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A rigidly foldable and reconfigurable origami antenna is developed here. This antenna uses thick folding panels thereby providing robust operation and folding/unfolding actuation, which are very important for many applications in extreme environments, such as space. Also, this antenna can be constructed using standard printed circuit boards, which simplifies its manufacturing. For the reconfigurable antenna developed here, the origami flasher pattern is chosen to achieve a spatial transformation of a dipole operating at 0.48 GHz to a conical spiral antenna (CSA) operating from 2.1 to 3.7 GHz. The design equations for the origami CSA are derived. A prototype is built using a 0.81-mm-thick FR4 substrate to validate the proposed methodology. The antenna parameters are investigated in a wide frequency range. Our simulated results agree very well with the measurements. The rigid structure of the proposed design and its reconfigurable nature make it a good candidate for satellite communications. This article is part of the theme issue 'Origami/Kirigami-inspired structures: from fundamentals to applications'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a conical log spiral antenna (CLSA), it is quite common to place the strip conductor conformally to the conical surface, and the antenna requires an extra impedance matching network. On the other hand, non-conformal orientation can solve the impedance matching issue, but fabrication is not as straightforward as conformal placement. This work considers the non-conformal placement of a strip conductor which facilitates self-matching while using smart additive manufacturing techniques for prototyping to ease the fabrication complexity. The impact of the additional dielectric support on the performance parameters of CLSA is investigated. Finally, the CLSA was prototyped using two different conductive elements (copper strip and conductive paint) on the 3D-printed support. Experimental and numerical results are shown to agree well for both copper strip and paint-based approaches. The self-matched CLSA provided a maximum impedance bandwidth of 128%, 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (AR BW) of 63.56%, and gains of 10.32±1.94 dBi. The additive manufacturing techniques are shown to allow design flexibility and mitigate fabrication difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact circularly polarized (CP) planar spiral antenna with ultrawide bandwidth and directional radiation pattern is proposed for ultra‐wideband (UWB) positioning applications. The proposed antenna consists of a dual‐arm planar spiral with a tapered microstrip line, two L‐shaped metallic shorting stubs, and a square ground plane with four stepped slots. By connecting two L‐shaped metallic stubs to both the ends of the dual‐arm spiral through metal posts, the traveling wave current path is effectively extended, resulting in a significant improvement of the CP bandwidth. Additionally, both impedance bandwidth and circular polarization performance of the proposed antenna can be enhanced by adopting four stepped slots on the square ground plane. Measured results show that the planar spiral antenna features an impedance bandwidth from 3.23 GHz to 7.0 GHz (more than 73.7%), a 3‐dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 62.1% (3.05 GHz–5.8 GHz), and finally achieves an overlapping bandwidth of 56.9% (3.23 GHz–5.8 GHz). On the overlapping bandwidth, this antenna maintains a gain consistently above 6 dBic while the peak gain reaches about 7.4 dBic. The overall size of the antenna is 0.59λg × 0.59λg × 0.17λg (λg is the free‐space wavelength at the lowest frequency, 3.23 GHz). Thanks to the ultrawide CP bandwidth and compact size, the proposed antenna can be a promising candidate for UWB positioning applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antenna operates at single frequency can be wielding for any one application. If the antenna has to be wield for multiple operations the number of antennas will increase, which in turn increases system size. The proposed printed antenna with novel spiral shaped slot having circular dumble shaped defective structure results in multiple bands can overcome the stated limitation. Printed patch antenna is designed and simulated using High Frequency Structure Simulator software using Glass epoxy substrate. The proposed antenna has a dimensions of 3.34 × 2.47 × 0.16 cm with low cost substrate shows five different working frequencies with good return loss having impedance bandwidth of 7.93% with highest gain of 9.92 dB and virtual size reduction of 28.33%. The proposed antenna is resonating between 4.36 and 15.89 GHz which covers L, C, Ku and K band application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the development phases of a wave-driven Helicon Plasma Thruster for cutting-edge Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations. The two-stage ambipolar electric propulsion (EP) system combines the efficient ionization of an ultra-compact helicon reactor with plasma acceleration based on an ambipolar electric field provided by a magnetic nozzle. This paper reveals maturation challenges associated with an emerging EP system in the hundreds-watt class, followed by outlook strategies. A 3 cm diameter helicon reactor was operated using argon gas under a time-modulated RF power envelope ranging from 250 W to 500 W with a fixed magnetic field strength of 400 G. Magnetically enhanced inductively coupled plasma reactor characteristics based on half-wavelength right helical and Nagoya Type III antennas under capacitive (E-mode), inductive (W-mode), and wave coupling (W-mode) were systematically investigated based on Optical Emission Spectroscopy. The operation characteristics of a wave-heated reactor based on helicon configuration were investigated as a function of different operating parameters. This work demonstrates the ability of two-stage HPT using a compact helicon reactor and a cusped magnetic field to outperform today's LEO spacecraft propulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed characterization of a high-power radio frequency (RF) broadband circularly polarized two-arm spiral antenna is designed to operate within the frequency range of 0.1–1.0 GHz. The impedance matching network technique is introduced to optimize its performance. The traditional spiral antenna is excited by a vertical or horizontal balun, whereas the proposed design is directly fed by a coaxial cable featuring a planar feeding section specially optimized to achieve broadband input impedance matching. The spiral antenna is designed as per the steady-state superconducting tokamak (SST-1) port space constraints. The simulated efficiency of the RF power coupling with the hydrogen plasma is ∼70 %. Through simulation, it was evident that the proposed antenna exhibited inherent resonance at 0.5 GHz with a reflection coefficient of −27.94 dB and an axial ratio is 3.39 dB respectively. The obtained outcomes unequivocally demonstrate the circular polarization of the designed antenna. Overall, the findings support the enhancement of plasma heating and current drive techniques in fusion research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the