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Quantum memories facilitate the storage and retrieval of quantum information for on-chip and long-distance quantum communications. Thus, they play a critical role in quantum information processing and have diverse applications ranging from aerospace to medical imaging fields. Bulk acoustic wave (BAW) phonons are attractive candidates for quantum memories because of their long lifetimes and high operating frequencies. In this study, we establish a modeling approach to design hybrid magnonic high-overtone bulk acoustic wave resonator (HBAR) structures for high-density, long-lasting quantum memories, and efficient quantum transduction devices. We illustrate the approach by investigating a hybrid magnonic system, consisting of a gadolinium iron garnet (GGG) thick film and a patterned yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin film. The BAW phonons are excited in GGG thick film via coupling with magnons in the YIG thin film. We present theoretical and numerical analyses of the diffraction-limited BAW phonon lifetimes, modeshapes, and magnon–phonon coupling strengths in YIG/GGG planar and confocal HBAR (CHBAR) structures. We utilize Fourier beam propagation and Hankel transform eigenvalue problem methods and compare the two methods. We discuss strategies to improve the phonon lifetimes in the diffraction-limited regime, since increased lifetimes have direct implications on the storage times of quantum states for quantum memory applications. We find that ultra-high cooperativities and phonon lifetimes on the order of ∼ 10 5 and ∼ 10 milliseconds, respectively, could be achieved using a CHBAR structure with 10 μ m YIG lateral area. Additionally, high integration density of on-chip memory or transduction centers is naturally desired for high-density memory or transduction devices. The proposed CHBAR structure will offer more than 100-fold improvement of integration density relative to a recently demonstrated YIG/GGG device. Our results will have direct applicability for devices operating in the cryogenic or milliKelvin regimes. For example, our study will inform the design of HBAR devices that could couple with superconducting qubits for promising quantum information platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the sweat characteristics and fluid balance of elite female field hockey players during two heat training camps. Fourteen elite female field hockey players from the Australian national squad participated in two heat training camps held ∼6 months apart, following winter- (Camp 1) and summer-based training (Camp 2). Daily waking body mass (BM) and urine specific gravity (USG) were collected, along with several markers of sweat and fluid balance across two matches per camp. There was a 19% mean reduction in estimated whole-body sweat sodium concentration from Camp 1 (45.8 ± 6.5 mmol/L) to Camp 2 (37.0 ± 5.0 mmol/L; p <.001). Waking urine specific gravity ≥ 1.020 was observed in 31% of samples, with no significant differences in mean urine specific gravity or BM between camps (p >.05), but with substantial interindividual variation. Intramatch sweat rates were high (1.2–1.8 L/hr), with greater BM losses in Camp 1 (p =.030), resulting in fewer players losing ≥2% BM in Camp 2 (0%–8%), as compared with Camp 1 (36%–43%; p =.017). Our field data suggest that elite female field hockey players experience substantial sweat losses during competition in the heat regardless of the season. In agreement with previous findings, we observed substantial interindividual variation in sweat and hydration indices, supporting the use of individualized athlete hydration strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First morning urine (FMU) assessment would be a practical and convenient solution for clinically acceptable detection of underhydration prior to competition/training, and for the general public. Thus, we thus sought to determine the diagnostic accuracy of FMU as a valid indicator of recent (previous 24 hr, 5 days average) hydration practices. For 5 consecutive days and one final morning, 67 healthy women (n = 38) and men (n = 29; age: 20 [1] years, body mass index: 25.9 [5.5]) completed 24-hr diet logs for total water intake (from beverages and foods, absolute and relative to body mass), 24-hr urine and FMU collection (last morning only) for osmolality (Osm), specific gravity (SG), and color (Col), and morning blood sampling for plasma osmolality and copeptin. Correlations determined significance and relationship strength among FMU and all other variables. