Search

Introduction: Evidence points toward the early life being crucial for preventing nutrition-related diseases. As promotion of healthier food preferences in toddlerhood and preschool age might still modulate the trajectories of disease risk, understanding diet in these age groups is necessary. The objective was to analyze food consumption and diet quality of 1-5-year-old children living in Germany in relation to age and sex., Methods: Data from 890 children, a subsample of the representative, cross-sectional Children's Nutrition Survey to Record Food Consumption (KiESEL) conducted by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment in 2014-2017, were analyzed. Dietary data were collected using food records (3 consecutive plus 1 independent day). Diet quality was evaluated against the German food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG)., Results: Consumption of unfavorable foods (e.g., sweets, soft drinks) exceeded the recommended maximum of 10% of energy intake (E%) by a multiple in all age and sex groups (medians: 24.8-35.8 E%). Preschoolers consumed more unfavorable foods than toddlers and boys more than girls. More than half of the children exceeded the recommendation for meat intake (medians: 2.3-3.2% of the total food consumption (%TFC) vs. 2 %TFC), especially preschoolers. In nearly all children, vegetable consumption was too low (medians: 4.2-4.5 %TFC vs. 12 %TFC). Also, milk/milk product consumption was below recommendations, more so in preschoolers (median: 12.0 %TFC ♂, 11.9 %TFC ♀ vs. 18 %TFC) than in toddlers (median: 16.1 %TFC ♂, 19.6 %TFC ♀). In toddlers and preschoolers with overweight or obesity, adherence to dietary recommendations of these food groups was largely similar to that of the total sample. Overall, 5-year-olds showed an unhealthier dietary pattern than 1-year-olds, which already emerged at age 2 years and became more evident at age 3 years., Discussion: An adverse dietary pattern arises and even deteriorates at a very young age, showing sex-specific aspects. High attention from public health and research needs to be given to toddlerhood and even earlier life phases, e.g., to develop more age-specific FBDGs, aiming at reducing unhealthy food consumption., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Spiegler, Jansen, Burgard, Wittig, Brettschneider, Schlune, Heuer, Straßburg, Roser, Storcksdieck Genannt Bonsmann and Ensenauer.)

Background: Nutrition in the first years of life is a cornerstone for child development and long-term health, yet there is a lack of current data on energy and nutrient intake among toddlers and preschoolers in Germany., Objective: To analyze energy and nutrient intake in toddlers (1- to 2-year-olds) and preschoolers (3- to 5-year-olds) in Germany and compare the results with the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) by the European Food Safety Authority., Design: Dietary intake was assessed by weighed food record data (3 + 1 day) of 890 children from the representative cross-sectional Children's Nutrition Survey to Record Food Consumption (KiESEL), carried out in 2014-2017 as a module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents Wave 2. For the calculation of energy and nutrient intake, the German Nutrient Database BLS 3.02, LEBTAB, and a supplement database were used., Results: Median intakes of energy and most nutrients met or exceeded the DRVs in both toddlers and preschoolers. However, low intakes relative to DRVs were found for vitamin D (6-9% of DRV, including supplements) and iodine (57-65% of DRV). Age specific downward deviations were observed for iron intake in toddlers (75% of DRV) and for calcium intake in preschoolers (67-77% of DRV). In contrast, intakes were high for saturated fatty acids (SFA) (14-16 E%), mono-/disaccharides (60-87 g/day), and protein [2.1-2.6 g/(kg body weight*day)]., Conclusion: Nutrient imbalances in toddlers and preschoolers in Germany, which are partly age-related, give rise to concern. Research is needed to determine if routine vitamin D supplementation should be extended beyond infancy. Public health efforts to increase the rate of use of iodized salt and to reduce the intake of SFA and mono-/disaccharides in children's diets are to be strengthened., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Burgard, Jansen, Spiegler, Brettschneider, Straßburg, Alexy, Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann, Ensenauer and Heuer.)