on‐chip terahertz (THz) helical antenna based on metal self‐rolled‐up membrane (M‐SRuM) nanotechnology, which utilizes the residual stress in multilayer metal membrane deposited by electron beam (E‐beam) evaporation to provide the rolling force and to form the radiation body of the helical antenna. Precise design method is proposed based on multi‐physics modeling for mechanical and electrical analysis, and the two operating modes of on‐chip helical antenna are modeled and analyzed. The test results show that the normal mode of self‐rolled‐up THz helical antenna is able to operate at frequency as high as 0.223 THz with the corresponding impedance bandwidth of 13 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a planar low-profile wideband circularly polarized substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) based antenna is investigated. The antenna comprises two substrates stacked over each other. The top layer of the antenna is loaded with a 4 × 4 array of parasitic square patches stacked over a spiral slot loaded in the SIW cavity. The spiral slot is utilized for the generation of narrow band circular polarization and to enhance the CP bandwidth, the parasitic patch array is excited through the electromagnetic coupling mechanism without any air gap between them. The antenna is fabricated and tested to validate the simulated results. A wide relative impedance bandwidth of 33% (8.25–11.55 GHz) and the axial ratio bandwidth of 8.55–9.70 GHz (12.60%) is exhibited. The broadside radiation characteristics are achieved with peak gain of 8.05dBic at 9 GHz. The overall size of the antenna structure is 0.8λ0 × 0.8λ0. The proposed antenna is suitable for various satellite applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A disruptive Electric Propulsion system is proposed for next-generation Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) small satellite constellations, utilizing an RF-powered Helicon Plasma Thruster (HPT). This system is built around a Magnetically Enhanced Inductively Coupled Plasma (MEICP) reactor, which enables acceleration of quasi-neutral plasma through a magnetic nozzle. The MEICP reactor features an innovative design with a multi-dipole magnetic confinement system, generated by neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets, combined with an azimuthally asymmetric half-wavelength right (HWRH) antenna and a variable-section ionization chamber. The plasma reactor is followed by a solenoid-free magnetic nozzle (MN), which facilitates the formation of an ambipolar potential drop, enabling the conversion of electron thermal energy into ion beam energy. This study explores the impact of an inhomogeneous magnetic field on the heating mechanism of the HPT and highlights its multi-mode operation within a pulsed power range of 200 to 500 W of RF. The discharge state, characterized by high-energy electron-excited ions and low-energy excited neutral particles in the plasma plume, was analyzed using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The experimental testing campaign, conducted under pulsed power excitation, reveals that, as RF input power increases, the MEICP reactor transitions from inductive (H-mode) to wave coupling (W-mode) discharge modes. Spectrograms, electron temperature, and plasma density measurements were obtained for the Helicon Plasma Thruster within its operational envelope. Based on OES data, the ideal specific impulse was estimated to exceed 1000 s, highlighting the significant potential of this technology for future LEO/VLEO space missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper puts forward a low-profile, circularly polarized (CP), wideband Euler's Spiral Dielectric Resonator Antenna (ES-DRA) having a footprint of 0.68 λ × 0.68 λ × 0.096 λ and operating in X and Ku-band (8.26–14 GHz). A cross-shaped aperture is used to couple the power from 50 Ω walking stick-shaped microstrip line to the ES-DRA. The antenna generates circular polarization radiation in the frequency band 10.47–11.69 GHz and has a peak gain of 8.1 dBic. There is a good matching between radiation and total efficiency in the operating band. The antenna can be put to use in weather mapping and detecting, long-range tracking radar and missile applications. The prototype has been fabricated and tested for experimental validation and the results are in good coherence with the simulated ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the introduction, design, and experimental validation of two small helical antennae. These antennae are a component of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor interrogation system, which has been miniaturized to operate at 915 MHz and aims to improve the performance of wireless passive SAW temperature-sensing applications. The proposed antenna designs are the normal-mode cylindrical helical antenna (CHA) and the hemispherical helical antenna (HSHA); both designed structures are developed for the ISM band, which ranges from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. The antennae exhibit resonance at 915 MHz with an operational bandwidth of 30 MHz for the CHA and 22 MHz for the HSHA. A notch occurs in the operating band, caused by the characteristics of the SAW sensor. The presence of this notch is crucial for the temperature measurement by aiding in calculating the frequency shifting of that notch. The decrement in the resonance frequency of the SAW sensor is about 66.67 kHz for every 10 °C, which is obtained by conducting the temperature measurement of the system model across temperature environments ranging from 30 °C to 90 °C to validate the variation in system performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a new vortex wave imaging approach to improve the imaging quality of small metal targets of size less than 1.5 mm. Antennas with different spiral phase plates are designed to efficiently transmit vortex beams with orbital angular momentums (OAMs). By analyzing the OAM spectrum of the target, it was discovered that the predominant reflection contains a particular OAM mode that carries abundant azimuthal information. This can be explained by the OAM selectivity of the target and the guidance of the vortex transmitting beam. A simple reflection vortex imaging system was designed to capture the phase information. Measurement results show that the high image contrast reaches 14.9%, which is twice as high as that of the imaging without OAM. Both of simulations and experiments demonstrate that the vortex phase imaging approach proposed in this paper can effectively improve the imaging quality at 80 GHz. This approach is suitable for other millimeter wave imaging systems and is helpful to improve the resolution in anti-terrorism security checks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of airships to launch space probes has been an effective means of conducting typhoon surveys in recent years, but the carrying area and weight of airships are very limited, so it is necessary to reduce the weight and volume of the release device as much as possible. This paper reports the first use of a probe with cylindrical and omnidirectional characteristics, as well as a four-arm spiral receiving antenna, which can also act as