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The article presents modern methods of contraception after childbirth, including their impact on the mother and child, the main advantages and disadvantages. Special attention is paid to barrier methods of contraception, spermicides, and their advantages according to the "Acceptance Criteria" of the World Health Organization (2015) and the "National Acceptance Criteria" (2023), their features and prospects for use.

This study aimed to (1) provide a comprehensive overview of contraceptive methods self-reported by men in England, over 5 years, focusing on condoms in comparison to any male method; and (2) explore condom as a contraceptive method by region and ethnicity. Data were from the Sexual and Reproductive Health Services (Contraception) England census data set from 2014/15 to 2018/19. Once missing data were removed, this left a total of 365,292 men. Two binomial logistic regression models were performed. Model 1 examined ethnicity, region, and time on condom as a method of contraception; and Model 2 examined ethnicity, region, and time by any male contraceptive. Descriptive statistics were run for natural family planning and spermicide. Model 1 revealed a significant model, χ2 (15) = 30,976, P < 0.001, and predicted that condoms as a method decreased in London with a greater decrease in Midlands. London saw the lowest rate of decline among the non-White ethnic group, whereas North and South regions increased probability over time. The North started at a higher probability and the South at the lowest. Model 2 also revealed a significant model, χ2 (15) = 32,472, P < 0.001, with a similar pattern to Model 1. Contingency tables showed natural family planning and spermicide were the least reported methods and decreased over time. As any male contraceptive method appears to be decreasing in both models, reproductive health promotion is required. This study has implications for commissioning funds and for identifying regional areas of further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Family Planning Association and Contraceptive Science and Technology in Mid-Twentieth-Century Britain" by Natasha Szuhan is a historical account of the Family Planning Association (FPA) in Britain. The book explores the FPA's role in demystifying and legitimizing contraception and sex as medical and social phenomena. It draws on the FPA's archives and engages with recent scholarship on contraceptive technologies. The book examines the FPA's involvement in developing standards for contraceptive care, endorsing specific technologies, conducting research, and lobbying on medical issues. It also explores the relationships between the FPA, the British government, the contraceptive industry, and medical lobbying groups. The book provides valuable insights into the social history of mid-twentieth-century contraceptive technologies and is recommended for researchers interested in sexuality, contraception, and public health. [Extracted from the article]

Background. In recent years, interest in the use of barrier methods of contraception has increased, since many women prefer them in connection with the change in the epidemiological situation associated with COVID-19, with contraindications to other methods of contraception, as well as with irregular sex life and casual sexual intercourse. In addition, these methods of contraception are preferred for breastfeeding mothers and pre- and postmenopausal women. Studies of the efficacy of spermicidal agents in late reproductive age women have not previously been carried out, although their use in this population is of particular interest, since these agents do not have a systemic effect and, if used correctly, can prevent unwanted pregnancies. The article presents data from an international French-Russian study of the efficacy of spermicides containing benzalkonium chloride in late reproductive age women (over 40 years). The study was carried out on the basis of 7 private offices of obstetricians and gynecologists in France and 6 obstetric and gynecological clinics in Russia. Aim. Assessment of the contraceptive efficacy, safety and acceptability of a cream containing benzalkonium chloride in women over 40 years of age. Materials and methods. The study included non-pregnant women aged 40 and over who had at least 1 menstrual period in the past 3 months and who would like to use spermicides as contraception for at least 6 months. After a 6-month period of mandatory use of spermicide, patients could, if desired, continue to use it for the next 6 months. All women were given Pharmatex (1.2%), a vaginal cream containing benzalkonium chloride (1.2 g per 100 g of cream) as the active ingredient, 1 standard dose before each intercourse. The primary endpoint was the Pearl Index. The acceptability of the method after each use of the cream, the moisturizing effect, and the woman's and researcher's overall satisfaction with this method of contraception were also assessed. Safety was assessed using adverse event monitoring. Results. An analysis of efficacy of the study drug showed that during study, pregnancy did not occur in any of the women. Pearl Index for 12 months was 0. Over the mandatory 6-month period, the use of Pharmatex cream was assessed by patients as acceptable (to some extent acceptable, acceptable, completely acceptable) in 98% of sexual intercourse, and over the 12-month period in 98.6% of intercourse. The moisturizing effect of the cream was noted by 96.1% of women. In 6 months of the use of Pharmatex cream, overall satisfaction was rated as quite good, good, or very good by 99.3% of patients and in 12 months by 100% of patients. Adverse events were noted only in 0.5% of cases. Most of these events were assessed as unrelated to the study drug. Conclusion. The use of a benzalkonium chloride spermicidal cream can be considered an effective and acceptable method of contraception for women over the age of 40. It is well tolerated, has a moisturizing effect on the vaginal mucosa, and meets the needs and lifestyle of women. The contraceptive with benzalkonium chloride has a favorable safety profile: it does not adversely affect the normal flora of the vagina, can be used during breastfeeding, since it does not penetrate into the vascular bed and doesnt have systemic effects.

