that primary differences due to age were related to decreased joint range of motion and joint moment production capability in the middle-aged adults. Faster walking appears a safe method for middle-aged adults to increase joint range of motion and joint moment expression. However, targeted interventions that focus on improving capability are likely also needed. Suggested targets being improving ankle and knee joint moment capability, and increased range of motion at all joints. • Timing and magnitude changes in gait parameters appear as early as middle age. • Primary differences due to age were related to reduced range of motion. • Middle-aged adults had decreased joint moment production capacity at all joints. • Faster speed generally helped match profile magnitudes between groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (DWDM-PONs) have become a considerable choice for 5G and beyond fronthaul implementations. Formerly, we have proposed a full-duplex bidirectional DWDM-PON architecture convenient for those implementations and analyzed the combined dual impact of four-wave mixing (FWM) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) nonlinear impairments on the proposed architecture. Meanwhile, a detailed literature analysis showed us that the combined quadruple impact of self phase modulation (SPM), cross phase modulation (XPM), FWM and SRS on the performance of bidirectional DWDM-PONs have never been researched up to now. In this paper, quadruple impact of SPM, XPM, FWM and SRS on the performance of both uplink channels (ULCs) and downlink channels (DLCs) of the formerly proposed DWDM-PON has been analyzed with simulations. Simulations have been performed in O-band region for ULCs and in C-band region for DLCs of 2 × 15- and 2 × 63-channel DWDM-PONs having 12.5 GHz, 25 GHz, 50 GHz, 100 GHz equally-spaced channels. The quadruple impact of optical nonlinear impairments on the DWDM-PON performance has been analyzed with signal-to-crosstalk ratio (SXR) simulations performed under varying channel input powers and channel lengths. Results show that under the quadruple nonlinear impact reliable bidirectional transmission with an SXR over 23 dB can be achieved for channel input powers below 0.58 mW and 0.16 mW in 2 × 15- and 2 × 63-channel DWDM-PONs, respectively, for all channel spacing values and 25 km transmission lengths. Moreover, results also imply that variations in channel lengths do not significantly affect SXR at both ULCs and DLCs of 2 × 15- and 2 × 63-channel DWDM-PONs for lengths exceeding 50 km. The thorough analysis presented in the paper will give a new insight for analysis of conventional and next generation PONs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the suitable methods for evaluating water quality is the use of water quality indicators. Qualitative indicators are a powerful management tool for different levels of decision-making. With the availability of satellite images, besides the use of field data, it is possible to study the quality of surface water with greater power and increase the dimensions and scope of the work and reduce the cost of the study. Therefore, in this research, considering Taking the mentioned cases and with the aim of investigating the spatial-temporal changes in the water quality of Yamchi Dam under the Balkhali Chai river basin and using the WQI water quality index and remote sensing, a quantitative study has been done in the area of the informed case. The area investigated in this research is under the river basin leading to Yamchi dam located in Ardabil province. Yamchi dam is closed on the path of Balkhali Chai river from the main branches of Qara-Su river. The main branches of Yamchi Dam are one of the important dams due to passing through important residential areas such as Nair and villages in the region, as well as the location of some industrial and recreational centers near the boundaries of these rivers and because of the provision of drinking water and agriculture in the region. The region is Azerbaijan. Due to the prevailing conditions and serious threats caused by industrial effluents and domestic sewage, it is always under the threat of pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to determine associations between running economy (RE) and running sagittal plane kinematic and kinetic parameters. Method: A total of 30 male recreational runners (age: 21.21 ± 1.22 yr, VO2max: 54.61 ± 5.42 mL·kg-1·min-1) participated in two separate test sessions. In the first session, the participant's body composition and RE at 10 and 12 km·h-1 were measured. In the second session, measurements were taken for the sagittal plane of hip, knee, and ankle angles and range of motion (ROM), as well as ground reaction force. Results:Moderate correlations were found between lower energy costs at 12 km·h-1 and smaller hip flexion at toe-off (r = 0.373) as well as smaller peak hip flexion during stance (r = 0.397). During the swing phase, lower energy costs at 10 km·h-1 were moderately correlated with smaller peak knee flexion and smaller knee flexion and extension ROM (r = 0.366-0.443). Lower energy costs at 12 km·h-1 were moderately correlated with smaller peak hip and knee flexion as well as knee extension ROM(r = 0.369-0.427). In terms of kinetics, there was a moderate correlation between higher energy costs at 10 km·h-1 and larger peak active force, as well as larger peak braking and propulsion force (r = -0.470-0.488). Lower energy costs at 12 km·h-1 were moderately to largely correlated with smaller peak impact and braking force (r = 0.486 and -0.500, respectively). Regarding the statistical parametric mapping analysis, most outcomes showed associations with RE at 10 km·h-1, including knee flexion (42.5%-65.5%of the gait cycle), ankle plantarflexion (32.5%-36%of the gait cycle), active force (30.5%-35%of the stance phase), and propulsion force (68%-72.5% of the stance phase). Lower energy costs at 12 km·h-1 were correlated with smaller hip flexion (5.5%-12% and 66.5%-74%) and smaller knee flexion (57%-57.5%) during the running gait cycle. Conclusions: This study indicates that biomechanical factors are associated with RE in recreational runners. To design effective training methods to improve RE, coaches and runners should focus on the sagittal plane kinematics of the hip, knee, and ankle, as well as lower vertical and horizontal kinetic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical remote sensing of water quality has been problematic due to contamination of remote sensing observations by the sea-bottom effect over complex shallow or very clear waters. This has resulted in providing misleading information on the estimation of Water Constituent Concentrations (WCCs) retrieved from satellite images. In this research, we used Radiative Transfer (RT) Modelling to develop a simple and innovative index named the Sea-Bottom Effect Index (SEBEI) to readily determine water pixels contaminated by the sea-bottom effect, (hereafter named Optically Shallow Waters, (OSWs)) from remote sensing observations. To define the SEBEI, we