the downward release device of the inner wall and improve the space utilization rate. Through further analysis and improvement, it was determined that the four-armed helical antenna can be printed on the medium using a flexible material, which not only reduces the weight of the device but also avoids direct contact between the antenna and the sounding device and improves the stability of the antenna. The designed antenna was modeled and simulated using Ansys HFSS 2021 simulation software.The simulation results show that the antenna presented in this study achieves good performance at the center frequency of 403 MHz, the input voltage VSWR and return loss of the antenna are ideal, and the antenna has a good directional map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a plasma frequency selective surface (PFSS) was designed with an array of ordinary fluorescent lamps backed by a conducting plate. The proposed PFSS structure was used as a reflector with the spiral two arms Archimedean type Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) antenna to reduce the overall size of the antenna system. Characteristics and the performance of the proposed system were presented by using the results of simulations and experiments in the GNSS band. The optimum distance between antenna and PFSS was found to be around 35 mm to achieve a maximum gain in the simulation which is a lower profile than antenna with conventional conductive plate (66 mm at the GNSS center frequency). Experimental results show that the antenna system has mean values of around 6.7 dBiC gain, 1.27 dB axial ratio and less than -10 dB return loss in the range of 1.14 and 1.61 GHz. All these results show that the proposed novel antenna system is suitable for the reception of the GNSS signals with the advantage of its low profile design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, to obtain antenna arrays with grating lobes suppression capability in wideband and achieve a low peak sidelobe level (PSLL), two non-uniform spiral antenna arrays and an enhanced Harris Hawks optimization (EHHO) algorithm are proposed. By controlling the parameters of the spiral line and sampling equidistant on the spiral line, the sampling points that make up the non-uniform array can be arranged in the plane uniformly and non-uniformly. The simulation results indicate that, because of this special arrangement, the non-uniform arrays obtain the capability of grating lobe suppression in wideband or wide spacing arrangement when compared to the classic uniform array. In addition, to obtain lower PSLL, the Harris Hawks optimization (HHO) algorithm is used for array synthesis because of its diversity of search methods. By employing the step-type taper distribution strategy and the migration strategy, the algorithm's search ability is enhanced, and the simulation results indicate the EHHO algorithm obtains a better solution in terms of the PSLL than other algorithms. A simple patch antenna is designed to build the non-uniform spiral arrays synthesized by the EHHO algorithm. The calculation and simulation results validate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we know, valley-Hall kink states or pseudospin helical edge states are excited by polarized-momentum-locking [left-handed circular polarization (LCP) and right-handed circular polarization (RCP)] because the valley-Hall kink modes or pseudospin polarized modes have intrinsic and local chirality, which is difficult for these states to achieve phase modulation. Here we theoretically design and study a compatible topological photonic system with coexistence of photonic quantum Hall phase and pseudospin Hall phase, which is composed of gyromagnetic photonic crystals with a deformed honeycomb lattice containing six cylinders. A typical kind of hybrid topological waveguide states with pseudospin-characteristic, magnetic field-dependent, and strong robustness against backscattering and perfect electric conductor (PEC) is realized in the present system. Furthermore, we re-design a structure with intersection-liked, achieve splitting for one-way pseudospin quantum Hall edge states by using phase modulation. Robustness of the one-way pseudospin-quantum Hall edge states in splitting has been demonstrated as well. Additionally, PEC inserted in transport channel brings optical path difference in waveguide transmission, which would influence splitting for hybrid topological waveguide states in phase difference modulation. This work not only provides a new way for manipulation (i.e., phase modulation) of hybrid topological waveguide states in compatible topological photonic system from distinct topological classes but also has potential in various applications, such as sensing, signal processing, and on-chip communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the environment of oil and gas wells, the shielding effect of metal casing increases the difficulty of applying wireless electromagnetic wave transmission technology in such wells. This paper constructs a theoretical model of downhole electromagnetic helical loop transmission based on the finite element method. The magnetic loop is equated with the helical loop antenna in the model. By means of simulation calculations, this study deeply investigates the impact of various factors, such as working frequency within the cased well, drilling fluid resistivity, formation resistivity, drill string dimensions, and electrical conductivity, on the attenuation pattern of the helical loop antenna. The results show that low-frequency signals experience relatively less attenuation underground, while high-frequency signals demonstrate better transmission effects over shorter distances. Moreover, drilling fluids with low resistivity are more suitable for short-distance transmission, whereas high resistivity can effectively reduce signal attenuation and improve transmission distance. The variation in formation resistivity has a relatively small impact on signal transmission and can be considered negligible. In terms of drill string characteristics, as the electrical conductivity of the drill collars increases, signal attenuation gradually decreases, and the amplitude of the received signal is enhanced. With the inner and outer diameters of the drill collars remaining the same, a finer inner diameter of the casing aids electromagnetic wave short-distance transmission, whereas a thicker casing can reduce electromagnetic wave attenuation. Theoretical and practical results are in good agreement through field trial comparative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a high gain metamaterial (MTM) integrated modified golden spiral antenna for THz (Terahertz) applications. The MTM unit cell is designed by two decagon SRRs (Split Ring Resonator). The proposed antenna has the dimensions of 100 x 100 μm² with MTM decagon rings on the ground. The MTM integrated antenna resonates at 2.80 THz, 3.15 THz, and 3.46 THz with impedance bandwidths of 2.77 THz-2:88 THz and 3.00-3.70 THz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid combination of a radio frequency (RF) capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) equipped with a ring-shaped hollow powered electrode and an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) with