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratios were employed using previously reported values to indicate underhydration (total water intake < 30 ml/kg, osmolality > 500, and >800 mOsm/kg, specific gravity > 1.017, and copeptin > 6.93 pmol/L). FMU_Osm and FMU_SG were significantly correlated (p <.05) to all variables except the previous 5-day plasma osmolality. FMU_Col was only significantly correlated with other color time intervals and total water intake per gram. FMU_Osm held greatest utility (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity >80%) overall, with the best outcome being FMU_Osm indicating a previous 24-hr osmolality threshold of 500 mOsm/kg (FMU_Osm criterion >710 mOsm/kg and positive likelihood ratio = 5.9). With less effort and cost restriction, FMU is a viable metric to assess underhydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the source of error in the Thomas–Fermi–von Weizsäcker (TFW) density functional relative to Kohn–Sham density functional theory (DFT). In particular, through numerical studies on a range of materials, for a variety of crystal structures subject to strain and atomic displacements, we find that while the ground state electron density in TFW orbital-free DFT is close to the Kohn–Sham density, the corresponding energy deviates significantly from the Kohn–Sham value. We show that these differences are a consequence of the poor representation of the linear response within the TFW approximation for the electronic kinetic energy, confirming conjectures in the literature. In so doing, we find that the energy computed from a non-self-consistent Kohn–Sham calculation using the TFW electronic ground state density is in very good agreement with that obtained from the fully self-consistent Kohn–Sham solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to enhance the performance of aircrew helmet liners made of 3D woven honeycomb composites through structural improvements. To achieve this, an optimization of the honeycomb design was carried out using a statistical tool by varying its geometrical parameters. A Box Behnken design was employed, using three independent factors: cell height, cell size, and cell wall thickness to assess its impact and their interactions on responses. The performance was evaluated using a multiobjective response to maximize impact energy absorption, achieve the target cushion factor, and balance relative density for lightweight design. Since the liner materials were subjected to flatwise compression and dynamic impact tests to assess the performance. Their behavior. The results revealed that the honeycomb core with a cell height of 15 mm, a cell size of 10 mm, and a cell wall thickness of 0.6 mm exhibited good behavior. The response surface analysis and contour plots were used to analyze the interactions and combined effects of variables on each response. It was observed that lesser cell size shows significant improvement in impact energy with higher wall thickness. However, the cushion factor implies inadequate energy mitigation. The analysis comparing desirability and confirmatory experiments highlighted the potential for the aircrew helmet liner to achieve its maximum performance. This study provides valuable insights into the structural design of 3D woven honeycomb composite liners for aircrew helmets and its findings signify the potential for applications in the aerospace and defense industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal carbides are widely used in various applications as catalysts, components of composite materials, cutting tools, and abrasive materials where the particle/grain size has a great impact on target properties. Here, we report a facile way to synthesize nano- and ultra-fine carbides of IVb-Vb groups, including high-entropy carbides, which are of interest nowadays due to their superior properties, by the combination of calcium-hydride reduction of metal oxides and the direct reaction of the reduced metals with carbon in one production step. By tailoring the synthesis parameters, it is possible to obtain the carbide powders of a size in the range of 50–1500 nm with high crystallinity. The average particle size is found to be dependent on the homologous synthesis temperature and follows a power law. We have also shown the possibility of obtaining ultrafine-grained bulk carbides (d = 0.24–0.9 μm) via spark-plasma sintering at a temperature of 1500–1650 °C with a relative density >95 % without using additives. The HEC (Ti,Zr,Nb,Hf,Ta)C has a higher activation energy of grain growth (collective recrystallization) compared to binary TaC x (x = 0.8 and 1), which confirms the effect of lattice distortion on diffusion coefficients. The suggested fabrication route can be widely used for nano and ultrafine carbide powder preparation on the industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through defect modulation, ZrB 2 powder was controllably synthesized using the carbon thermal reduction (CTR) method, with boron powder serving as a novel additive. Thermodynamic data for the ZrO 2 -B 2 O 3 -C system in the presence of boron were calculated using HSC thermodynamic software. Additionally, TG-DSC thermal analysis combined with XRD was used to investigate the reaction process. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the defect structure and grain surface characteristics of the reaction products. The results indicate that the reaction of B with ZrO 2 and C exothermically alters the nucleation environment of ZrB 2 grains. The helical dislocations generated act as a source of crystal growth steps, promoting the growth of smooth interfaces and leading to a transformation of the ZrB 2 grain growth mechanism. Quantitative calculations of the dislocation density of ZrB 2 powders, using the convolutional multiple whole profile fitting (CMWP-fit), suggest that the inclusion of boron as an additive can modulate the defect concentration of the products. ZrB 2 powders with varied dislocation densities were achieved through meticulously controlled synthesis methods, followed by subsequent densification via hot pressing sintering. The results indicated that the relative density of ZrB 2 ceramics increased from 83.9 % to 96.7 % as the dislocation density of the powder increased from 2.7 × 1013 m−2 to 7.6 × 1014 m−2 with the rise in boron content from 0 wt% to 3 wt%. In addition, the defects create extra sintering-driving forces that induce a shift in the densification mechanism from grain boundary diffusion to dislocation slip during hot-pressing sintering. This shift results in an increase in the apparent activation energy from 105 kJ/mol to 210 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Li 4 AlSbO 6 (LASO) microwave dielectric ceramic with a monoclinic structure and space group C12/c1 was successfully prepared using traditional solid-state methods. When the sintering temperature was 1200 °C, it had excellent microwave dielectric properties, with ε r = 8.2, Q × f = 22,098 GHz, and τ f = −15.53 ppm/°C. Raman spectroscopy analysis showed that the FWHM of the strong peak at 691 cm−1 reflected the variation trend of Q × f value and was opposite to the variation trend of Q × f value. Additionally, the augmentation in the Q × f value can be attributed to a higher relative density. As per the bond valence analysis, ε r is closely connected to the rattling and compressing effects of A-site cations, and the higher ε theo than ε r in Li 4 AlSbO 6 can be attributed to the strong compression effect induced by Li+. Additionally, τ f may be influenced by both the Sb–O bond and relative density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alumina ceramic samples with complex structures were prepared using a self-made down-mounted surface exposure forming system with a scraping mechanism and a ceramic slurry with an oxygen polymerization effect. A high-solid-phase, low-viscosity alumina slurry (1.55 Pa s viscosity at a 30 s−1 shear rate at 55 vol%) was developed. The effects of exposure time and oxygen pressure on the curing thickness and contour accuracy before and after oxygen permeability were studied. Under the optimal oxygen pressure (0.4 kPa), oxygen generation could effectively reduce the error caused by the scattering of the ceramic powder, improve the contour accuracy of the inner hole, and reduce the size error of the inner hole by 7.2 % compared with the unoxygenated generation. According to the application requirements of aluminum-based ceramic parts, the corresponding degreasing and sintering curves were formulated, and the closed porosity of the ceramic (>40 μm) after sintering was 1.18 %, relative density was 69.3 %, apparent porosity was 29.3 %, and flexural strength was 41.53 MPa. This presents new potential technical avenues for the preparation of ceramic parts with complex structures. • A high-solid content low-viscosity slurry with excellent performance was obtained. • The profile error caused by the scattering of ceramic powder can be effectively reduced and the profile accuracy of the inner hole can be improved by using the oxygen inhibition effect. • The 3D printing products with good mechanical properties and high forming accuracy were prepared by using the self-developed printer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TiB 2 -TiN-HEA cermet materials were synthesized in-situ reaction hot-pressing sintering at 1450 °C for 1 h, utilizing Ti, BN, and Al 0.3 CoCrFeNi high entropy alloys (HEA) as starting materials. The thermodynamic characteristics of the reaction system and the phase structure, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Ti-BN, Ti-HEA, BN-HEA, and Ti-BN-HEA were investigated. The results demonstrate that in-situ reaction hot pressing sintering phases include TiN, TiB 2 , and FCC structural. The synthesis of TiB 2 involves the diffusion of B to TiB and the subsequent combination of Ti and B in solution. Conversely, the formation of TiN consists of the diffusion of N to TiN 0.3 and Ti 2 N, as well as the subsequent combination of Ti and N in solution. The TiB 2 -TiN-HEA cermet exhibits a relative density of 99.1%, Vickers hardness of 18.91 GPa, flexural strength of 721 MPa, and fracture toughness of 7.61 MPa m1/2. The high strength of cermet was due to a combination of factors, including the synergistic effect of high compactness of composites, reinforced interfacial strength with HEA, reinforcement of fine-grains and TiB 2 rod-like grains, crack bridging and deflection, and transgranular fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immensely