initially assessed the influence of the sea-bottom on simulated water-leaving reflectance (Rrs) using RT Water-Sea-Bottom (WSB) modelling. This evaluation encompassed a range of water depths, seabed albedos, and WCCs (i.e. Chlorophyll-a (Chla) and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)). Next, we detected the most sensitive wavelengths (i.e. 750 nm, 810 nm, and 900 nm) to the seabed contribution on the simulated Rrs spectra at the water surface level and developed the SEBEI. We validated the accuracy of the proposed SEBEI over a time series of MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) and Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) images captured during low and high tidal phases over shallow waters of the Dutch Wadden Sea, the Netherlands. The results indicate that the SEBEI effectively distinguishes between OSWs and Optically Deep Waters (ODWs) using satellite images (with an R2 value of ≥ 0.97 and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of ≤ 0.65). The SEBEI can serve as an intermediate solution for detecting OSWs in multispectral and hyperspectral satellite images worldwide. It eliminates the need for ancillary datasets like bathymetry maps and significantly enhances the reliability of WCC maps produced over complex shallow coastal waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is a pressing environmental concern in urban areas, especially in densely populated cities like Delhi, India. However, plant species can effectively capture airborne suspended pollutants. Given this, the present study aimed to investigate the seasonal variations (pre- and post-monsoon) in the pollution-mitigating potential, biochemical characteristics, and suspended particulate matter (SPM) capturing capacities of select plant species in Delhi. Also, using biochemical parameters, plant morphology, and socioeconomic factors, the study computed tolerance indices such as the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and Anticipated Performance Index (API). Ficus religiosa L. exhibited the highest APTI value of 11.94, while Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites displayed the lowest 7.99 APTI value during the pre-monsoon. Ficus benghalensis L. showed the maximum SPM adhesion on the leaves, with a deposition of 1305.46 µg/cm2, whereas F. religiosa exhibited the lowest SPM deposition of 56.62 µg/cm2. Moreover, the statistical analysis indicated a positive correlation between ascorbic acid and chlorophyll content (R2 > 0.6) with APTI. Also, F. religiosa demonstrated a significant Pearson's correlation (P < 0.05) between chlorophyll content and SPM deposition during the pre-monsoon. The study highlighted the dynamic nature of plant-based air pollution mitigation. It offered valuable insights into the potential of green infrastructure as a sustainable solution for addressing air quality concerns in urban environments. The results emphasized the significance of selecting adequate plant species and considering seasonal variations in developing urban greening strategies to combat air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Colorectal cancer (CRC), a widespread malignancy, is closely associated with tumor microenvironmental hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) levels. Some clinical trials targeting H 2 O 2 for cancer treatment have revealed its paradoxical role as a promoter of cancer progression. Investigating the dynamics of cancer cell H 2 O 2 eustress at the single–cell level is crucial. In this study, non–contact hopping probe mode scanning ion conductance microscopy (HPICM) with high-sensitive Pt–functionalized nanoelectrodes was employed to measure dynamic extracellular to intracellular H 2 O 2 gradients in individual colorectal cancer Caco–2 cells. We explored the relationship between cellular mechanical properties and H 2 O 2 gradients. Exposure to 0.1 or 1 mmol/L H 2 O 2 eustress increased the extracellular to intracellular H 2 O 2 gradient from 0.3 to 1.91 or 3.04, respectively. Notably, cellular F–actin–dependent stiffness increased at 0.1 mmol/L but decreased at 1 mmol/L H 2 O 2 eustress. This H 2 O 2 –induced stiffness modulated AKT activation positively and glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) expression negatively. Our findings unveil the failure of some H 2 O 2 -targeted therapies due to their ineffectiveness in generating H 2 O 2 , which instead acts eustress to promote cancer cell survival. This research also reveals the complex interplay between physical properties and biochemical signaling in cancer cells' antioxidant defense, illuminating the exploitation of H 2 O 2 eustress for survival at the single–cell level. Inhibiting GPX and/or catalase (CAT) enhances the cytotoxic activity of H 2 O 2 eustress against CRC cells, which holds significant promise for developing innovative therapies targeting cancer and other H 2 O 2 - related inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article comprehensively compares the short circuits and irreversible demagnetization in star, delta, and hybrid winding connections for surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machines, including the three-phase short circuit (3PSC) and two-phase short circuit (2PSC). The analytical and finite element (FE) methods are adopted. It is found that when 3PSC or 2PSC happens, the peak current is the largest in the hybrid connection, which further results in the severest demagnetization. In addition, the delta connection always results in a larger 2PSC peak current than the star connection. Under relatively low permanent magnet (PM) temperature, the delta connection leads to more severe demagnetization than the star connection. However, when PM temperature increases, the opposite condition can occur. As for 3PSC, whether the peak current of the delta connection exceeds that of the star connection is determined by the phase of the third back-EMF harmonic. The delta connection shows higher 3PSC peak current when the third harmonic is in phase with the fundamental back EMF, and conversely, the star connection shows higher peak current. The comparison of demagnetization also heavily depends on PM temperature. Finally, the experiments are conducted to verify the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of electric vehicles necessitates lithium-ion batteries with high energy densities. To gain a deeper comprehension of lithium-ion batteries, JuBat has been created in Julia programming language for battery modelling. It is an open-source framework implemented by Julia functions, with excellent execution speed and a user-friendly implementation environment. JuBat covers three battery models: P2D, SPM, and SPMe, and uses finite element method to solve the governing equations. The results of JuBat demonstrate good agreement with that of PyBaMM. Moreover, JuBat provides additional options of quadratic element to achieve higher accuracy. These features of JuBat promote the parametric study, analysis, and design of battery cells, all of which are instrumental in advancing lithium-ion batteries.