a helical antenna is investigated in hydrogen gas. Characteristics of the RF hybrid plasma are measured by a Langmuir probe at a fixed position in the center between the RF powered and grounded electrode for various CCP powers of 50–150 W. The voltage drop across the CCP is found to be almost independent of the ICP power. The RF hybrid plasma attains a high ion density of the order of 1010 cm−3 between the electrodes even at a low CCP input power of 50 W. The plasma density is strongly affected by the CCP generator power, while the floating potential is controlled by the ICP power, whereas the electron temperature is independent of the ICP power for various CCP powers. The negative ion production is enhanced by increasing the ICP power, resulting in a decrease in the ratio of the negative to the positive charge saturation current detected by the Langmuir probe. The maximum ratio of the negative ion density to the electron density is approximately 8 at a CCP power of 50 W and an ICP power of 250 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design, development, and performance evaluation of a compact wideband phased array active helical antenna for monitoring HF interference. Traditional multi-element HF antenna designs are often subjected to size restrictions. The front-to-back ratio of the proposed circularly polarized phased array exceeds 20 dB across the operating range. This array enables the simultaneous monitoring of vertically and horizontally polarized signals, offering a practical alternative to larger antennas, particularly in space-constrained scenarios. Through advanced low-noise amplifier design, efficiency and bandwidth are optimized while mitigating mutual coupling effects. Optimal beamformer design enhances array performance with respect to more traditional array design approaches. The test results verify exceptional performance with an average axial ratio of 2 dB and a high front-to-back ratio beyond the desired frequency range. This study offers valuable insights into the design and deployment of compact wideband phased array antennas, providing an effective solution for monitoring HF interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic antennas with helical geometry can convert linearly polarized dipole radiation into purely circularly polarized far-fields, and vice versa. Besides large Purcell enhancements, they possess a wide tunability due to the geometry dependence of their resonant modes. Here, the coupling of a dipole emitter embedded in a thin film to plasmonic single and double helices is numerically studied. Using a higher-order finite element method (FEM), the wavelength dependent Purcell enhancement of a dipole with different positions and orientations is calculated and the far-fields with respect to their chirality and radiation patterns are analyzed. Both single and double helices demonstrate highly directional and circularly polarized far-fields for resonant excitation but with significantly improved directional radiation for the case of double helices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a novel low‐loss microwave diplexer based on compact planar filtering elements. These are composed of spiral resonators and etched directly onto the signal layer. Furthermore, their design and optimization prove to be easy, and their native high‐pass/low‐pass characteristics are perfectly suited for assembling a diplexer. To verify the claim, a diplexer is designed and fabricated. It operates at 1.9 GHz and 3.5 GHz, and it is intended for personal communications service and 5G applications. The proposed device has an active area of 15.5 mm × $\times $ 19.5 mm. It shows an insertion loss of 0.35 dB and 0.28 dB for the two channels, representing the lowest data reported in the literature for this kind of device and technology. Additionally, the −10 dB‐fractional bandwidths for the lower and upper bandwidths are 40.6% and 20.2%, respectively, and isolation is at least 25 dB for both channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is a versatile electromagnetic simulation technique, widely used for solving various broadband problems. However, when dealing with complex structures and large dimensions, especially when applying perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundaries, tremendous computational burdens will occur. To reduce the computational time and memory, this paper presents a Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallel scheme based on non-uniform conformal FDTD, which is suitable for convolutional perfectly matched layer (CPML) absorbing boundaries, and adopts a domain decomposition approach, dividing the entire computational domain into several subdomains. More importantly, only one magnetic field exchange is required during the iterations, and the electric field update is divided into internal and external parts, facilitating the synchronous communication of magnetic fields between adjacent subdomains and internal electric field updates. Finally, unmanned helicopters, helical antennas, 100-period folded waveguides, and 16 × 16 phased array antennas are designed to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm. Moreover, we conducted parallel tests on a supercomputing platform, showing its satisfactory reduction in computational time and excellent parallel efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A configurable design of a microstrip square spiral RFID tag antenna, for a wide range of microwave frequencies in the S- and C-band, is presented. The design is parameterized in dimensions, and hence changing the design frequency (or frequencies) is easy, by changing only an initial value for the spiral geometry. A tag specimen was fabricated using a Cu electroplating technique according to the design for frequencies of interest in the areas of 2.4 and 5.8 GHz. The substrate material is 320 μm high-resistivity Si and the bridge dielectric is 15 μm polyimide PI2525. The steps of the microfabrication process involve metallic structure pattern transfer techniques with optical UV lithography procedures. The reflection coefficient and antenna gain of the specimen were measured inside an anechoic enclosure using a vector network analyzer (VNA) and a TEM horn test antenna over a frequency range of up to 6 GHz. Simulated and measured results, exhibiting reasonable agreement, are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A compact Archimedean spiral antenna with high gain for electrostatic discharge (ESD) detection is investigated. A frustum‐shaped cavity proposed in this work is formed to optimise the maximum antenna gain. Additionally, a helix arm is loaded to enhance antenna gain in lower band. The measured results demonstrate that the proposed antenna, which employs a unidirectional radiation mode, exhibits a maximum antenna gain ranging from −0.74 dBi to 9.46 dBi and a voltage standing wave ratio less than 3 across a frequency range of 0.65–5 GHz. A test system consisted of proposed antenna and a commercial ESD detection antenna is established. The verified results indicate that the proposed antenna has a performance close to the commercial antenna, so that proposed antenna with compact size is preferred to be utilised for ESD detection.