The aim of the present study is to explore the spermicidal potential of the synthetic spirooxindole derivatives and to examine the pathway behind the spermicidal action of the compounds. The in vitro spermicidal activities of the compounds were examined against human sperm by the modified Sander‐Cramer test. The pathway behind the spermicidal action of lead compounds was assessed by (a) hypo‐osmotic swelling test, (b) double fluoroprobe staining, (c) flowcytometric detection of apoptosis by FITC‐AnnexinV labelling, and (d) JC1 labelling. The haemolytic assay for topical toxicity of the compounds was carried out using rabbit erythrocytes. Two spirooxindole derivatives 4 a and 4 c were found to be most effective against human spermatozoa with MEC values of 500 μg/mL and 600 μg/mL lying in the range of standard spermicide Nonoxynol‐9 or N‐9 (MEC 550 μg/mL). The studies on the mechanism of action of the compounds unveiled that the compounds mediated sperm death were due to cellular apoptosis rather than general cell necrosis. The haemolysis assay assured the safeness of the lead molecules for topical usage. Thus, these spirooxindole derivatives may further be explored as new leads for the development of a non‐detergent type of topically applicable contraceptive formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the prevalence of highly effective contraceptive use by 12 weeks postpartum among participants of Centering Pregnancy®, a model of group prenatal care (GPC), and traditional prenatal care (TPC), and to investigate differences in contraceptive method choice by type of prenatal care. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all eligible patients who participated in GPC (n = 143) and a random sample of patients participating in TPC (n = 290) who followed up at our institution within 12 weeks of delivery. Our primary outcome was the proportion of participants using a highly effective contraceptive method within 12 weeks postpartum. Contraceptives were classified in tiers (Tier 1, long-acting reversible and permanent contraception; Tier 2, oral contraceptive pills, transdermal patch, vaginal ring, or injection; Tier 3, barrier and fertility awareness methods, withdrawal, spermicide; and no method). Tier 1 and Tier 2 methods were considered highly effective. Results: The prevalence of highly effective contraceptive use by 12 weeks postpartum was 63.6% (91 of 143) and 63.1% (183 of 290) among participants in GPC and TPC, respectively (p = 0.99). We found no difference in Tier 1 versus other method use (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.05, 95% CI 0.95–1.15, p = 0.34) or Tier 2 versus other method use between groups (aOR 0.98, 95% CI 0.89–1.08, p = 0.69), in a multivariable model controlling for demographic and clinical factors. Conclusions for Practice: The prevalence of highly effective contraceptive use at 12 weeks postpartum was not different between GPC and TPC participants in this study. GPC was not associated with increased use of Tier 1 or Tier 2 contraceptive methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in vitro spermicidal effect of aqua- methanolic (2:3) extract of Thevetia peruviana leaves on human spermatozoa was evaluated in a dose- dependent manner (20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/ml) at a 1:1 ratio. Sperm motility, viability, hypo- osmotic swelling (HOS) and acrosomal status and function tests were performed immediately (20 s), and after 5 and 10 min of exposure of the spermatozoa to the extract of Thevetia peruviana leaves at different dose concentrations. Nuclear chromatin decondensation (NCD) test, DNA fragmentation test and sperm revival test were also evaluated. The sperm motility was affected immediately at a dose of 20 mg/ml and reduced gradually at doses of 40 and 80 mg/ml of Thevetia peruviana extract. Complete immobilisation of spermatozoa was observed at 160 mg /ml dose of this extract treatment within 5 min. 50% immobilisation of spermatozoa (EC50) was observed at 28 mg/ml dose of Thevetia peruviana extract within 20 s. The sperm viability decreased significantly at a higher concentration of extract, and all spermatozoa were found to be non- viable after 10 min when treated with 160 mg/ml dose of Thevetia peruviana extract. HOS and NCD of spermatozoa also reduced gradually at a higher concentration of extract administration. The percentage of DNA damage in spermatozoa was four times greater than in the control group. The findings indicate that the hydro- methanolic extract of Thevetia peruviana leaves possesses appreciably potent spermicidal activity through an in vitro model, which may explore an effective vaginal contraceptive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A range of contraceptive technologies was available in Poland between the late 1950s and early 1970s. Following the legalization of abortion in 1956, a public health campaign, supported by the communist authorities, popularized contraception. Based on archival sources, press items, and popular medical literature, this article is the first systematic study of contraceptive technologies in postwar Poland before the pill, which also examines the trajectories of female barrier methods and spermicides. The availability and quality of these contraceptive products fluctuated in the centrally planned economy, and they were ascribed at times contradictory values. Thus, the circulation of contraceptive technologies was shaped by concurrent processes of innovation and maladjustment disconnected from the authorities' declarations of support for contraception as an alternative to abortion. Focusing on the materiality of contraceptive technologies sheds new light on the history of reproduction in postwar Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermicides have been identified as a potentially attractive alternative to hormonal contraceptives and/or intrauterine devices. Thus, this study aimed evaluating the efficacy and local tolerance of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) and myristalkonium chloride (MKC) contained in Pharmatex® vaginal formulations and compare them with nonoxynol-9 (N-9), the most common active ingredient in topical vaginal contraceptives. Human normozoospermic samples were assessed for motility, viability, acrosome status and penetration ability after exposure to control, N-9 or different BKC and MKC doses for 0 and 10 minutes. Local tolerance on HeLa cells was evaluated by the Trypan-blue and MTT assays. Exposure to BKC and MKC reduced acrosome integrity while promoting total immobilisation and complete loss of sperm viability (p <.001, n = 15). Both compounds also compromised sperm penetration ability upon exposure (p <.001, n = 15). N-9 induced the same outcomes (p <.001, n = 15); nevertheless, it was more toxic to HeLa cells than BKC and MKC (p <.05, n = 14). BKC and MKC present strong in vitro spermicidal activity at lower doses than N-9 and were better tolerated after immediate exposure than N-9. Available Pharmatex® galenic formulations were as effective as products based on N-9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While contraceptive drugs have enabled many people to decide when they want to have a baby, more than 100 million unintended pregnancies each year in the world may indicate the contraceptive requirement of many people has not been well addressed yet. The vagina is a wellestablished and practical route for the delivery of various pharmacological molecules, including contraceptives. This review