thermally stable and perfectly dense ceramics of highly pure calcium manganese oxide (CaMnO 3) powders is realized at optimized minimal processing temperature and time using cost-effective ball-milling and hot-press techniques. The effect of ball milling time on the calcination time to prepare highly pure CaMnO 3 powder and sintering time on the temperature adequate enough to achieve perfectly dense CaMnO 3 ceramics is studied thoroughly and systematically. The as-synthesized single phase CaMnO 3 is attained by mixing precursors of calcium carbonate and manganese oxide, using high energy ball milling for longer time followed by calcination for shorter time duration and vice-versa. A decrease in particle size in as-synthesized CaMnO 3 is noticed for powders prepared with longer ball milling and shorter calcination times. The minimal time required for achieving highly pure and fine-grained powders containing sub-micrometer particles of CaMnO 3 is accomplished by ball milling the precursor mixture for 12 h and calcining at 1273 K for 2 h. Relative density of 99.03% is achieved for the as-synthesized CaMnO 3 powders hot pressed at 1073 K for 30 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study addresses the requirement for better machining of titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) in Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) with a Cu–TiB 2 ceramic composite powder metallurgy electrode. The electrode underwent analysis for relative density, hardness, and microstructure using field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Results indicated a relative density of approximately 90.08%, a microhardness of around 142 H V, and an electrical conductivity of 46% IACS. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used as Design of Experiment (DoE) technique for this study to investigate the effects of pulse current (Ip), pulse on time (Ton), and discharge voltage (V) on Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface Roughness (SR). Analysis of variance (ANNOVA) at a 5% significance level highlights the significant impact of Ip, Ton & V, and the interaction between selected parameter on MRR and SR. Results show a significant influence of pulse current (Ip) and pulse duration (Ton) on both MRR and SR. Rising pulse current correlates with improved MRR, with optimal parameters identified as a pulse current of 15 A, a pulse on time of 150 μs, and a voltage of 50 V. The study also looks into the usage of reverse polarity to improve surface finish compared to typical EDM methods. The use of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses adds depth to the evaluation of surface formations on the workpiece. EDS analysis indicates the presence of 63.13 wt (%) of boron on the machined work surface, affirming the effectiveness of the developed Cu–TiB 2 electrode in machining titanium alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, Ni 25 Co 20 Cu 10 Fe 25 Mn 20 high entropy alloy (HEA) was employed as a sintering aid for fabrication of ZrB 2 -based ceramics using spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. The mechanical properties, phase evolution, microstructural changes, and the densification mechanisms of ZrB 2 -5 wt% HEA ceramics during the SPS step were scrutinized. The ZrB 2 -5 wt% HEA ceramic, manufactured at 1900 °C, yielded interesting combination of properties, counting a relative density of 96%, a fracture toughness of 6.4 MPa m1/2, and a hardness of 12.6 GPa. According to XRD patterns, there were ZrC and ZrO 2 phases with ZrB 2 matrix in the sintered samples. An unknown phase was also observed in the XRD patterns. Based on the history of the NiCoCuFeMn alloy and separation of Cu within the temperature range of 650–850 °C, that phase was related to CuB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Muscle mechanics is paramount in our understanding of motor performance. However, little is known regarding the sensitivity of fascicle dynamics and connective tissues stiffness to exercise duration and ambient temperature during running, both increasing muscle temperature. This study aimed to determine gastrocnemius medialis (GM) fascicle dynamics in vivo during running in temperate and hot conditions, as well as muscle-tendon unit responses. Methods: Using ultrafast ultrasound, 15 participants (8 men, 7 women; 26 ± 3 yr) were tested before, during (2 and 40 min), and after a running task (40 min at 10 km⋅h-1) in temperate (TEMP; ~23°C) and hot (HOT: ~38°C) conditions. Results: Although core, skin temperatures, and heart rate increased from the beginning to the end of the exercise and in a larger extent in HOT than TEMP (P < 0.001), the physiological stress elicited did not alter running temporal parameters and GM fascicle operating lengths, with similar behavior of the fascicles on their force-length relationship, over time (2 vs 40 min) or across condition (TEMP vs HOT; P ≥ 0.248). Maximal voluntary force production did not reported statistical changes after exercise (P = 0.060), and the connective