The development of stretchable electronic devices is a critical area of research for wearable electronics, particularly electronic textiles (e-textiles), where electronic devices embedded in clothing need to stretch and bend with the body. While stretchable electronics technologies exist, none have been widely adopted. This work presents a novel and potentially transformative approach to stretchable electronics using a ubiquitous structure: the helix. A strip of flexible circuitry ('e-strip') is twisted to form a helical ribbon, transforming it from flexible to stretchable. A stretchable core—in this case rubber cord—supports the structure, preventing damage from buckling. Existing helical electronics have only extended to stretchable interconnects between circuit modules, and individual components such as printed helical transistors. Fully stretchable circuits have, until now, only been produced in planar form: flat circuits, either using curved geometry to enable them to stretch, or using inherently stretchable elastomer substrates. Helical e-strips can bend along multiple axes, and repeatedly stretch between 30 and 50%, depending on core material and diameter. LED and temperature sensing helical e-strips are demonstrated, along with design rules for helical e-strip fabrication. Widely available materials and standard fabrication processes were prioritized to maximize scalability and accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model is presented for the optimisation of an Electromagnetic Halbach Array (EHA) for wireless power transfer. The mathematical model is based on Biot‐Savart's law of magnetic field in a current‐carrying square loop. The model is validated through static electromagnetic simulations in ANSYS Maxwell and found to be accurate and effective when predicting the magnetic field within the EHA box. To verify the analytical and simulation results, an EHA was fabricated, and experimental verification was carried out. The results show that the mathematical model can be widely used in the analysis and design optimisation of EHAs of any size and with diverse parameters in the case of single‐layer square spiral planar coils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of smart antenna synthesis involves the automatic selection of the optimal antenna type and geometry in order to enhance antenna performance. A model for intelligent antenna selection employs an optimizable K-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier to determine the optimal antenna choice. To optimize the utilization of different learner types, the geometric parameters of the antenna are presented as the final step prior to the construction of the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model, which involves the integration of five distinct primary learners. The classification of three distinct types of antennas, namely helical antenna, pyramidal horn antenna, and rectangular patch antenna, is performed using an optimizable K-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier. Additionally, an ANFIS approach is employed to determine the optimal size parameters for each antenna. The accuracy is used to evaluate the performance of an optimizable KNN classifier, whereas Mean Squared Error and Mean Absolute Percentage Error are used to evaluate the performance of an ANFIS. The proposed technique demonstrates high performance in parameter prediction and antenna categorization, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error of less than 3% and an accuracy exceeding 99.16%. The recommended methodology holds significant potential for widespread application in the development of practical smart antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode reconfigurable antenna based on a uniform circular array (UCA) is presented. The phase superposition method is presented to overcome the limitation of the number of array units on the mode order in the conventional four‐element UCA antenna, which is limited to generating first‐order OAM beams. The unit phase is introduced by a bifilar helical antenna in this method, and the unit phase is superimposed with the feed phase of the UCA to enable the generation of 3rd‐order OAM beams from the four‐element UCA. At the same time, the DC signal‐controlled feed network assigns three distinct feed phases to the UCA, which realizes the reconfigurability of the three OAM beams. To achieve mode reconfigurability, 20 p‐i‐n diodes were integrated as switches in the feed network for controlling the ON/OFF status of p‐i‐n diodes in the feed network using DC signals. Finally, simulated and measured results show that three OAM beams (lz = −1, −2, and −3) have been generated in the frequency band from 10.6 to 11.8 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated automatic optical inspection (iAOI) system with a procedure was proposed for a printed circuit board (PCB) production line, in which pattern distortions and performance deviations appear with process variations. The iAOI system was demonstrated in a module comprising a camera and lens, showing improved supportiveness for commercially available hardware. The iAOI procedure was realized in a serial workflow of image registration, threshold setting, image gradient, marker alignment, and geometric transformation; furthermore, five operations with numerous functions were prepared for image processing. In addition to the system and procedure, a graphical user interface (GUI) that displays sequential image operation results with analyzed characteristics was established for simplicity. To demonstrate its effectiveness, self-complementary Archimedean spiral antenna (SCASA) samples fabricated via standard PCB fabrication and intentional pattern distortions were demonstrated. The results indicated that, compared with other existing methods, the proposed iAOI system and procedure provide unified and standard operations with efficiency, which result in scientific and unambiguous judgments on pattern quality. Furthermore, we showed that when an appropriate artificial intelligence model is ready, the electromagnetic characteristic projection for SCASAs can be simply obtained through the GUI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact Archimedean spiral antenna with high gain for electrostatic discharge (ESD) detection is investigated. A frustum‐shaped cavity proposed in this work is formed to optimise the maximum antenna gain. Additionally, a helix arm is loaded to enhance antenna gain in lower band. The measured results demonstrate that the proposed antenna, which employs a unidirectional radiation mode, exhibits a maximum antenna gain ranging from −0.74 dBi to 9.46 dBi and a voltage standing wave ratio less than 3 across a frequency range of 0.65–5 GHz. A test system consisted of proposed antenna and a commercial ESD detection antenna is established. The verified results indicate that the proposed antenna has a performance close to the commercial antenna, so that proposed antenna with compact size is preferred to be utilised for ESD detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a dual-band implantable antenna with coaxial probe feeding for wireless biotelemetry applications. The antenna features spiral