aims to present an overview of different contraceptive methods focusing on the vaginal route of delivery for contraceptives, including current developments, discussing the potentials and limitations of the modern methods, designs, and how well each method performs for delivering the contraceptives and preventing pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteriocins are multifunctional, ribosomally produced, proteinaceous substances with pronounced antimicrobial activity at certain concentrations. They are produced by bacteria and certain members of archaea to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains. These molecules have antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and deteriorating bacteria, which justifies their biotechnological potential. They are classified into 3 major classes based on their structural and physicochemical properties: class I bacteriocin, class II bacteriocin, and class III bacteriocin. Bacteriocins inhibit the growth of target organisms by functioning primarily on the cell envelope and by affecting gene expression and protein production within cells. The use of bacteriocins has been reported for the following: food preservation, diverse therapeutic purposes such as treatment of peptic ulcer, spermicidal agent, and woman care, anticancerous agent, veterinary use, skincare, and oral care, and also for plant growth promotion in agriculture among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A skin gel containing a nanoemulsion of Phyllanthus emblica branch extract (emblica nanogel) was tested for its safety and efficacy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The patch skin irritation test showed that neither the emblica nanogel nor the placebo nanogel caused skin erythema. The subjects receiving emblica nanogel had a significantly lower melanin index of the cheek at weeks 2, 4, 6, and 8, of the forehead at weeks 4, 6, and 8, and of the forearm at week 8 compared to the placebo group. Skin elasticity was observed to increase for the cheek at week 4, forehead at week 6, and there was no change for the forearm. The levels of skin moisture and erythema of the subjects were not significantly different from the base line levels. In conclusion, the application of emblica nanogel resulted in significant skin whitening during the 8 weeks of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA evidence in sexual assault cases have proven increasingly difficult to obtain and analyse due to increased condom use. With more interest in alternatives to DNA evidence, prophylactic lubricants, spermicides and residues may be interesting prospects. Current interest in the analysis of prophylactic residues focuses on the evaluation and identification of lubricants and constituents, primarily through gas chromatography or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Though cost-effective methods, extensive sample preparation and destructive modes of analysis remain an area for improvement. As a result, the focus has since shifted to ambient ionization methods that offer adequate sensitivity and reduced sample preparation. The Liquid Microjunction Surface Sampling Probe (LMJSSP) is a versatile ambient ionization source that employs a probe that supports a continuously flushing droplet that extracts analytes when placed in contact with a surface. The analytes are aspirated into the mass spectrometer with a Venturi pressure. In this work we use the LMJSSP to analyse the trace transfer of condom lubricant to different types of fabric (cotton, cotton-spandex, and denim). Furthermore, we examine the sensitivity and storage conditions for the direct analysis method on different swab types (cotton, silicone, and foam). Additionally, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Maximally Collapsing Metric Learning (MCML) are utilized for visualization of differentiability of commercially available condom brands including Durex™ and Trojan™, and product subtypes. The results present an interesting multi-disciplinary approach of using a direct liquid extraction ambient ionization technique and machine learning to improve the overall workflow for the analysis of lubricants, swabs and fabrics. Machine learning algorithms were able to differentiate between inherent differences of Durex™ and Trojan™ condoms. [Display omitted] • Ambient ionization is a viable alternative method to standard workflows. • Liquid Microjunction Surface Sampling Probe (LMJSSP) for rapid analysis of lubricants on substrates (swabs, fabrics). • Condom brands were differentiable using machine learning (Principal Component Analysis and Maximally Collapsing Metric Learning). • m/z peaks of interest were identified from condoms with advertised additives (i.e., flavours) from different brands using machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many species, males have evolved to produce a sterile sperm (parasperm) in conjunction with fertilizing sperm (eusperm). Here, we document evidence of males depositing two morphologically distinct types of parasperm (1 and 2) into the female reproductive tract in Drosophila pseudoobscura. These parasperm differ in length, shape, amount produced, amount in long‐term storage and may have separate roles in ensuring male fertilization success. Although both parasperm types protect eusperm from female spermicides, only parasperm 2, which has a corkscrew shape, is associated with sperm competition. Increased production of parasperm 2 is also negatively correlated with the eusperm and parasperm 1 production. Thus, selection may be acting on parasperm production in the presence of sperm competition. Our findings show how both sperm competition and cryptic female choice may be acting in conjunction to influence the evolution of ejaculate composition. Our identification and characterization of two distinct parasperm morphs will enhance the ability for further evaluation of parasperm's role in fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus warneri, isolated from the cervix of an adult female with unexplained infertility, was found to agglutinate human spermatozoa in vitro leading to their death. A genomic library of S. warneri was generated using pSMART-Escherichia coli vector-host system. Approximately 3500 transformants were screened and four showed sperm agglutinating activity. Sperm agglutinating proteins (SAPs) were partially purified from the positive transformants and were found to agglutinate sperms in vitro. Cloned ORFs in positive transformants were sequenced and ORF finder identified them as endonuclease, accessory secretory protein-Asp1, accessory secretory protein-Asp2 and signal transduction protein. Mannose was found to competitively inhibit sperm agglutination, indicating that SAPs in S. warneri bind to mannose in glycoprotein receptors on the surface of sperms for agglutination. This is the first report on identification of SAPs which may be responsible for unexplained infertility in women and may be used as contraceptive agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study to investigate the male reproductive cycle of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum korai, we focused on monthly morphological changes of cauda epididymis, sperm infiltration into cauda epididymis, sperm storage and sperm destruction. The caudal epididymal reproductive cycle consisted of two successive purge stages. The first stage of sperm disappearance occurred from April to June. This was a preparation phase for accepting new sperm produced by