tissues stiffness measured (i.e., passive muscle and stiffness of the series-elastic elements) did not show neither time (P ≥ 0.281), condition (P ≥ 0.256) nor time-condition interaction (P ≥ 0.465) effect. Conclusions: This study revealed that prolonged running exercise does not alter muscle-tendon unit properties and interplay, which are not influenced by ambient temperature. These findings may rule out potential detrimental effects of heat on muscle properties and encourage further investigations on longer and more intense running exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehydration is a typical problem among the elderly people who live in nursing homes. It is a condition that is costly in terms of health care costs and length of treatment due to the illnesses it causes. It is a condition that can be prevented, and elderly people can benefit from initiatives to increase their fluid intake. This study aimed to find out how the hydration status of elderly people is affected by hydration education. It was also an assessment of the participants' hydration status and water intake from sources. Forty-three elderly people from two nursing homes participated in this quasi-experimental study. There were 25 elderly in the intervention group (IG) and 18 in the control group (CG). For one month, 40-minute sessions per week (20 minutes of education and 20 minutes of activity) were devoted to teaching about fluid consumption. To evaluate the effectiveness of the education, the water balance questionnaire, urine USG and pH measurement, and the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly were assessed before, at the end of the intervention, and three months after. The results showed that the IG group's hydration improved, and their short-term water consumption increased. Education needs to be carefully implemented and the results followed up to ensure that elderly people develop a habit of drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tape casting is currently the mainstream method for preparing multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC). However, digital light processing (DLP) shows great promise for MLCC preparation due to its planar exposure and layer-by-layer printing characteristics. In this study, La x Ba (1-x) (Zr 0 · 1 Ti 0.9)O 3 (LBZT) ceramics were fabricated using DLP molding. The effects of La content change on the phase composition, microstructure, and properties of the materials were investigated. A stable ceramic slurry was formulated, and its rheological behaviors and cure properties were studied. TG-DTG was used to develop a two-step debinding process, and its debinding mechanism was analyzd. Finally, the samples were sintered by holding at 1300 °C for 4 h. The results showed that with the increase in La content, the phase composition gradually transformed from the rhombohedral to the tetragonal phase. The microstructure was initially gradually dense, and then the pores increased rapidly, resulting in a quick decrease in relative density. LBZT ceramics exhibited the densest structure at x = 0.006: ρ = 5.79 g/cm3 with a relative density of 95.74%, and have the most excellent dielectric properties (25 °C, 1 kHz): ε r = 7068, tanδ = 0.232. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NaNbO 3 (NN) ceramics are promising candidate materials for capacitors, where dielectric properties are crucial for application in complex circumstances. However, conventional sintering requires several hours for the sintering process, which is not only inefficient but also results in significant energy consumption. In this study, NN ceramics with a relative density of 95% and smaller grain size were obtained using an ultrafast high-temperature sintering (UHS) at 1100 °C for 60 s. The dielectric constant of NN ceramics at 1 KHz keeps at 1460.52, with a low dielectric loss. And UHS technique refines the grains and prevents the volatilization of Na for a very short time, which is because it bypasses the necking stage and effectively prevents grain coarsening. This novel technique provides a simple and efficient technical support to obtain dielectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a novel multi-arc concave cell, four types of thickness gradient honeycomb structures with positive gradient, negative gradient, symmetric positive gradient, and symmetric negative gradient are constructed by changing cell wall thickness, and the relative density of the structure is deduced. The in-plane impact dynamics of gradient structure are revealed by numerical method. The deformation collapse mode, the dynamic response curve, the energy absorption effect, and the platform stress of different gradient arrangement and impact velocity are analyzed. It is found that gradient arrangement and impact velocity have significant effects on the impact properties of the thickness gradient honeycomb structures. When the impact velocity is low, the structure shows laminar shrinkage deformation, but this phenomenon will gradually disappear with the increase of impact