patches, resulting in a compact size of 27 × 14 × 1.6 mm³. It can operate in two different frequency bands, 241–641 MHz and 1.17–2.06 GHz, providing coverage for the medical implant communication service (MICS) band and the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. This simple design offers improved return loss and higher bandwidths that are achieved by incorporating patch slots and shortening pins in spiral patches, representing a significant contribution to the field of dual-band antenna design for wireless biotelemetry systems. In the human body phantom model, the SAR values of 48.9 mW/kg and 1.19 W/kg are achieved, which satisfy the IEEE standard safety constraints. An experimental prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated, demonstrating acceptable return loss and VSWR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the interference of false data, there is a large error in the mining results of low voltage loads in the power system. In response to this problem, the author proposes a design of an intelligent mining system for low voltage loads in the power system based on deep learning. Using ARM+DSP dual CPU structure, initializing the adapter agent, and using dual arm spiral antennas, designing a low-voltage load monitor to detect partial discharge signals in the 500-1500 MHz frequency band and suppress noise interference; By transmitting monitoring information to the intelligent switch through CAN bus or 485 bus, remote monitoring can be achieved; Based on the contact points and current characteristics of the circuit breaker, a current transformer has been designed to reduce the range of induced voltage variation; Construct a continuous set of functions MMD in the space, adjust the original network structure, establish a deep learning mining model, initial network parameters, eliminate false data in the network, optimize the network using target domain data, and combine mining engines to achieve intelligent data mining. According to the experimental results, the maximum difference between the load of phase A of the data processing system based on numerical simulation and the actual data is 1000 kVA at a time of 6 seconds; When the load of phase B is 4 seconds, the maximum difference between it and the actual data is 2000 kVA; When the load of phase C is 8 seconds, the maximum difference between it and the actual data is 2000 kVA. It has been proven that the mining error of the system is 0, and it has a precise mining effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the pivotal candidate technologies of 6G, orbital angular momentum (OAM) carrying radio waves have attracted much attention in wireless communication and sensing technology fields owing to the particular twisted phase fronts. Various kinds of antennas have been proposed to generate this kind of wave; however, the antenna performance has not been well analyzed in terms of the OAM carrying wave's characteristics. In this paper, some dedicated characterization parameters termed as conjugated receiving pattern, purity related bandwidth, and mode phase linearity based on well-known properties of OAM carrying electromagnetic waves are proposed for the first time. These parameters can be used to characterize the performance of OAM antennas. As an example, the performance of a fabricated helical OAM antenna with a wide bandwidth is characterized by the proposed parameters, which proves the reasonableness and necessity of the proposed characterization parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microstrip crescent antennas offer compactness, conformability, low profile, high sensitivity, multi-band operability, cost-effectiveness and ease of fabrication in contrast to bulky, rigid horn, helical and Vivaldi antennas. This work presents crescent sensors for monitoring brain pathology associated with stroke and atrophy. Single- and multi-element crescent sensors are designed and validated by software simulations. The fabricated sensors are integrated with glasses and experimentally evaluated using a realistic brain phantom. The performance of the sensors is compared in terms of peak gain, directivity, radiation performance, flexibility and detection capability. The crescent sensors can detect the pathologies through the monitoring of backscattered electromagnetic signals that are triggered by dielectric variations in the affected tissues. The proposed sensors can effectively detect stroke and brain atrophy targets with a volume of 25 mm3 and 56 mm3, respectively. The safety of the sensors is examined through the evaluation of Specific Absorption Rate (peak SAR < 1.25 W/Kg, 100 mW), temperature increase within brain tissues (max: 0.155 °C, min: 0.115 °C) and electric field analysis. The results suggest that the crescent sensors can provide a flexible, portable and non-invasive solution to monitor degenerative brain pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term daily-life body signal monitoring offers numerous advantages, such as timely response to health alerts, diseases monitoring, and reducing time and expenses related to clinical trials. Access to physiological data can be achieved with low-cost and comfortable wireless wearable sensors. In our previous publication, we reported a low-cost, easy to implement, and unobtrusive wireless resistive analog passive (WRAP) sensor to provide a feasible bio-signal monitoring technique by using a pair of printed spiral coils (PSC) in a near field connection. Sensitivity, defined as the response to the transducer, is a critical feature in the establishment of a reliable system. In the previous publication, we presented the utilization of a Genetic Algorithm to design a pair of coils and related components to maximize sensitivity. Although the coils' misalignment can significantly affect the optimized sensitivity, it was not incorporated into the optimization process. This paper focuses on optimizing the coils and components in order to maximize both their sensitivity and their resilience against movements of the PSC pair. In a square-shaped pair comprising a primary coil of 60 mm and a secondary coil of 20 mm dimensions, we found that the sensitivity is maximized at 1.3 mƱ for a 16 mm axial distance. Additionally, it remains above 0.65 mƱ within ±11.25 mm lateral and +14 mm axial displacements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel design of a high-frequency multiband with a circular polarisation antenna based on a four-patch antenna system consolidated with an Archimedean spiral antenna for CubeSat applications. The geometry and size are compatible with the CubeSat standard structure dimensions of 10 x 10 cm². The antenna consists of a spiral antenna in the middle of four patch antennas surrounding it; the first antenna structure consists of two sets of two orthogonal identical patch antennas with a 90° phase shift to cover the band from 1.55 to 1.94 GHz at L-band, 2, 2.1, and 2.3 GHz at S-band, the second antenna is an Archimedean spiral antenna to cover all C-bands, all X-bands, all Ku-bands, all K-bands, and from 26 to 29 GHz at Ka-band. The measured results show that the reflection coefficients (S11) and (S22) achieve < -10 dB and the axial ratio achieves <3 dB, with a reference