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) in lakes exerts strong impact on light propagation, aquatic ecosystem productivity, which co-varies with nutrients, heavy metal and micro-pollutant in waters. In lakes, SPM exerts strong absorption and backscattering, ultimately affects water leaving signals that can be detected by satellite sensors. Simple regression models based on specific band or hand ratios have been widely used for SPM estimate in the past with moderate accuracy. There are still rooms for model accuracy improvements, and machine learning models may solve the non-linear relationships between spectral variable and SPM in waters. We assembled more than 16,400 in situ measured SPM in lakes from six continents (excluding the Antarctica continent), of which 9640 samples were matched with Landsat overpasses within ±7 days. Seven machine learning algorithms and two simple regression methods (linear and partial least squares models) were used to estimate SPM in lakes and the performance were compared. To overcome the problem of imbalance datasets in regression, a Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling technique for regression with Gaussian Noise (SMOGN) was adopted in this study. Through comparison, we found that gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models demonstrated good spatiotemporal transferability with SMOGN processed dataset, and has potential to map SPM at different year with good quality of Landsat land surface reflectance images. In all the tested modeling approaches, the GBDT model has accurate calibration (n = 6428, R2 = 0.95, MAPE = 29.8%) from SPM collected in 2235 lakes across the world, and the validation (n = 3214, R2 = 0.84, MAPE = 38.8%) also exhibited stable performance. Further, the good performances were also exhibited by RF model with calibration (R2 = 0.93) and validation (R2 = 0.86, MAPE = 24.2%) datasets. We applied GBDT and RF models to map SPM of typical lakes, and satisfactory result was obtained. In addition, the GBDT model was evaluated by historical SPM measurements coincident with different Landsat sensors (L5-TM, L7-ETM+, and L8-OLI), thus the model has the potential to map SPM of lakes for monitoring temporal variations, and tracks lake water SPM dynamics in approximately the past four decades (1984–2021) since Landsat-5/TM was launched in 1984.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in sports often occur with non-contact mechanisms, such as landing and cutting. Previous studies explored the ACL injury biomechanical risk factors through drop-jumps combined with secondary jumps. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the secondary jump direction on first landing kinematic temporal series. Fifty-seven participants (29 males, 28 females) performed three single-leg drop-jumps followed by secondary jumps in vertical (single-planar), 45°-medial and 45°-lateral direction (multi-planar). Lower limb and trunk landing kinematics was recorded using a 9-camera motion capture system and analysed with a One-way ANOVA through Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM), from initial contact to maximum knee flexion. All variables were affected by the secondary jump direction, except trunk rotation. In sagittal plane, kinematic main differences were found between single- and multi-planar tasks. The latter elicited higher trunk, hip, and knee flexion. Frontal plane kinematics was more influenced by medio-lateral components of secondary jumps. Our results could underline how a single task may be insufficient for ACL injury risk assessment. Single- and multi-planar tasks including a secondary jump should be considered for more comprehensive evaluations in prevention and rehabilitation programs, but caution should be used when comparing results of studies adopting different tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first to examine the operation of the HawkEye satellite in the presence of dust aerosol. The study region is the Black Sea. Dust transport dates were identified using visual inspection of satellite imagery, back-kinematic HYSPLIT trajectory analysis, CALIPSO aerosol stratification and typing maps, and the global forecasting model SILAM. In a comparative analysis of in-situ and satellite measurements of the remote sensing reflectance, an error in the atmospheric correction of HawkEye measurements was found both for a clean atmosphere and in the presence of an absorbing aerosol. It is shown that, on average, the dependence of the atmospheric correction error on wavelength has the form of a power function of the form from λ−3 to λ−9. The largest errors are in the short-wavelength region of the spectrum (412–443 nm) for the dust and dusty marine aerosol domination dates. A comparative analysis of satellite and in situ measurements of the optical characteristics of the atmosphere, namely the AOD and the Ångström parameter, was carried out. It is shown that the aerosol model used by HawkEye underestimates the Angström parameter and, most likely, large errors and outliers in satellite measurements are associated with this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a novel approach that enhanced diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early Alzheimer's disease (AD) using cerebral perfusion SPECT by minimizing artifacts caused by cerebral atrophy. Materials and methods: [99mTc]-ECD and SPECT studies were performed on 15 cognitively normal patients, 40 patients with MCI, and 16 patients with AD. SPECT images were compared using SPM. The atrophy correction method was incorporated to reduce artifacts through the MRI masking procedure. Regional Z-score, percent extent, and atrophy correction rate were obtained and compared. The Z-score mapping program was structured as a single package that ran semi-automatically. Results: The method significantly reduced regional Z-score in most regions, leading to improved estimates. The mean atrophy correction rate ranged from 10.4 to 12.0%. In MCI and AD, the convexities of the frontal and parietal lobes and the posterior medial cerebrum were particularly sensitive to cerebral atrophy, and the Z-scores were overestimated, whereas the posterior cingulate cortex and the cerebellum were less sensitive. The diagnostic accuracy for MCI increased from 67 to 69% and for AD from 78 to 82%. Conclusion: The proposed approach provided more precise Z-scores with less over- or underestimation, artifacts, and improved diagnostic accuracy, being recommended for clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) often involves a combination of lifestyle modifications and medications aiming to decrease the risk of cardiovascular outcomes, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. The aim of this article is to discuss possible omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid–statin interactions in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD and to provide evidence to consider for clinical practice, highlighting novel insights in this field. Statins and n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) are commonly used to control cardiovascular risk factors in order to treat ASCVD. Statins are an important lipid-lowering therapy, primarily targeting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, while n-3 fatty acids address triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Both statins and n-3 fatty acids have pleiotropic actions which overlap, including improving endothelial function, modulation of inflammation, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, both statins and n-3 fatty acids potentially mitigate the residual cardiovascular risk that remains beyond lipid lowering, such as persistent inflammation. EPA and DHA are both substrates for the synthesis of so-called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), a relatively recently recognized feature of their ability to combat inflammation. Interestingly, statins seem to have the ability to promote the production of some SPMs, suggesting a largely unrecognized interaction between statins and n-3 fatty acids with relevance to the control of inflammation. Although n-3 fatty acids are the major substrates for the production of SPMs, these signaling molecules may have additional therapeutic benefits beyond those provided by the precursor n-3 fatty acids themselves. In this article, we discuss the accumulating evidence that supports SPMs as a novel therapeutic tool and the possible statin–n-3 fatty acid interactions relevant to the prevention and treatment of ASCVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much inter-intra-tester kinematic and kinetic repeatability research exists, with a paucity investigating inter-laboratory equivalence. The objective of this research was to evaluate the inter-laboratory equivalence between time varying unplanned kinematics and moments of unplanned sidestepping (UnSS). Eight elite female athletes completed an established UnSS procedure motion capture laboratories in the UK and Australia. Three dimensional time varying unplanned sidestepping joint kinematics and moments were compared. Discrete variables were change of direction angles and velocity. Waveform data were compared using mean differences, 1D 95%CI and RMSE. Discrete variables were compared using 0D 95% CI. The mean differences and 95%CI for UnSS kinematics broadly supported equivalence between laboratories (RMSE≤5.1°). Excluding hip flexion/extension moments (RMSE = 1.04 Nm/kg), equivalence was also supported for time varying joint moments between laboratories (RMSE≤0.40 Nm/kg). Dependent variables typically used to characterise UnSS were also equivalent. When consistent experimental and modelling procedures are employed, consistent time