spermatogenesis, and entailed removing long-stored spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis during the long hibernation period. The second stage of sperm disappearance occurred from July to August, to remove malformed spermatozoa and other residues that were formed during the spermatogenesis process. Therefore, cauda epididymis cleansing lasts about 5 months, from April to August. This period is called the cleansing period. Sperm destruction was achieved by regulating leukocyte phagocytosis and the secretion and uptake by epithelial cells of cauda epididymis. Compared to the author's previous studies, morphological traits of the cauda epididymis changed 1 month earlier. This suggests that temperature increase can impact reproductive development of the epididymis. Caudal epididymal sperm did not show any sudden morphological change during the long hibernation period after mating. This might be related to a low metabolic rate during hibernation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Question: Do the truncated LL-37 peptides, GI-20 and GF-17, have spermicidal activity and microbicidal effects on the sexually transmitted infection (STI) pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae with equivalent potency to LL-37?Summary Answer: GI-20 and GF-17 exhibited spermicidal effects on both mouse and human sperm as well as microbicidal action on N. gonorrhoeae with the same efficacy as LL-37.What Is Known Already: The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 exerts microbicidal activity against various STI pathogens as well as spermicidal effects on both mouse and human sperm.Study Design, Size, Duration: Spermicidal activities of GI-20 and GF-17 were evaluated in vitro in mouse and human sperm and in vivo in mice. Finally, in vitro antimicrobial effects of LL-37, GI-20 and GF-17 on an STI pathogen, N. gonorrhoeae were determined. All experiments were repeated three times or more. In particular, sperm samples from different males were used on each experimental day.Participants/materials, Setting, Methods: The plasma membrane integrity of peptide-treated sperm was assessed by cellular exclusion of Sytox Green, a membrane impermeable fluorescent DNA dye. Successful mouse in vitro fertilization was revealed by the presence of two pronuclei in oocytes following co-incubation with capacitated untreated/peptide-pretreated sperm. Sperm plus each peptide were transcervically injected into female mice and the success of in vivo fertilization was scored by the formation of 2-4 cell embryos 42 h afterward. Reproductive tract tissues of peptide pre-exposed females were then assessed histologically for any damage. Minimal inhibitory/bactericidal concentrations of LL-37, GI-20 and GF-17 on N. gonorrhoeae were determined by a standard method.Main Results and the Role Of Chance: Like LL-37, treatment of sperm with GI-20 and GF-17 resulted in dose-dependent increases in sperm plasma membrane permeabilization, reaching the maximum at 18 and 3.6 μM for human and mouse sperm, respectively (P < 0.0001, as compared with untreated sperm). Mouse sperm treated with 3.6 μM GI-20 or GF-17 did not fertilize oocytes either in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, reproductive tract tissues of female mice pre-exposed to 3.6 μM GI-20 or GF-17 remained intact with no lesions, erosions or ulcerations. At 1.8-7.2 μM, LL-37, GI-20 and GF-17 exerted bactericidal effects on N. gonorrhoeae.Large Scale Data: N/A.Limitations, Reasons For Caution: Direct demonstration of the inhibitory effects of GI-20 and GF-17 on human in vitro and in vivo fertilization cannot be performed due to ethical issues.Wider Implications Of the Findings: Like LL-37, GI-20 and GF-17 acted as spermicides and microbicides against N. gonorrhoeae, without adverse effects on female reproductive tissues. With lower synthesis costs, GI-20 and GF-17 are attractive peptides for further development into vaginal spermicides/microbicides.Study Funding/competing Interest(s): This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP119438 and CCI82413 to N.T.) and NIH (R01 AI105147 to G.W.). There are no competing interests to declare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Despite the development of efficient boar semen extenders, there is still room for improvement of new formulas using new molecules that could increase fertilisation outcomes and substitute cryoprotectants and antibiotics. The goal of this work was to evaluate if the essential oils from the leaves of Myrrhinium atropurpureum and Cymbopogon citratus are suitable as additives in boar semen extender. The major compounds found in the essential oils from M. atropurpureum were 1,8‐cineole (37.37%) and terpinolene (19.18%); and geranial (49.8%) and neral (33.24%) in essential oil of C. citratus. The addition of 1% and 0.1% of both essential oils to extended semen had immediate spermicidal effects (p < 0.05). Lower concentrations were tested and no cytotoxic effect was observed when M. atropurpureum essential oil was added at 0.001%. Differently, essential oil from C. citratus reduced sperm motility, membrane functionality and integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential even in concentrations as low as 0.001%. Also, addition of essential oils in low concentrations had no inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth. We conclude that the essential oils from C. citratus and M. atropurpureum, rich in monoterpenes, are cytotoxic to swine spermatozoa, therefore unsuitable as semen extender additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women have always been part of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. As with other populations affected by HIV, for many years the only prevention strategy available was behavior change. Behavioral interventions for women were developed and evaluated, with some success. Because women did not control the use of male condoms, efficacious interventions needed to build skills for partner negotiation. Woman-controlled technologies such as the female condom and vaginal spermicide were unable to solve the problem of male control of the condom and enable the development of safe methods for women to protect themselves. The modern era of HIV prevention has produced biomedical solutions based on highly active retroviral chemoprophylaxis, which can be hidden from the male partner and thus eliminate his possible negative reactions. Pre-exposure prophylaxis holds promise for HIV prevention among women. This article reviews the literature on HIV prevention for women, including both successes and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B07 is a small-molecule CCR5 antagonist-based HIV-1 entry inhibitor that is being developed as an anti-HIV microbicide for preventing sexual transmission of HIV. Here we evaluated its spermicidal and contraceptive potential, including sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, and contraceptive efficacy tested in rabbits. We found that B07 inhibited sperm motility and movement patterns in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Within 30 min, B07 induced sperm immobilization with the minimum 100% effective concentration and median effective concentration of 640.0 and 64.4 μg/mL, respectively. The hypo-osmotic swelling test showed that plasma membranes of B07-treated sperms exhibited slight disruption, as verified by electron micrographs. In both B07 gel and N-9 gel groups, not a single implantation site or embryo was observed based on the