velocity. The results show that the energy absorption capacity of the negative gradient structure is the best under different impact velocities. The platform stress is greatly affected by the impact velocity and less affected by the gradient arrangement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extreme demand for aggregate leads to the exploitation of riverbeds for fine aggregates, affecting the environment adversely. Therefore, a suitable alternative to natural river sand is essentially required. This study focuses on preventing environmental impact by developing polycarboxylate ether (PCE) sand to replace natural river sand (NRS). Development of polycarboxylate ether (PCE) sand by mixing high-volume fly ash, bottom ash, cement, natural river sand, and locally purchased high-solid-content polycarboxylate ether–based superplasticizer (HSPCE). All the physical and chemical properties of PCE sand were observed and satisfied the requirement of current standards. PCE sand yields a good specific gravity of 2.31 and is classified as Zone I sand with a satisfactory friction angle (37°) compared with NRS and geopolymer fly ash sand (GFS). Although the water absorption (6.83%) and pH (12.18) are slightly more than those of GFS and NRS, the alkali silica reaction and soundness are well within the permissible limit as per Indian standards. The chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence showed the presence of high amounts of SiO2 and Al2O3 with magnitudes of 58.879%, and 26.77%, respectively. Finally, the compressive strength of M25 grade concrete using PCE sand and GFS was observed to be 87.51% and 83.82% with respect to NRS after 28 days, respectively. The results of this study indicate that PCE sand can be a good alternative to NRS for construction work because it not only reduces the environmental effect due to sand mining but also focuses on utilizing fly ash and bottom ash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bearing capacity of shallow foundations is often calculated using the classical three-term bearing capacity equation, containing bearing capacity factors and correction factors for embedment depth and footing shape. The available solutions for the determination of these factors were obtained using primarily limit analysis and the method of characteristics, with the assumption that soil is a perfectly plastic material following an associated flow rule. However, in reality, sands are neither perfectly plastic nor do they follow an associated flow rule. The unit bearing capacity of footings in sand depends on (1) the representative friction angle mobilized within the zone encompassing the footing's collapse mechanism, and (2) the size, shape, and embedment depth of the footing. This paper presents the results of load tests on model strip and square footings of different sizes installed in clean silica sand samples pluviated to produce different densities inside a calibration chamber. The test results for the footings placed on the sand surface show that the bearing capacity factors depend on the relative density of the sand sample and the geometry of the footing. For the embedded footings, the unit bearing capacity of the footing is shown to depend on its embedment depth. Insights into the footing collapse mechanism are provided by plotting the maximum shear strain contours for different stages of footing loading; the contours were obtained using the digital image correlation technique. Finally, we determined the shape and depth factors by analyzing the results of the load tests performed for surface and embedded strip and square footings in dense sand using procedures that account for stress level, loading path, and flow rule nonassociativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textured alumina ceramics with brick‐and‐mortar microstructures exhibit surprisingly high values of strength and toughness as compared to traditional ceramics. However, in full ceramic systems, pressure‐assisted sintering restricts their shaping potential, and the study of interfacial materials is still insufficient. Here, we fabricate textured alumina exhibiting elevated indentation fracture toughness using a high entropy oxide (HEO) (MgAlSiTiZr)O as the mortar. The HEO undergoes a single‐phase transformation at 1600°C, resulting in a crystallographic structure identical to that of ZrO2. Our HEO mortar is tough and has a high wetting behavior to alumina platelets used in the green body, which promotes densification via liquid phase sintering. Textured alumina ceramics with HEO mortar at concentrations varying from 0 to 90 wt% were fabricated using magnetically assisted slip casting and pressureless sintering through the templated grain growth process. A trade‐off between density and grain anisotropy led to the highest mechanical properties. Textured alumina with 10 wt% HEO exhibited over 95% relative density, an elastic modulus of 244 ± 29 GPa, a flexural strength of 329 ± 27 MPa, and an indentation fracture toughness of 6.80 ± 0.65 MPa∙m0.5, which is more than 