Purpose: In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of simultaneous hip and knee arthroplasty compared to staged procedures in patients with bilateral pathology. The aim of this study was to compare simultaneous and staged hip and knee arthroplasty in patients with bilateral pathology by assessing the transfusion rate, postoperative hemoglobin drop, length of stay (LOS), in-hospital complications, 30-day readmissions and early functional outcome., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study that included all patients who were undergoing primary TKA, THA and UKA by a single surgeon in a high-volume arthroplasty center between 2015 and 2020 as simultaneous or staged procedures. Staged bilateral arthroplasties were performed within 12 months and were stratified by the time between procedures. Data were acquired through the electronic files at the Orthopädische Chirurgie München (OCM). For functional outcome, the ability of the patients to walk independently on the ward was compared with the ability to walk a set of stairs alone, which was recorded daily by the attending physiotherapist., Results: In total n = 305 patients were assessed for eligibility and included in this study. One hundred and forty-five patients were allocated to the staged arthroplasty group. This group was subdivided into a hip and a knee group, whereas the knee group was split into TKA and UKA. The second staged procedure was performed within 12 months of the first procedure. One hundred and sixty patients were allocated to the simultaneous arthroplasty group. This group was also subdivided into a hip and knee group, whereas the knee group was split again into a TKA and UKA group. No statistical difference was found between the two groups regarding demographic data. Primary outcome measurements: There was no significant difference in the transfusion rate or complication rate. Secondarily, no statistically significant difference was found between the postoperative hemoglobin drop and the functional outcome, or in the length of stay (LOS) between both groups. Walking the stairs showed a significant difference in the knee group., Conclusions: There were no significant differences observed in the transfusion rate in-hospital complications, or readmission rate between both groups. The early functional outcome showed no significant difference in mobility for all groups. Simultaneous arthroplasty for knee or hip is as safe as a staged procedure, with no higher risk for the patient, in a specialized high-volume center., Level of Evidence: Level IV.

Drug development involves the chemical identification and characterization of a compound to determine stability and define the drug's preliminary actions. Preclinical research follows in animals to develop a pharmacokinetic profile to determine dose range, biotransformation, elimination, and toxicology. The 4 phases of clinical research, phase 1 to phase 4, encompass a progressive investigation of healthy subjects, otherwise healthy patients, to patients with a target disease to obtain US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Clinical studies include open-label noncomparative studies during phases 1 and 2, and double-blind, comparative, and placebo-controlled studies during phases 2 and 3. Approval from the FDA follows the successful evaluation of the drug. After drug marketing, phase 4 clinical trials continue to collect safety and efficacy information. Many drugs that undergo this drug development process succeed in obtaining FDA approval and are marketed for clinical use. There are several circumstances, however, that preclude the successful completion of drug development, FDA approval, and marketing. This study describes a clinical trial of a new benzodiazepine, Ro 48-6791. Ro 48-6791 was being developed as an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine with clinical effects of shorter duration than midazolam. The purpose of this study was to define a safe dose range for the induction and maintenance of conscious sedation of patients in an outpatient gastroenterology laboratory. Efficacy criteria to be evaluated included time to onset of action, duration of action, and psychomotor fitness upon recovery. Patients were assessed by using the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score (OAA/S) and a 5-m heel-toe-line-walk test (HTLW). The patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 patients received Ro 48-6791. Group 2 patients were premedicated with meperidine before administration of Ro 48-6791. Ro 48-6791 was titrated over 30 seconds, and patients were observed for 90 seconds before the next dose was given. The OAA/S score, oxygen saturation, and vital signs were charted every minute through induction and every 5 minutes during the procedure. Patients received Ro 48-6791 until they reached on OAA/S score of 3, corresponding to slowed patient response to name calling. Group 1 (Ro 48-6791 alone) required greater induction doses and increased time to induction. Maintenance doses were the same for both groups. The duration of action of Ro 48-6791 as measured by the OAA/S score and HTLW test did not differ between groups. Ro 48-6791 seemed to be a safe and effective agent to achieve conscious sedation in outpatients undergoing short invasive procedures. However, clinical drug development of Ro 48-6791 was stopped because it did not meet the efficacy criteria of an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine.

These investigations concerned 50 babies at the age of 34 to 47 weeks and two days. After local instillation of anesthetic drops, Schirmer-1-test was done. The average basal tear production was 5 mm +/- 3 mm in 5 minutes. This result was independent of absolute age of the babies, of birth weight, of the degree of maturity and of sex; there was no significant difference between right or left side.