contraceptive efficacy test in rabbits, indicating that B07 could effectively block the potential of sperm to reach and/or fertilize oocytes. The safety profile of B07 in vivo was evaluated by use of an optimized rabbit vaginal irritation test. While the pathological scores of the N-9 gel group was 14.67 ± 1.21, those of the blank control and B07 gel groups were 2.17 ± 0.76 and 4.00 ± 0.89, respectively, which were within the clinically acceptable range (<8). The proportion of inflammatory cells and CD45 + cells in the cervicovaginal lavages of the B07 gel group showed no significant change compared to those of the control group. Therefore, our results confirmed that B07 exhibited significant spermicidal and contraceptive effects, suggesting its potential for development as a microbicidal spermicide for contraception and prevention of HIV sexual transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was performed to investigate the effect of an intravaginally administered antimycotic, an antibiotic, and a spermicide plus the co-usage of tampons on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of levonorgestrel (LNG) and anastrozole (ATZ) administered as an intravaginal ring (IVR) releasing 1050 μg ATZ per day and 40 μg LNG per day. In this parallel-group, randomized, open-label study, healthy premenopausal women received an IVR as the main treatment. Comedications were administered on 3 consecutive evenings during treatment with IVR on days 9-11 (group A, 400 mg miconazole; group B, 100 mg clindamycin; group C, 75 mg nonoxynol-9); tampon co-usage (group D) was performed on days 20-23. The primary PK parameter was the average plasma concentration (Cav,ss) of ATZ and LNG at defined intervals, mainly prior to, during, and up to 7 days after the start of comedication. Fifty-two subjects were included, and at least 11 subjects per group completed the treatments. Overall, the medications and comedications were safe and well tolerated. Very similar ATZ and LNG plasma levels were observed across all groups. The calculated ratios of Cav,ss confirmed the absence of PK interactions because all relevant point estimates and 90% confidence intervals were within the range of 0.800-1.250, which is typically used in bioequivalence studies. These results demonstrate the absence of PK interactions between ATZ/LNG released from IVR and the tested antibiotic, antimycotic, spermicide, and tampons. Therefore, no restrictions for the use of the IVR are needed to continue the clinical program intended to treat endometriosis symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we demonstrate the use of Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART) as a powerful tool for detection of nonoxynol in vaginal fluid post contact with a condom, enabling rapid tracing and added evidences in sexual assault crimes. Vaginal fluid was sampled using cotton swabs and glass rods and measured directly with DART. Sample preparation using water, hexane, methanol, and dichloromethane extraction, was explored for comparison and optimization of signals. Nonoxynol was detected up to eight hours after sampling. Optimal sampling conditions and mass spectrometry parameters are reported and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the general occurrence in animal cells of elastic components (“tethers”) that connect individual chromosomes moving to opposite poles during anaphase. Tethers, originally described in crane-fly spermatocytes, exert force on chromosome arms opposite to the direction the anaphase chromosomes move. We show that they exist in a broad range of animal cells. Thus tethers are previously unrecognised components of general mitotic mechanisms that exert force on chromosomes and they need to be accounted for in general models of mitosis in terms of forces on chromosomes and in terms of what their roles might be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The Caya® Diaphragm is a newly approved single-size, nonlatex diaphragm. Contragel® is a personal lubricant containing lactic acid approved in Europe and other countries for use with vaginal barrier devices. This study assessed the effectiveness in preventing sperm from penetrating midcycle cervical mucus of Caya with Contragel, Caya with 3% nonoxynol-9 (N-9) and Caya alone.Study Design: Phase I multicenter, single-blind, randomized, crossover, nonsignificant risk study at two sites: Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA, and Profamilia, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Healthy, sexually active women 18-45years old, not at risk for pregnancy due to tubal occlusion, were eligible. Each participant was seen in nine visits, completing a baseline cycle (without product use) followed by three test cycles (sequence determined by randomization), each consisting of a cervical mucus check visit and a postcoital test visit. To proceed to test cycles, the baseline postcoital test had to show adequate cervical mucus and >5 progressively motile sperm per high power field (PMS/HPF).Results: All women had an average of <5 PMS/HPF during the test cycle of each study arm, the primary endpoint. Caya with ContraGel and Caya with N-9 reduced the average number of PMS/HPF from 22.5 to 0. Caya alone reduced the average number of PMS/HPF from 22.5 to 0.4. There were two possibly product-related mild adverse events.Conclusion: This study supports that Caya with ContraGel is safe and functions as well as Caya with N-9 in preventing PMS from reaching midcycle cervical mucus.Implications: A single-size diaphragm used with a personal lubricant gel containing lactic acid appears to be safe and to function as well as the same diaphragm used with N-9 in preventing PMS from reaching midcycle cervical mucus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infections in women, and increase in incidence after the menopause. It is important to uncover underlying abnormalities or modifiable risk factors. Several risk factors for recurrent UTIs have been identified, including the frequency of sexual intercourse, spermicide use and abnormal pelvic anatomy. In postmenopausal women UTIs often accompany the symptoms and signs of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Antimicrobial prophylaxis has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing the risk of recurrent UTIs in women, but this may lead to drug resistance of both the causative microorganisms and the indigenous flora. The increasing prevalence of Escherichia coli (the most prevalent uropathogen) that is resistant to antimicrobial agents has stimulated interest in novel non-antibiotic methods for the prevention of UTIs. Evidence shows that topical estrogens normalize vaginal flora and greatly reduce the risk of UTIs. The use of intravaginal estrogens may be reasonable in postmenopausal women not taking oral estrogens. A number of other strategies have been used to prevent recurrent UTIs: probiotics, cranberry juice and d-mannose have been studied. Oral immunostimulants, vaginal vaccines and bladder instillations with hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate are newer strategies proposed to improve urinary symptoms and quality of life. This review provides an overview of UTIs' prophylaxis without antibiotics, focusing on a practical clinical approach to women with UTIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentoxifylline (PF) represents an effective tool in stimulating motility and identifying viable spermatozoa in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) patients