varying UnSS lower limb joint kinematic and moment estimates between laboratories can be obtained. We therefore interpret these results as a support of equivalence, yet highlight the challenges of establishing between-laboratory experiments or data sharing, as well as establishing appropriate ranges of acceptable uncertainty. These findings are important for data sharing and multi-centre trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ATLAS.ti 24 software can be applied to analyse data collection systematically. This study aims to analyse the Malay essay questions of Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) to develop the main keywords. Research data using real SPM Malay essay questions, repeat SPM Malay essay questions and experimental SPM Malay essay questions from 2010 to 2020. The NCT Friese Model procedure consists of Noticing things, Collecting things and Thinking about things, and components are applied to the seven phases of Friese's Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) to detail the analysis process. The Research Question Development Tool (RQDT) is PICo representing Population, Interest and Context and was adapted as the basis of theme development in the analysis using ATLAS.ti software 24. Based on this research, a systematic ATLAS.ti analysis procedure was built. In addition, SPM essay questions can be categorized into four main aspects, with an additional 'Form' category, PICoB. Additionally, six main keywords represent the 'Population' theme, three main keywords represent the 'Focus' theme, and 19 main keywords represent the 'Context' theme. This sharing of analysis procedures guides subsequent researchers to improve analysis using ATLAS.ti software. The results of this research are also expected to generate innovation in teachers in the process of analysing material and help students write essays to focus on the requirements of the question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the challenges encountered in evaluating the operational effectiveness of aeronautical telecommunication system (ATS), including discrepancies between evaluation results and mission completion, incomplete index selection, and hierarchical index decomposition, this study aimed to address these issues comprehensively. Based on the characteristics of mission demands for ATS, primary indices such as spatial coverage, timeliness, reliability, security, and the capabilities of voice and data were determined. The signal flow of ATS and principles of radio reception guided the application of quality function deployment (QFD) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to establish a comprehensive evaluation index system linking effectiveness to technical performance, application environment, and operational mode. Considering varying mission demands across different flight phases in aeronautical telecommunication, including the significance of phase missions within the overall mission, requirements for voice or data, and needs for transmission or reception, an enhanced stage probability method (SPD) based on weighted sum was proposed to formulate an aggregation model for system effectiveness. The paper discusses the application of the proposed method with an illustrative example. As indicated by the results, this model comprehensively describes the impact of aeronautical telecommunication demand, equipment reliability, functional disparities, operation modes, and technical characteristics on mission completion rates. In summary, this paper presents valuable insights and guidance for enhancing performance measures, refining parameter adjustments, and optimizing utilization strategies for ATS.

Advanced modulation formats provide effective spectral features and are capable to boost transmission rates without placing onerous demands on high-speed devices and employ the same existing optical communication infrastructure. For this research work, a 450 channels ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing (UD-WDM) system has been designed with channel spacing of 12.5 GHz and a bit rate of 100 Gb/s per channel, based on high spectral efficient advanced modulation technique, such as multi-level amplitude-differential phase shift keying (MADPSK). We have investigated the effects of various fiber nonlinearities such as four-wave mixing (FWM), cross-phase modulation (XPM), self-phase modulation (SPM), stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) on the performance of the MADPSK modulated UD-WDM system. The performance parameters such as quality factor (Q-factor), bit error rate (BER), receiver sensitivity, received crosstalk, eye closure, and received output power have been analyzed with varying transmission distance, applied input power, and the number of channels. From the simulation results, it has been reported that the effect of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is minimum on the performance of the MADPSK modulated UD-WDM system as compared to the other four types of fiber nonlinearities mentioned above. The minimum BER of 10–12, maximum Q-factor of 12.6 dB, and minimum receiver sensitivity of −27 dBm have been reported for SRS fiber nonlinearity when varying distance has been taken into consideration. The minimum received crosstalk of -8.2 dB, minimum eye closure of 1.31 dB and maximum Q-factor value of 14.7 dB have been reported with the varying number of channels. The minimum BER of 10–13, maximum Q-factor of 18.6 dB, and maximum output power of −35 dBm have been reported for SRS fiber nonlinearity varying input powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate atmospheric optical characteristics over the Gorky and Cheboksary Reservoirs and their multi-scale temporal variations to obtain the background characteristics and to identify events involving the transfer of absorbing aerosol to the studied region in 2022–2023. The region is located at a considerable distance (500 km) from the nearest AERONET station; therefore, previous atmospheric data were not available. As a solution, the in situ self-measured aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angström exponent, as well as satellite products (MAIAC and CALIPSO) for MODIS data, were used. This allowed us to set background values of an AOD of 0.11 at a wavelength of 500 nm and an Angström exponent of 1.2, against their maximum values of 0.38 and 2.5, respectively. To explain these variations, the registered conditions and the microstructure of the dust aerosol over the studied region are presented. For days with background values, the analysis of the particle size distribution data did not show a predominance of any particle size. The optical properties of a smoke aerosol in an atmospheric column are described, and an analysis of the dynamics of particle size variability is presented. A comparative analysis of the optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol over the Gorky and Cheboksary Reservoirs using in situ and MODIS products was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroelectric nanocapacitors have attracted intensive research interest due to their novel functionalities and potential application in nanodevices. However, due to the lack of knowledge of domain evolution in isolated nanocapacitors, precise manipulation of topological domain switching in the nanocapacitor is still a challenge. Here, we report unique bubble and cylindrical domains in the well-ordered BiFeO3 nanocapacitor array. The transformation of bubble, cylindrical and mono domains in isolated ferroelectric nanocapacitor has been demonstrated via scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The bubble domain can be erased to mono domain or written to cylindrical domain and mono domain by positive and negative voltage, respectively. Additionally, the domain evolution rules, which are mainly affected by the depolarization field, have been observed in the nanocapacitors with different domain structures. This work will be helpful in understanding the domain evolution in ferroelectric nanocapacitors and providing guidance on the manipulation of nanoscale topological domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are structural components of membrane phospholipids, and influence cellular function via effects on membrane properties, and also by acting as a precursor pool for lipid mediators. These lipid mediators are formed via activation of pathways involving at least one step of dioxygen-dependent oxidation, and are consequently called oxylipins. Their biosynthesis can be either enzymatically-dependent, utilising the promiscuous cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, or cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase pathways, or nonenzymatic via free radical-catalyzed pathways. The oxylipins include the classical eicosanoids, comprising prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, and also more recently identified lipid mediators. With the advent of new technologies there is growing interest in identifying these different lipid mediators and characterising their roles in health and disease. This review brings together contributions from some of those at the forefront of research into lipid mediators, who provide brief introductions and summaries of current understanding of the structure and functions of the main classes of nonclassical oxylipins. The topics covered include omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA biosynthesis pathways, focusing on the roles of the different fatty acid desaturase enzymes, oxidized linoleic acid metabolites, omega-3 PUFA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators, elovanoids, nonenzymatically oxidized PUFAs, and fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids.