impedance of 50 Ω. The simulated and the measured results give a better agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of 3D building modeling serves a multitude of practical and strategic purposes across diverse industries. Building a 3D model involves employing a range of techniques and technologies. Among these, the most used methods include 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry, whether applied at close-range or through the use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). In photogrammetry, ground control points (GCPs) are generally needed to scale and georeference the digital reconstruction process, but it is a timeconsuming practice or sometimes impractical or dangerous. This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of two integrated devices to perform photogrammetric 3D reconstruction without GCPs. They are both composed by a Sony ZV1 camera coupled with two different RTK/PPK GNSS system: the Emlid Reach RS2 GNSS receiver and the Emlid Reach M2 module with a multi-band GNSS helical antenna. Different sets of images were acquired with the two proposed devices for the lever-arm estimation and to perform the 3D surveying of the Galata monastery historical monument. The accuracy of the process and derived dense point clouds is assessed by comparing them with GCPs and a reference point cloud derived by fusing an UAS and a high-resolution mobile laser scanning point cloud. The ultimate goal is to obtain a 3D building model without the use of GCPs in the process of bundle block adjustment with centimeter accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of the global 21-cm signal during Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization is made difficult by bright foreground emission which is 2–5 orders of magnitude larger than the expected signal. Fitting for a physics-motivated parametric forward model of the data within a Bayesian framework provides a robust means to separate the signal from the foregrounds, given sufficient information about the instrument and sky. It has previously been demonstrated that, within such a modelling framework, a foreground model of sufficient fidelity can be generated by dividing the sky into N regions and scaling a base map assuming a distinct uniform spectral index in each region. Using the Radio Experiment for the Analysis of Cosmic Hydrogen as our fiducial instrument, we show that, if unaccounted-for, amplitude errors in low-frequency radio maps used for our base map model will prevent recovery of the 21-cm signal within this framework, and that the level of bias in the recovered 21-cm signal is proportional to the amplitude and the correlation length of the base-map errors in the region. We introduce an updated foreground model that is capable of accounting for these measurement errors by fitting for a monopole offset and a set of spatially dependent scale factors describing the ratio of the true and model sky temperatures, with the size of the set determined by Bayesian evidence-based model comparison. We show that our model is flexible enough to account for multiple foreground error scenarios allowing the 21-cm sky-averaged signal to be detected without bias from simulated observations with a smooth conical log spiral antenna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a new dual-band passive RFID tag antenna design by combining a rectangular spiral coil and patch-meander-line dipole with an interconnected structure. This design enables operation in high-frequency (HF) and ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID systems, suitable for energy harvesting and tracking applications. The simulations by the CST full-wave software demonstrate conjugate impedance matching between the tag antenna and two RFID tag chips. At 13.56 MHz (HF), the tag antenna exhibits an inductive reactance of 422.79 Ω, while at 922.5 MHz (UHF), it presents an impedance of 9.41 + j 174.96 Ω. The antenna generates a maximum magnetic field intensity of 0.5 A/m and omnidirectional electromagnetic fields with an antenna realized gain of -4.26 dBi at 922.5 MHz. We also analyze the impact of the tag antenna combination using numerical software. Furthermore, we fabricate a prototype tag antenna and validate its performance with RFID readers. The proposed tag antenna achieves the maximum read ranges of 11 cm and 6.9 m for the HF (13.56 MHz) and UHF (920-925 MHz) bands, respectively, accompanied by the energy harvesting of 1.48 volts at the HF band by the coupling magnetic field received by the HF antenna to the chip ST25DV04K at the output voltage pin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave imaging (MI) is a noninvasive and nonionizing procedure for detection of cancerous cells in healthy body tissues using radiofrequency (RF) and microwaves. The procedure involves the use of Ultra Wide Band (UWB) antennas for sensing purposes. Therefore, this research article presents the design, development, and testing of a low‐profile UWB Archimedean spiral microstrip‐patch antenna (ASMA) for detection of skin cancer using monostatic radar‐based microwave imaging. The proposed ASMA consists of a spiral resonator with a defective ground structure and a slotted microstrip feed line with dimensions of 38 × 38 × 0.87 mm3. The proposed antenna shows an impedance bandwidth for the frequency range of 2.2–13.9 GHz, with a peak gain of 6.8 dB at 7.8 GHz. In silico analysis of the proposed ASMA for MI is carried out with Gaustav model using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio. To validate the performance of the ASMA as a sensor for MI, a prototype of the same is fabricated and a four‐layered bio‐phantom of the human forearm is prepared for in vitro and in vivo testing of the proposed procedure. The validation of ASMA radiation properties is done using a Vector Network Analyser (E‐5063A) (VNA) and an anechoic chamber with the fabricated antenna at 10 mm away from the prepared bio‐phantom. The recorded S parameter data with bio‐phantom and the VNA is processed using different beamforming algorithms like Delay and Sum and Coherent Factor‐Delay Multiply and Sum (CF‐DMAS) to reconstruct the image of the scanned area. The reconstructed images are 97%–98% accurate. The proposed ASMA sensor is also safe for human exposure as it has a specific absorption rate of 0.0546 W/Kg at 5 GHz that complies with the safety guidelines of the Federal Communications Commission to minimize potential health risks associated with exposure to RF and microwave radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low‐profile ultra‐wideband (UWB) circularly polarized antenna is proposed in the form of a planar Archimedes spiral structure backed by an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC). To expand its bandwidth and minimize its size, the antenna is loaded with resistors and a metal ring near the end of the spiral arms. At the same time, the bidirectional beam is transformed into a unidirectional beam using the phase compensation mechanism by introducing an AMC reflector. The antenna achieves −10 dB impedance bandwidth and 3 dB AR bandwidth in 0.7 ~ 10.2 GHz (174.3%), with a height of only 0.035 wavelengths at 0.7 GHz, which shows advantages over most similar designs. Finally, the