presenting exclusively with immotile spermatozoa. However, its use is not universally accepted for its possible detrimental effects on oocytes, embryos or newborns. To evaluate whether PF use may affect obstetrical/neo-natal outcomes, 102 patients achieving a clinical pregnancy after a PF-ICSI in four IVF units in Spain and Italy were followed up after delivery. Neo-natal malformations were classified according to the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10, range Q00-Q99). Malformation rate was compared with data published by other groups regarding children conceived by conventional IVF or ICSI reporting a 5.3% and 4.4% frequency of ICD-10 codes, respectively. Of 134 clinical pregnancies, 122 babies (82 singletons and 40 twins) were registered. Among singletons, the rates of low birthweight (≤2500 g) and preterm birth (<37 weeks) were 6.1% and12%, respectively. Regarding malformation rate per live births, 4/122 (3.3%, 95% confidence interval: 0.9–8.2%) babies with ICD-10 malformations were recorded. This is the first report on neo-natal outcomes deriving from PF-ICSI. Although based on a limited cohort, results do not suggest an increase of adverse outcomes, including malformation rates, following this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a widespread environmental contaminant, bisphenol A (2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, BPA) has been implicated in male reproductive function injury. Previous studies have investigated the mechanisms of DNA damage and oxidative stress caused by BPA; however, little is known regarding its impact on DNA methylation. In this paper, we assessed the adverse effects of BPA on mouse spermatocytes and investigated a potential role of DNA methylation. We demonstrated that BPA exposure inhibited cell proliferation, reduced the DNA replication capacity, and triggered apoptosis in GC-2 cells. In addition, the global DNA methylation levels increased, and the relative expression levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) varied following BPA exposure. Thousands of distinct methylated sites were screened using microarray analysis. The expressions of myosin-binding protein H (mybph) and protein kinase C δ (prkcd) were verified to be regulated by DNA methylation. These findings indicate that BPA had toxicity in spermatocytes, and DNA methylation may play a vital role in the regulation of BPA-triggered spermatocyte toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermicides has been used for birth control, but its chemical components are harmful for the vaginal epithelium, thus other studies have been done, given the possibility to use different extracts from plants as spermicidal agents that avoid vaginal tissue damages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Ananas comosus extract as spermicidal. Semen samples were incubated with pineapple extract, and motility and viability was evaluated after contact. In addition the cytotoxic effect was evaluated using MTS assay on HeLa cells. Motility (p

Our object was to explore direct effects and mechanism of BDE47 on GC2 (immortalized mouse spermatocyte). GC2 were exposed to DMSO, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 μM BDE47 for 48 h. Cell viability was detected by trypan-blue exclusion; ultrastructure by electron-microscopy; cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane motential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) by flow-cytometry; ATP production by luminometer; Atp5b, Uqcrc1, Bcl-2 level by WB. To explore whether the decreased mitochondrial proteins play an important role in apoptosis, MMP and apoptosis were detected after Atp5b or Uqcrc1 knockdown in GC2. Results showed BDE47 reduced cell viability, caused condensation of nuclear and vacuolated mitochondria, decreased MMP and ATP, induced ROS, cell cycle arrest at S and G2/M phase, reduced Atp5b, Uqcrc1, Bcl-2 in GC2. Knockdown of Atp5b or Uqcrc1 decreased MMP, induced apoptosis in GC2. Results suggested that BDE47 reduced cell viability, injured mitochondria in spermatocytes probably by decreasing mitochondrial protein Atp5b and Uqcrc1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichomoniasis and candidiasis are amongst the most common morbidity-causing reproductive tract infections, generally treated by Metronidazole and Fluconazole respectively. Poor vaginal efficacy, drug-resistance and non-spermicidal nature limit their use as topical microbicidal contraceptives. Bis(dialkylaminethiocarbonyl)disulfides ( 4 – 38 ) were designed as dually active, non-surfactant molecules capable of eliminating Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida strains as well as irreversibly immobilizing 100% human sperm instantly, at doses non-cytotoxic to human cervical epithelial cells and vaginal microflora in vitro . Compounds 12, 16, 17 were fifty times more active than nonoxynol-9, OTC vaginal spermicide, and compounds 12 and 17 have shown remarkable in vivo activity in rabbit model. Most promising compound 17 has shown promise for further development as a double-edged vaginal microbicide due to their improved activity and safety along with notable in vivo trichomonicidal activity. Role of disulfide group was established by loss of spermicidal activity on chemical modifications ( 39 – 56 ). These disulfides might be targeting thiol groups present over cell membrane of human sperm and Trichomonas as shown by fluorescence labeling of free thiols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in women, including healthy women with normal genitourinary anatomy. Recurrent UTI is typically defined as three or more UTIs within 12 months, or two or more occurrences within six months. The same species that caused previous infections is typically responsible for recurrences. In premenopausal women, sexual intercourse three or more times per week, spermicide use, new or multiple sex partners, and having a UTI before 15 years of age are established risk factors. In postmenopausal women, risk is primarily increased by sequelae of lower estrogen levels. Episodes of recurrent UTI are typically characterized by dysuria and urinary frequency or hesitancy. Findings from the history or physical examination that suggest complicated infection or another disease process warrant additional evaluation. At least one symptomatic episode should be verified by urine culture to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment. Imaging is rarely warranted. Short courses of antibiotics are as effective as longer courses. Patient-initiated treatment lowers the cost of diagnosis, number of physician visits, and number of symptomatic days compared with physician-initiated treatment. It also reduces antibiotic exposure compared with antibiotic prophylaxis. Antibiotic prophylaxis effectively limits UTI recurrence but increases the risk of antibiotic resistance and adverse effects. Cranberry products may reduce recurrent UTIs in premenopausal women, but are less effective than antibiotic prophylaxis, and data are conflicting. Optimal dosing is unknown. Postmenopausal women with atrophic vaginitis may benefit from topical estrogen therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concurrent increases in global population and sexually transmitted infection (STI) demand a search for agents with dual spermicidal and microbicidal properties for topical vaginal application. Previous attempts to develop the surfactant spermicide, nonoxynol-9 (N-9), into a vaginal microbicide were unsuccessful largely