Abstract There is a rich of electric phenomena ubiquitously existing in novel quantum materials and advanced electronic devices. Microscopic understanding of the underlying physics relies on the sensitive and quantitative measurements of the electric field, electric current, electric potential, and other related physical quantities with a spatial resolution down to nanometers. Combined with a scanning probe microscope (SPM), the emergent quantum sensors of atomic/nanometer size provide promising platforms for imaging various electric parameters with a sensitivity beyond a single electron/charge. In this perspective, we introduce the working principle of such newly developed technologies, which are based on the strong sensitivity of quantum systems to external disturbances. Then we review the recent applications of those quantum sensors in nanoscale electric sensing and imaging, including a discussion of their privileges over conventional SPM techniques. Finally, we propose some promising directions for the future developments and optimizations of quantum sensors in nanoscale electric sensing and imaging.

This research investigated the levels of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) resulting from the emissions of various power generators in Nigeria. Additionally, the study conducted risk assessments concerning the inhalation of this pollutant from different power generators, and proposed suitable measures to control the emission of SPM linked to the use of power generators. To capture the exhaust from each generator set, a sampling technique was employed. This involved using a sample probe, a filter, and a filter holder to trap the gas emissions in a sequential manner. The concentration of SPM in the air was calculated based on several factors, including the weight difference of the filter paper before and after sampling, the sampling duration, and the flow rate. The concentration of suspended particulate matter for the 16 different generating sets varied from 1413.4 µg/m3 to 5300 µg/m3, with an average concentration of 2912.98 µg/m3. These values surpassed both the World Health Organization (WHO) standard of 50 µg/m3 and the Nigeria Ambient Air Quality Standard of 250 µg/m3. The study's findings indicate that power generating sets emit Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) through their gas exhaust. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the generator samples lacking a galvanized mesh at the gas stream exhaust exhibit significantly higher toxicity potential compared to those with the galvanized mesh. This research established that SPM concentrations were found from the exhaust of different power generating sets.

This article comprehensively compares the short circuits and irreversible demagnetization in star, delta, and hybrid winding connections for surface-mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machines, including the three-phase short circuit (3PSC) and two-phase short circuit (2PSC). The analytical and finite element (FE) methods are adopted. It is found that when 3PSC or 2PSC happens, the peak current is the largest in the hybrid connection, which further results in the severest demagnetization. In addition, the delta connection always results in a larger 2PSC peak current than the star connection. Under relatively low permanent magnet (PM) temperature, the delta connection leads to more severe demagnetization than the star connection. However, when PM temperature increases, the opposite condition can occur. As for 3PSC, whether the peak current of the delta connection exceeds that of the star connection is determined by the phase of the third back-EMF harmonic. The delta connection shows higher 3PSC peak current when the third harmonic is in phase with the fundamental back EMF, and conversely, the star connection shows higher peak current. The comparison of demagnetization also heavily depends on PM temperature. Finally, the experiments are conducted to verify the theoretical analysis.

Introduction: Accurate segmentation of brain tissue in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important step in the analysis of brain images. There are automated methods used to segmentation the brain and minimize the disadvantages of manual segmentation, including time consuming and misinterpretations. These procedures usually involve a combination of skull removal, bias field correction, and segmentation. Therefore, segmented tissue quality assessment segmentation of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is required for the analysis of neuroimages. Material and Methods: This paper presents the performance evaluation of three automatic methods brain segmentation, fluid and white matter suppression [FSL, Freesurfer (FreeSurfer is an open source package for the analysis and visualization of structural, functional, and diffusion neuroimaging data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies) and SPM12 (Statistical Parametric Mapping)]. Segmentation with SPM12 was performed on three tissue probability maps: i) threshold 0.5, ii) threshold 0.7 and iii) threshold 0.9. In order to compare and evaluate the automatic methods, the reference standard method, i.e., manual segmentation, was performed by three radiologists. Results: Comparison of GM, WM and CSF segmentation in MR images was performed using similarities between manual and automatic segmentation. The similarity between the segmented tissues was calculated using diagnostic criteria. Conclusion: Several studies have examined the classification of GM, WM, and CSF using software packages. In these studies, different results have been obtained depending on the type of method and images used and the type of segmented tissues. In this study, the evaluation of the segmentation of these packages with reference standard method is performed. The results can help users in selecting an appropriate segmentation tool for neuroimages analysis.