antenna is fabricated and measured to prove its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a modified rhombic‐shaped wide‐flare two‐arm antenna is proposed for super‐wideband applications of the next generations of mobile technologies. To enhance antenna input impedance and to improve its performance, the copper arms are lithographed on a dielectric substrate with multilayers and fed through a wideband balun that is designed to feed the balanced two‐arm antenna through the conventional (unbalanced) coaxial line. The proposed antenna is fabricated for experimental validation of the simulation results. It is shown through electromagnetic simulation as well as experimental measurements that the proposed antenna is operational in the range of frequencies (2.3‐23 GHz $2.3 \mbox{-} 23\unicode{x0200A}\mathrm{GHz}$). Parametric study is performed to obtain the optimum design of the proposed antenna. The distributions of the surface current on the antenna arms at different frequencies are presented and discussed for more understanding of the antenna operation over the entire frequency band. It is shown that the antenna has a radiation efficiency of greater than 96%, percentage bandwidth of 164%, ratio bandwidth of 10, bandwidth‐to‐dimension ratio of 1360, and maximum gain that exceeds 5 dBi $5\unicode{x0200A}\text{dBi}$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes a spiral filter-based diplexer antenna for dual-band full-duplex 5G application in C-band. The shared radiator is formed by a cross-shape Yagi-Uda antenna. The dual-band fullduplex characteristic is obtained by applying a diplexer with two different band-stop filters (BSFs) based on a high-order rectangular spiral-shaped open-stub filter. The proposed diplexer antenna is suitable for modern 5G full-duplex communication system applications with a small frequency ratio and high isolation between two ports by applying a Wilkinson power divider. The diplexer antenna is designed, fabricated, and measured, showing good performance of channel isolations of 27 dB/23 dB and the antenna gain of 4.7 dBi/4.2 dBi at two operation bands from 3.56 GHz to 3.68 GHz and from 3.72 GHz to 3.83 GHz covering the required 100 MHz maximum bandwidth in C-band while its frequency ratio is only 1.04. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigators are looking at radio frequency ranges that may suit cellular data consumers' growing requirements. Terahertz's (THz) frequency range is vital for high-speed data communication in wireless gadgets and has indignant the interest of researchers. A novel spiral-shaped patch and diffracted ground-based MIMO antenna structure are presented. The overall dimensions of the structure are 600 µm by 800 µm. The polyamide material is used as a substrate. The analysis among 1 × 1, 1 × 2, 2 × 1 and 2 × 2 MIMO antenna structures are carried out. Performance in reflectance response, Bandwidth, gain, radiation pattern and directivity are analyzed. The proposed structure provides the multiband response with a minimum reflectance response of − 30.51 dB, a bandwidth of 10 THz, peak isolation of 36.99 dB, a maximum normalized directivity of 1030 and a peak gain of 39 dB. ECC TARC, CCL and D.G. were considered for the performance observation. A comparison of the presented structure with other articles is included in the manuscript. The proposed work suits biomedical imaging, short-distance communication, healthcare and WBAN applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ever-evolving landscape of wireless communication, the quest for compact, efficient, and cost-effective antenna solutions has led to the development of innovative designs. Among these, the printed monopole antenna stands out as a versatile and widely adopted option. Offering simplicity, flexibility, and excellent performance characteristics, printed monopole antennas have become indispensable in various applications, from mobile devices to IoT systems and beyond. In this article, we explore phe intricacies of the prixbed moxo pole a ntenna, Us design principles, applications, and its transformative impact on modern wireless communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a framework recently published, the double-Cornu spiral antenna is extended to an array to enhance the gain. The designed array of 2 × 2-elements is of low profile and small sizes, has however a large effective bandwidth, and shows overall good radiation characteristics: enhanced gain, large axial ratio bandwidth, and high degree of polarization purity. Except for a few deviations, which are due to manufacturing tolerances, artificial noise and measurement uncertainties on the one hand and diffracted waves at external edges on the other, simulated results and experimental data fit well together. In addition, EMC along with signal integrity issues related to the reduction of noise and unwanted radiation have been addressed. The proposed antenna is suitable for 5G applications and radar systems. With 14.02 dB realized gain, 6.2 GHz effective bandwidth and an uplink data rate of 3.44 Mbit/s, the array is promising for many mobility applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a circularly polarized ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for a Uni-Traveling-Carrier Photodiode (UTC-PD) to meet the growing demand for bandwidth and polarization diversity in terahertz (THz) communication. In the design of the UTC-PD integrated antenna, the planar electrodes of the chip are directly integrated with the antenna to simplify the integration process. However, this integration introduces new problems, such as asymmetry inside the spiral antenna, which leads to a deterioration in the corresponding high-frequency performance. To address this issue, the antenna's structure is optimized, and a lens is integrated to enhance directivity and eliminate surface waves. As a result, the proposed antenna achieves a 100–1500 GHz (175%) impedance bandwidth and a 150–720 GHz (131%) axial ratio bandwidth for the UTC-PD. The maximum gain of the antenna is 21.05 dBi at 1 THz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact helicon plasma source for the study of helicon plasma, especially for the study of blue core plasma, is designed and developed with permanent magnets (PMs). The structure of the PMs consists of two sets of ring array magnets with opposite magnetization. This structure can provide a higher magnetic field with fewer PMs, which is helpful for controlling the device's mass. A quartz tube with 50 cm in length, 5 cm in outer diameter, and 0.3 cm in thickness is used. Argon helicon plasma is produced at ∼38 sccm (3.4 Pa inlet chamber and 0.122 Pa diffusion chamber) by a radio frequency (RF) power of ∼13.56 MHz using a helical antenna under a high magnetic field (∼1600 G). Preliminary results measured by the Langmuir probe, photomultiplier tube (PMT), CCD, and Hall coil are applied to characterize the helicon plasma in this source, such as the mode transition and the formation of the blue core with the RF power variation. The device generates the blue core (W mode) plasma at a lower power of about 200 W, and the energy coupling efficiency is as high as 65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]