due to its inefficiency to kill microbes. Furthermore, N-9 causes damage to the vaginal epithelium, thus accelerating microbes to enter the women's body. For this reason, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), naturally secreted by all forms of life as part of innate immunity, deserve evaluation for their potential spermicidal effects. To date, twelve spermicidal AMPs have been described including LL-37, magainin 2 and nisin A. Human cathelicidin LL-37 is the most promising spermicidal AMP to be further developed for vaginal use for the following reasons. First, it is a human AMP naturally produced in the vagina after intercourse. Second, LL-37 exerts microbicidal effects to numerous microbes including those that cause STI. Third, its cytotoxicity is selective to sperm and not to the female reproductive tract. Furthermore, the spermicidal effects of LL-37 have been demonstrated in vivo in mice. Therefore, the availability of LL-37 as a vaginal spermicide/microbicide will empower women for self-protection against unwanted pregnancies and STI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesIn searching for new spermicidal microbicides for use in the prevention of unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) we investigated the spermicidal and cytotoxicity activities of the antimicrobial peptide sarcotoxin Pd. MethodsWashed sperm from 10 healthy, normal volunteers was treated with different concentrations of sarcotoxin Pd. Sperm motility and morphology were assessed at 0, 0.3, 5, 10 and 15 min. The cytotoxicity of sarcotoxin Pd in normal human cervical HeLa cells was measured. Percentage cell survival was expressed as the number of live cells in the test group. ResultsThe cytotoxic effect of sarcotoxin Pd was concentration-dependent. Significant cytotoxicity was observed at concentrations above 24 μg/ml. Sarcotoxin Pd immobilised 100% of spermatozoa at a dose of 90 and 80 μg/ml after 0.3 and 5 min, respectively, and immobilised 50% of spermatozoa after 15 min at lower doses. Sarcotoxin Pd inhibited sperm motility in a dose-dependent manner. The peptide immobilised sperm within 20 s at its maximal effective concentration of 90 μg/ml. ConclusionsSarcotoxin Pd appears to be a good candidate for a contraceptive agent in the prevention of unplanned pregnancy and STIs. 摘要 目的 为了寻找一种同时具有杀精子活性和抗菌活性的药物，既能防止非计划妊娠又能预防性传播疾病，我们对抗菌肽sarcotoxin Pd的杀精子活性和细胞毒性进行了研究。 方法 从10名健康的志愿者获得精液，洗涤后分别与不同浓度抗菌肽sarcotoxin Pd的液体进行混合。分别记录混合后0、0.3、5、10和15分钟时间间隔的精子形态和活动度。通过测定正常人宫颈HeLa细胞在含有不同浓度的抗菌肽sarcotoxin Pd培养基里进行培养后的活细胞数来反映其细胞毒性。 结果 抗菌肽sarcotoxin Pd的细胞毒性是浓度依赖性的。24ug/ml以上浓度的抗菌肽sarcotoxin Pd具有显著的细胞毒性。抗菌肽sarcotoxin Pd的杀精子活性在90ug/ml浓度0.3分钟以及80ug/ml浓度5分钟后可以使100%的精子失去活性，而较低的浓度则需要超过15分钟来使50%的精子失去活性。抗菌肽sarcotoxin Pd对精子活动度的影响也是剂量依赖性的。抗菌肽sarcotoxin Pd的最大有效浓度90ug/ml能够在20秒内让精子失去活性。 结论 抗菌肽sarcotoxin Pd看起来是既能防止非计划妊娠又能预防性传播疾病的避孕方法的一种不错的选择。 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: Users' sensory perceptions and experiences of intravaginal products can inform acceptability and adherence. Focusing on the meanings women derive from formulation/device characteristics facilitates developers' design iterations toward optimizing user experience. We investigated how users of long-acting gels and intravaginal rings (IVRs) impute meaning to characteristics that may affect future product use.Study Design: Focus groups were conducted with contraceptive IVR and vaginal lubricant users. Current perceptibility science and historical theory on the cultural acceptability of fertility regulating methods informed the analysis.Results: A total of 21 IVR users and 29 lubricant users attended focus groups in which they manipulated products in their hands and discussed reactions to product characteristics. Participants used prior product experiences and sensory perceptions of prototype manipulations to inform meanings about product properties and performance for pregnancy, disease prevention, comfort, and perceived efficacy. The meanings derived from product characteristics depended on why the product would be used; a characteristic deemed problematic in one risk context may be considered preferable in another.Conclusions: Intravaginal product users create narratives that ascribe influence or causality to product characteristics. These meanings, whether correct or incorrect biologically, will shape vaginal product acceptability, use, and effectiveness.Implications: Long-acting and sustained-release drug delivery systems will be part of the multipurpose prevention continuum. Developers must consider how sensory experiences and culturally salient assumptions shape the meanings users make of product design characteristics. Those meanings will ultimately impact use and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive applications of nanoparticles are used in the field of catalysis, biosensing, imaging, drug delivery, nano-device fabrication and medicine. Previously, biosynthesized nano-silver and biosynthesized nano-zinc oxide has shown significant effect as antimicrobial agents, thus reduces concern over the threat of antibiotic resistance. Biosynthesis of nano-silver and nano-zinc oxide using Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf extract and their spermicidal effect was explored in the present research following characterization using FESEM-EDX and were determined to be spherical in shape and aggregated into regular structure with high uniformity. The sperm membrane solubilisation property displayed by both biosynthesized nano-silver and biosynthesized nano-zinc oxide exceeded the effects of 1% (w/v) Triton-X and was most significant at the concentration of 100 μg/ml. The results suggested that biosynthesized nano-silver and biosynthesized nano-zinc oxide holds possibility as new generation spermicidal agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menthol (M) and platycodin D (PD) are the main active ingredients in Mentha haplocalyx and Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC., respectively. They are commonly used in combination in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, laboratory experiments and computer simulations were used to investigate the solubilization of M by PD, which was believed to be one of the main causes of the synergistic effect of M. haplocalyx and P. grandiflorum A. DC. Results showed that both the method by which M was added and the concentration of PD had significant effects on the solubilization efficiency of M, and these influences were closely associated with each other. Temperature, an important environmental condition, was also found to have a significant effect on the solubilization effect of PD. These findings not only clarify the molecular basis of the solubilization effect, including amount solubilized at the macroscale and the structures of the micelles, and the drug loading mechanisms and processing at the mesoscale. This work may provide some guidance for the further development of saponins and fundamental research in the drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delivering a safe and effective topical vaginal contraceptive is the need of present era. We explored the potential of a metal (copper) and herbal moiety (curcumin) for this topical contraceptive prophylaxis. Complex of copper and curcumin (Cu–Cur) was synthesized and the concerns regarding its aqueous solubility was resolved by including it into the hydrophobic cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as (Cu–Cur)CD inclusion complex. Dose assessment was made on the basis of in-vitro spermicidal assays and cell cytotoxicity studies. Finally the (Cu–Cur)CD loaded vaginal gel was prepared, characterized and evaluated for in-vitro spermicidal activity and preclinical toxicity studies. Spectral and morphological characterizations confirmed the synthesis of (Cu–Cur) and (Cu–Cur)CD inclusion complex. Spermicidal assays and Hela cell cytotoxic data revealed an optimized 1.5% (Cu–Cur)CD for further studies. 