Ferroelectric nanocapacitors have attracted intensive research interest due to their novel functionalities and potential application in nanodevices. However, due to the lack of knowledge of domain evolution in isolated nanocapacitors, precise manipulation of topological domain switching in the nanocapacitor is still a challenge. Here, we report unique bubble and cylindrical domains in the well-ordered BiFeO3 nanocapacitor array. The transformation of bubble, cylindrical and mono domains in isolated ferroelectric nanocapacitor has been demonstrated via scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The bubble domain can be erased to mono domain or written to cylindrical domain and mono domain by positive and negative voltage, respectively. Additionally, the domain evolution rules, which are mainly affected by the depolarization field, have been observed in the nanocapacitors with different domain structures. This work will be helpful in understanding the domain evolution in ferroelectric nanocapacitors and providing guidance on the manipulation of nanoscale topological domains.

There is a rich of electric phenomena ubiquitously existing in novel quantum materials and advanced electronic devices. Microscopic understanding of the underlying physics relies on the sensitive and quantitative measurements of the electric field, electric current, electric potential, and other related physical quantities with a spatial resolution down to nanometers. Combined with a scanning probe microscope (SPM), the emergent quantum sensors of atomic/nanometer size provide promising platforms for imaging various electric parameters with a sensitivity beyond a single electron/charge. In this perspective, we introduce the working principle of such newly developed technologies, which are based on the strong sensitivity of quantum systems to external disturbances. Then we review the recent applications of those quantum sensors in nanoscale electric sensing and imaging, including a discussion of their privileges over conventional SPM techniques. Finally, we propose some promising directions for the future developments and optimizations of quantum sensors in nanoscale electric sensing and imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eccentric quasi-isometrics (EQIs) are a novel, low-velocity resistance exercise technique that incorporates a holding isometric contraction to positional fatigue, followed by voluntary resistance of the resulting eccentric muscle action. As females are typically more fatigue resistant than males during isometric and low-velocity dynamic muscle actions, this study explored sex-differences in the muscle fatigue response to an EQI protocol. Twenty-five (n = 12 female) participants completed 4 unilateral EQI elbow flexions. Absolute and relative surface electromyography (sEMG) amplitude (iEMG, LE peak), mean power frequency (MPF), angular impulse (aIMP), and elbow angle were compared across repetitions and between sexes using discrete values and statistical parametric/non-parametric mapping. There were significant and substantial sex and repetition differences in absolute iEMG, MPF, and aIMP, however, males and females had statistically similar absolute aIMP by repetition 4. When expressed relatively, there were no significant sex-differences. Additionally, there were significant between repetition changes in sEMG amplitude and elbow angle with an increasing number of repetitions, largely in the first-two thirds of repetition time. The current study suggests that there are absolute, but not relative sex-differences in EQI induced muscle fatigue, and the effects across repetitions occur predominately in the first two-thirds of repetition time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear impacts arising from Kerr effect cause crucial limitations in the performance of optical communication systems. The combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM in WDM-based communication systems has rarely been focused on with experimental or numerical methods because of complicated nature of optical nonlinear phenomena, modeling complexity, limitations on testing equipment and difficulties in performing measurements over long distances. Furthermore, in limited number of papers concentrating on the combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM in WDM-based systems, total impact has generally been determined by summation of results obtained from individual impacts of SPM, XPM and FWM. Thus, the interplay among SPM, XPM and FWM has often been neglected. In this paper, the combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM in DWDM long-haul communication systems has been modeled and computationally analyzed. Variations of signal-to-crosstalk ratio (SXR) with input powers of channels and channel spacings under the combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM and the single impact of FWM have been observed and compared. Comparison of research results with results of former studies has also been presented. Research results show that combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM is significant below 100 GHz channel spacings for input powers of 3 mW and 5 mW, below 50 GHz channel spacings for 1 mW input powers and below 30 GHz channel spacings for 0.5 mW input powers. For input powers of 0.1 mW, instead of the combined impact of SPM, XPM and FWM, single impact of FWM can be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The emergence of new therapeutic agents for multiple myeloma (MM) over the last 2 decades has resulted in a significant improvement in overall survival (OS). However, this improvement might be associated with the increased incidence of second primary malignancies (SPMs). Most studies in the field reviewed patients that participated in phase 2–3 clinical studies, focusing on the incidence of SPMs. The current study evaluated the characteristics, management, and outcomes of MM patients diagnosed with SPMs outside clinical studies. In our study, we present real-world data of 165 MM patients that were diagnosed with SPM during the course of their disease; we offer detailed data on SPM characteristics and management, as well as valuable insights into the management of MM post-SPM detection and the actual prognosis of MM patients following SPM diagnosis. Background: There is an increased risk of second primary malignancies (SMPs) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). This multinational 'real-world' retrospective study analyzed the characteristics and outcomes of MM patients that developed SPMs. Results: 165 patients were analyzed: 62.4% males; 8.5% with a prior cancer; 113 with solid SPMs, mainly ≥stage 2; and 52 with hematological SPM (hemato-SPM), mainly MDS/AML. Patients with hemato-SPM were younger (p = 0.05) and more frequently had a prior AutoHCT (p = 0.012). The time to SPM was shorter in the older (>65 years) and more heavily pretreated patients. One hundred patients were actively treated at the time of SPM detection. Treatment was discontinued in 52, substituted with another anti-MM therapy in 15, and continued in 33 patients. Treatment discontinuation was predominant in the patients diagnosed with hemato-SPM (76%). The median OS following SPM detection was 8.5 months, and the main cause of death was SPM. A poor ECOG status predicted a shorter OS (PS 3 vs. 0, HR = 5.74, 2.32–14.21, p < 0.001), whereas a normal hemoglobin level (HR = 0.43, 0.19–0.95, p = 0.037) predicted longer OS. Conclusions: With the continuing improvement in OS, a higher proportion of MM patients might develop SPM. The OS following SPM diagnosis is poor; hence, frequent surveillance and early detection are imperative to improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia affects the substances of the brain, which decreases the volume of the brain and leads to mental disorder. This work deals with the study of using computer aided technique on early diagnose of schizophrenia. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) is used to separate Gray matter, White matter, and Cerebrospinal fluid from Brain and computed the volume of the brain. We also executed 2D SURF and FAST features and identified the apt feature vector for diagnosing Schizophrenia accurately. Principal Component Analysis is used to find out the most promising feature vectors and SVM Classifier is used to diagnose whether the user was affected by Schizophrenia or not. During the analysis, it was found that FAST feature overperforms the SURF feature in early diagnose of Schizophrenia and results were compared with earlier work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality is one of the essential parameters of environmental monitoring; even a slight variation in its characteristics may significantly influence the ecosystem. The water quality of Vembanad Lake is affected by anthropogenic effects such as industrial effluents and tourism. The optical parameters representing water quality, such as diffuse attenuation (Kd), turbidity, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), are considered in this study to evaluate the water quality of Vembanad Lake, Kerala, India. As this lake is regarded as of ecological importance by the Ramsar Convention and has faced severe concerns over recent years, there was a substantial change in the water quality during the lockdowns of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is aimed at examining the change in water quality using optical data from Sentinel-2 satellites in the ACOLITE processing software from 2016 to 2021. The analyses showed a 2.5% decrease in the values of Kd, whereas SPM and turbidity show a reduction of about 4.3% from the year 2016 to 2021. The flood and the COVID lockdown had an impact on the improvement in the quality of water from 2018 to 2021. The findings indicated that the reduction in industrial activities and tourism had a more significant effect on the improvement in the water quality of the lake. There was no substantial change in the Chl-a until 2020, whereas an average decrease of 12% in Chl-a values was observed throughout 2021. This decrease can be attributed to the reduction in the lake's hydrological residence time (HRT). Thus, these findings will be a valuable reference to help the government and non-government organizations (NGO) during strategic planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first to examine the operation of the HawkEye satellite in the presence of dust aerosol. The study region is the Black Sea. Dust transport dates were identified using visual inspection of satellite imagery, back-kinematic HYSPLIT trajectory analysis, CALIPSO aerosol stratification and typing maps, and the global forecasting model SILAM. In a comparative analysis of in-situ and satellite measurements of the remote sensing reflectance, an error in the atmospheric correction of HawkEye measurements was found both for a clean atmosphere and in the presence of an absorbing aerosol. It is shown that, on average, the dependence of the atmospheric correction error on wavelength has the form of a power function of the form from λ−3 to λ−9. The largest errors are in the short-wavelength region of the spectrum (412–443 nm) for the dust and dusty marine aerosol domination dates. A comparative analysis of satellite and in situ measurements of the optical characteristics of the atmosphere, namely the AOD and the Ångström parameter, was carried out. It is shown that the aerosol model used by HawkEye underestimates the Angström parameter and, most likely, large errors and outliers in satellite measurements are associated with this.

Inflammation is a critical component in the pathophysiology of numerous disease processes, with most therapeutic modalities focusing on its inhibition in order to achieve treatment outcomes. The resolution of inflammation is a separate, distinct pathway that entails the reversal of the inflammatory process to a state of homoeostasis rather than selective inhibition of specific components of the inflammatory cascade. The discovery of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) resulted in a paradigm shift in our understanding of disease etiopathology. Periodontal disease, traditionally considered as one of microbial etiology, is now understood to be an inflammation-driven process associated with dysbiosis of the oral microbiome that may be modulated with SPMs to achieve therapeutic benefit.

Most of the leading causes of death, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, dementia, neurodegenerative diseases, and many more, are associated with sterile inflammation, either as a cause or a consequence of these conditions. The ability to control the progression of inflammation toward tissue resolution before it becomes chronic holds significant clinical potential. During sterile inflammation, the initiation of inflammation occurs through damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the absence of pathogen-associated molecules. Macrophages, which are primarily localized in the tissue, play a pivotal role in sensing DAMPs. Furthermore, macrophages can also detect and respond to resolution-associated molecular patterns (RAMPs) and specific pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) during sterile inflammation. Macrophages, being highly adaptable cells, are particularly influenced by changes in the microenvironment. In response to the tissue environment, monocytes, pro-inflammatory macrophages, and pro-resolution macrophages can modulate their differentiation state. Ultimately, DAMP and RAMP-primed macrophages, depending on the predominant subpopulation, regulate the balance between inflammatory and resolving processes. While sterile injury and pathogen-induced reactions may have distinct effects on macrophages, most studies have focused on macrophage responses induced by pathogens. In this review, which emphasizes available human data, we illustrate how macrophages sense these mediators by examining the expression of receptors for DAMPs, RAMPs, and SPMs. We also delve into the signaling pathways induced by DAMPs, RAMPs, and SPMs, which primarily contribute to the regulation of macrophage differentiation from a proinflammatory to a pro-resolution phenotype. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms behind the transition between macrophage subtypes can offer insights into manipulating the transition from inflammation to resolution in sterile inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Accurate segmentation of brain tissue in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important step in the analysis of brain images. There are automated methods used to segmentation the brain and minimize the disadvantages of manual segmentation, including time consuming and misinterpretations. These procedures usually involve a combination of skull removal, bias field correction, and segmentation. Therefore, segmented tissue quality assessment segmentation of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is required for the analysis of neuroimages. Material and Methods: This paper presents the performance evaluation of three automatic methods brain segmentation, fluid and white matter suppression [FSL, Freesurfer (FreeSurfer is an open source package for the analysis and visualization of structural, functional, and diffusion neuroimaging data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies) and SPM12 (Statistical Parametric Mapping)]. Segmentation with SPM12 was performed on three tissue probability maps: i) threshold 0.5, ii) threshold 0.7 and iii) threshold 0.9. In order to compare and evaluate the automatic methods, the reference standard method, i.e., manual segmentation, was performed by three radiologists. Results: Comparison of GM, WM and CSF segmentation in MR images was performed using similarities between manual and automatic segmentation. The similarity between the segmented tissues was calculated using diagnostic criteria. Conclusion: Several studies have examined the classification of GM, WM, and CSF using software packages. In these studies, different results have been obtained depending on the type of method and images used and the type