1.5% w/w (Cu–Cur)CD loaded carbopol 974p gel provided 100% motility even at 2-fold dilution and preclinical toxicity studies in Rats and Rabbits revealed its highly safe profile. The hypothesis of considering metal–herbal complex and its cyclodextrin complex has worked and the well planned strategy of including it in (β-CD) cavity provided a preeminent platform for vaginal delivery. In-vitro assays and preclinical toxicity analysis confirmed its potential to be used as highly safe and effective prophylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To determine the minimum effective concentration (MEC) of an imbibing and soluble nonoxynol-9 (N-9) diaphragm (ISND) required for immobilisation of all spermatozoa in vitro and in vivo. The speed of semen absorbance, time of ISND to dissolution, and the antifertility effects were also investigated in rabbits. Methods In vitro spermicidal tests with ISND were conducted using fresh semen from humans and rabbits. Spermicidal and antifertility effects were observed in vivo after the ISND was placed directly into the vagina of rabbits. Results The MEC of N-9 required in the ISND to totally immobilise sperm within 20 seconds was 0.15 mg/ml for human sperm, and 0.5 mg/ml for rabbit sperm. The human semen was absorbed into the ISND in 45 minutes; the diaphragm dissolved in the vagina 3.5 hours later. In vivo, in rabbits, the MEC of N-9 required to immobilise sperm within five minutes of mating was 1 mg/kg in the ISND, and 10 mg/kg for the nonoxynol-9 film. The median effective dose of N-9 in the ISND was 1.07 mg/kg, whereas for the film it was 3.30 mg/kg. Conclusion The spermicidal and antifertility activities of a low dose N-9 in the ISND were high, with properties of imbibition and solubility confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global statistics on unplanned pregnancies, abortions and STIs show that unprotected sex is still widely practised. More needs to be done to provide women and men with a wider choice of convenient protective options. To address this need, international efforts are focusing on developing multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) that address two or more indications simultaneously. These technologies would have significant advantages over single-indication products. They include inter alia novel barrier devices, drugs administered either as oral tablets or vaginal/rectal gels, drugs used in combination with medical devices, and genetically engineered organisms which secrete antimicrobial substances. As an example of progress in the MPT field, this paper describes an on-demand contraceptive/antimicrobial vaginal gel, Amphora (previously known as Acidform), now in an advanced stage of development. Clinical trials are currently being planned to find out whether this product's promising antimicrobial profile translates into protective and preventive choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes 2 cases of spontaneous intratubular spermatocytic seminomas in Sprague-Dawley rats. These rats were sacrificed at 10 weeks old (case 1) and 40 weeks old (case 2), respectively. Macroscopically, there were no remarkable changes in either case. Microscopically, tumor cells were observed within a single seminiferous tubule (case 1) or several seminiferous tubules (case 2). The proliferating tumor cells were a tripartite cell population comprising small lymphocyte-like, intermediate-sized or largesized cells, with frequent mitoses, arranged in sheets or forming a basal layer around a tubule or tubules. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were strongly positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and weakly positive for c-kit, neuron specific enolase and VASA. Our cases provide valuable background control information for the occurrence of seminoma in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Hydrocelectomy and spermatocelectomy are routine scrotal surgeries. A significant number of the surgical specimens are sent for pathology analysis. However, to our knowledge no study has been done to examine outcomes and necessity, which results in significant potentially unnecessary costs to the patient and the health care system. We evaluated outcomes and surgical pathology analysis of hydroceles and spermatoceles. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective, single institution chart review of all patients who underwent initial surgery for hydrocele or spermatocele between January 2000 and August 2013. We determined the number of cases in which a surgical specimen was sent for pathology examination. The cost for each specimen was estimated at the department of pathology. Results A total of 264 routine scrotal cases were performed during the 14-year period. Surgical specimens were sent for pathology analysis in 102 hydrocelectomy cases (51%) and in 57 spermatocelectomy cases (90%). No pathology specimen showed any indication of malignancy. The estimated direct total cost of pathology analysis was $49,449 in this cohort. Conclusions No malignancy was detected in 159 hydrocele and spermatocele specimens during the 14 study years, suggesting that the pathology analysis is of little clinical benefit. Forgoing surgical pathology analysis of these specimens would result in significant cost savings to the patient and the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude decoction of Chenopodium album seed showed spermicidal effect at MIC 2 mg/ml in earlier studies. Systematic isolation, characterization and evaluation revealed that the major metabolite Desgalactotigonin (DGT) is the most effective principle in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The in vitro studies comprises (a) rat and human sperm motility and immobilizing activity by Sander-Cramer assay; (b) sperm membrane integrity was observed by HOS test and electron microscopy; (c) microbial potential was examined in Lactobacillus broth culture, and (d) the hemolytic index was determined by using rat RBCs. The in vivo contraceptive efficacy was evaluated by intra uterine application of DGT in rat. Lipid peroxidation and induction of apoptosis by DGT on human spermatozoa were also studied. The minimum effective concentration (MEC) of DGT that induced instantaneous immobilization in vitro was 24.18 µM for rat and 58.03 µM for human spermatozoa. Microbial study indicated DGT to be friendly to Lactobacillus acidophilus. Implantation was prevented in DGT treated uterine horn while no hindrance occurred in the untreated contra lateral side. At the level of EC50, DGT induced apoptosis in human spermatozoa as determined by increased labeling with Annexin-V and decreased polarization of sperm mitochondria. Desgalactotigonin emerged 80 and 2×104 times more potent than the decoction and Nonoxynol-9 respectively. It possesses mechanism based detrimental action on both human and rat spermatozoa and spares lactobacilli and HeLa cells at MEC which proves its potential as a superior ingredient for the formulation of a contraceptive safer/compatible to vaginal microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]