of segmented tissues. In this study, the evaluation of the segmentation of these packages with reference standard method is performed. The results can help users in selecting an appropriate segmentation tool for neuroimages analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastrointestinal symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD), but their neurophysiological correlates are not well understood. We recently reported that functional gastrointestinal symptoms were not associated with asymmetry per se but might be associated with lower left striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) binding. The purpose of this study was to further investigate if specific gastrointestinal symptoms associate with monoamine transporter changes in specific striatal or extrastriatal areas. Methods: Ninety PD patients, who underwent DAT ¹23I‐FP‐CIT SPECT imaging, were assessed using the MDS‐Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III, Rome III, and Wexner constipation score. DAT binding was calculated from striatal subregions using region‐to‐occipital cortex ratio. Voxel‐wise analysis was used to assess the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and striatal DAT and extrastriatal serotonin transporter (SERT) binding. Results: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) criteria were fulfilled in 17 patients and were linked to higher ¹23I‐FP‐CIT binding in the right posterior putamen and adjacent areas as compared to patients without IBS. No other significant associations between gastrointestinal symptoms and DAT or SERT binding were found. Conclusions: These findings suggest that PD patients with IBS may have higher DAT binding in the right hemisphere. This finding implicates alterations of brain neurotransmitter physiology in the gastrointestinal symptoms of PD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing global demand for innovative and environmentally friendly lubricants can be met through the use of solid lubricants. By switching from conventional lubricants such as various oils or grease to solid lubricants, new scopes of application can also be opened up. The main requirements for solid lubricants are a reduction in the coefficient of friction (CoF) and an increase in wear resistance. Due to the favourable material properties, molybdenum (Mo) coatings fulfil the tribological requirements and are therefore promising solid lubricants which can be applied via physical vapour deposition (PVD). In this work, the impact of substrate temperature on the hot hardness of deposited Mo coatings was determined. The specimen with the highest hot hardness was then tribologically examined both at the micro and nano level. Through an analysis of the wear tracks by means of nanoindentation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was possible to detect the influence of the tribological load separately from that of the thermal loads. The results showed that the tribological load influenced the Mo coating by significantly increasing its hardness. This was achieved due to the work hardening of the Mo layer leading to an increase in the wear resistance of the coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regular walking in different types of footwear may increase the mediolateral shear force, knee adduction moment, or vertical ground-reaction forces that could increase the risk of early development of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Purpose: To compare kinematic and kinetic parameters that could affect the development of knee OA in 3 footwear conditions. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 40 asymptomatic participants performed walking trials in the laboratory at self-selected walking speeds under barefoot (BF), minimalistic (MF), and neutral (NF) footwear conditions. Knee joint parameters were described using discrete point values, and continuous curves were evaluated using statistical parametric mapping. A 3 × 1 repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the main effect of footwear for both discrete and continuous data. To compare differences between footwear conditions, a post hoc paired t test was used. Results: Discrete point analyses showed a significantly greater knee power in NF compared with MF and BF in the weight absorption phase (P <.001 for both). Statistical parametric mapping analysis indicated a significantly greater knee angle in the sagittal plane at the end of the propulsive phase in BF compared with NF and MF (P =.043). Knee joint moment was significantly greater in the propulsive phase for the sagittal (P =.038) and frontal planes (P =.035) in BF compared with NF and MF and in the absorption phase in the sagittal plane (P =.034) in BF compared with MF and NF. A significant main effect of footwear was found for anteroposterior (propulsion, ↑MF, NF, ↓BF [ P =.008]; absorption, ↑BF, MF, ↓NF [ P =.001]), mediolateral (propulsion, ↑MF, NF, ↓BF [ P =.005]; absorption, ↑NF, MF, ↓BF [ P =.044]), and vertical (propulsion, ↑NF, BF, ↓MF [ P =.001]; absorption, ↑MF, BF, ↓NF [ P <.001]) ground-reaction forces. Knee power showed a significant main effect of footwear (absorption, ↑NF, MF, ↓BF [ P =.015]; propulsion, ↑MF, NF, ↓BF [ P =.039]). Conclusion: Walking in MF without sufficient accommodation affected kinetic and kinematic parameters and could increase the risk of early development of knee OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the strategic management of people within enterprises as a driver of sustainable growth. As strategic people management (SPM) is founded on the Eastern knowledge workers' perspective, we integrate SPM with the Confucian perspective to analyze the factors underlying the sustainable success of Chinese management. In so doing, we review the literature on sustainability, SPM, Chinese management, and the integration of Confucian cultural values. We utilize the qualitative case research method to examine 20 successful Chinese enterprises across five sectors. The results of the case analysis reveal three types of sustainable SPM associated with Confucian values: responsible people management, paradoxical people management, and humanistic people management. We propose a conception of sustainable SPM combined with Confucianism to be relevant in the Chinese business context, where a high degree of dynamism can be seen. The findings of this study could be extended through analyses conducted in other contexts with a high level of complexity, such as emerging markets, disruptive technology, unexpected crises, or any aggregated interactions of such contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount of 3D data stored and transmitted in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is increasing, making protecting these medical data increasingly prominent. However, there are relatively few researches on 3D data watermarking. Moreover, due to the particularity of medical data, strict data quality should be considered while protecting data security. To solve the problem, in the field of medical volume data, we proposed a robust watermarking algorithm based on Polar Cosine Transform and 3D-Discrete Cosine Transform (PCT and 3D-DCT). Each slice of the volume data was transformed by PCT to obtain feature row vector, and then the reshaped three-dimensional feature matrix was transformed by 3D-DCT. Based on the contour information of the volume data and the detail information of the inner slice, the visual feature vector was obtained by applying the perceptual hash. In addition, the watermark was encrypted by a multi-sensitive initial value Sine and Piecewise linear chaotic Mapping (SPM) system, and embedded as a zero watermark. The key was stored in a third party. Under the same experimental conditions, when the volume data is rotated by 80 degrees, cut 25% along the Z axis, and the JPEG compression quality is 1%, the Normalized Correlation Coefficient (NC) of the extracted watermark is 0.80, 0.89, and 1.00 respectively, which are significantly higher than the comparison algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]