1.9 times that of the usual polycrystalline alumina. Thanks to the mineral nature of HEO, the simplicity of the process, and the mechanical properties, the textured alumina with HEO mortar can be produced in complex shapes and could find applications in stringent environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the feasibility of geogrid reinforcement as a promising countermeasure to improve the liquefaction and post-liquefaction resistance of calcareous sand, extensive undrained monotonic and multi-stage triaxial tests were performed on unreinforced and geogrid reinforced calcareous sand with different relative densities. The test results illustrate that pore pressure generation curves of unreinforced and reinforced calcareous sand gradually evolve from S-shaped to hyperbolic-shaped with the increase in relative density, cyclic stress ratio, and effective confining pressure. Following this, a pore pressure model applicable to both unreinforced and reinforced calcareous sand is proposed. The liquefaction resistance of calcareous sand increases with the increase in relative density, whereas an elevated cyclic stress ratio increases its liquefaction susceptibility. A virtually unique relationship can be observed between the liquefaction resistance normalized to the product of phase transformation strength ratio and relative density against the number of cycles for triggering liquefaction, providing an effective means of early assessing sand liquefaction resistance. Moreover, the geogrid exhibits excellent reinforcement efficiency in enhancing the liquefaction resistance of calcareous sand at relative densities of 50% and 70%. During the post-liquefaction stage, increasing relative density and geogrid reinforcement can accelerate the recovery of stiffness and strength for liquefied calcareous sand and improve the post-liquefaction strength. In general, geogrid reinforcement is considered a good alternative to densification for improving the engineering properties of calcareous sand and offers great application prospects in marine engineering construction. • The effects of geogrid reinforcement and relative density on the liquefaction and post-liquefaction behaviors of calcareous sand are investigated. • A pore pressure model applicable to both unreinforced and reinforced calcareous sand is proposed. • The inclusion of geogrid enhances the liquefaction resistance of calcareous sand. • Increasing relative density and geogrid reinforcement accelerate the recovery of stiffness and strength for liquefied calcareous sand and improve the shear strength during the post-liquefaction stage. • Geogrid reinforcement is considered a good alternative to densification for improving the engineering properties of calcareous sand and offers great application prospects in marine engineering construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of MgO doping concentration on the sintering behavior of Al 2 O 3 ceramics in flash sintering were studied. The relative density, grain size and oxygen vacancies of the flash sintered samples doped with different amounts of MgO were characterized. The results showed that the relative density and grain size increased with MgO concentration up to 0.25 wt%, and then decreased with further increasing MgO content. These were coincident with the changes in oxygen vacancies in the flash-sintered samples. Flash sintering behaviors of 0.25 wt% MgO doped Al 2 O 3 disc were different from those in conventional sintering, where the grain growth was inhibited when the MgO content is 0.25 wt%. The results can be explained by the fact that the higher oxygen vacancies in the flash sintered sample than that in the conventional sintered one, due to the applied electric field/current in flash sintering enhancing the solubility of MgO in Al 2 O 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity are beneficial for the electrical discharge machining performance of ceramics. In this work, B 4 C–TiB 2 composites were prepared by spark plasma sintering of B 4 C–TiC–B powder mixture. The chemical reaction between TiC and B, together with subsequent selective matrix grain growth, expelled small in-situ generated TiB 2 grains to form conductive interlayers around large B 4 C grains. The unique microstructure significantly enhances the electrical conductivity of B 4 C–TiB 2 composites, especially at low TiB 2 content, while the ultrafine in-situ formed TiB 2 grains endow the composites with low thermal conductivity. The effects of TiB 2 content on the microstructure, mechanical properties, thermal & electrical conductivity of the composites were investigated. B 4 C–20 vol% TiB 2 composite exhibits excellent comprehensive performance, including a relative density, Vickers hardness, flexural strength, fracture toughness, room electrical and thermal conductivity of 98.6%, 28.15 GPa, 656 MPa, 5.46 MPa⋅m1/2, 1.08 × 105 S/m and 19.37 W/m⋅K, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrochlore structures with composition Pr 2−x Sm x Zr 2 O 7 (x = 0, 1, and 2) were synthetized and studied. Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) was employed to produce ceramics with over 95% of relative density. The reoxidation behavior and the influence of the sintering process on the electrical properties were studied by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The overall conductivity of the materials is higher for the samples with Pr, while the introduction of Sm induced an additional electrical contribution. The reoxidation of the samples presented fast kinetics and increased conductivity, particularly in the PrSmZr 2 O 7 (PSZO) sample. PSZO also exhibits a total conductivity comparable to that of the reference materials used as ionically conductive solid electrolytes. The prepared ceramics, especially the PSZO sample, demonstrate excellent relative density, good conductivity, and fast oxidation, holding promise for applications such as Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, gas sensors, and clean energy technologies that require thermal and physical stability, as well as rapid oxidation-reduction processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the influence of the temperature of the sintering process on the microstructure and selected properties of boron carbide/TiB2/SiC composites obtained in situ by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The homogeneous mixture of boron carbide and 5% vol. Ti5Si3 micropowders were used as the initial material. Spark plasma sintering was conducted at 1700 °C, 1800 °C, and 1900 °C for 10 min after the initial pressing at 35 MPa. The heating and cooling rate was 200 °C/min. The obtained boron carbide composites were subjected to density measurement, an analysis of the chemical and phase composition, microstructure examination, and dry friction-wear tests in ball-on-disc geometry using WC as a counterpart material. The phase compositions of the produced composites differed from the composition of the initial powder mixture. Instead of titanium silicide, two new phases appeared: TiB2 and SiC. The complete disappearance of Ti5Si3 was accompanied by a decrease in the boron carbide content of the stoichiometry formula B13C2 and an increase in the content of TiB2, while the SiC content was almost constant. The relative density of the obtained boron carbide composites, as well as their hardness and resistance to wear, increased with the sintering temperature and TiB2 content. Unfortunately, the reactions occurring during sintering did not allow us to obtain composites with high density and hardness. The relative density was 76–85.2% of the theoretical one, while the Vickers hardness was in the range of 4–12 GPa. The mechanism wear of boron carbide composites tested in friction contact with WC was abrasive. The volumetric wear rate (Wv) of composites decreased with increasing sintering temperature and TiB2 content. The average value of coefficient of friction (CoF) was in the range of 0.54–0.61, i.e., it did not differ significantly from the value for B4C sinters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reported on the effect of Cu-content and sintering temperature on the magnetic permeability and power losses of monolithic iron-deficient NiCuZn-ferrite components with low Cu-contents aimed to be used for power applications at frequencies up to 1 MHz. In particular N i α Z n b 1 − x C u x F e 1.9 O 4 ferrite compositions are investigated with a constant Ni/Zn atomic ratio a/b = 0.9 and 0 < x < 0.017. As found, the addition of Cu enables the achievement of good magnetic performance at lower sintering temperatures and, therefore, lower production cost. At all Cu-contents, the initial permeability as a function of the sintering temperature passes through a maximum above which structural deterioration due to asymmetric grain growth occurs. The temperature at which this maximum permeability occurs depends on the Cu content and coincides with the achievement of the maximum density of 5.1–5.2 g cm−3 (relative density ~97%). At Cu-contents x = 0.006–0.012 and sintering temperatures 1200–1100 °C power losses (tan(δ)/μ at 1 MHz, 25 °C) οf 50 × 10−6 could be achieved and initial permeabilities (10 kHz, 0.1 mT, 25 °C) of around 400 with very good frequency and temperature stability. At CuO content higher than 4 wt.% (i.e., x > 0.012) and sintering temperatures higher than 1150 °C, pronounced microstructural disturbances due to asymmetric grain growth result in low permeabilities and high losses. It is suggested that at low CuO contents and low sintering temperatures, the densification enhancement may not proceed through Cu-rich phase segregation but through the creation of oxygen vacancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular materials offer industries the ability to close gaps in the material selection design space with properties not otherwise achievable by bulk, monolithic counterparts. Their superior specific strength, stiffness, and energy absorption, as well as their multi-functionality, makes them desirable for a wide range of applications. The objective of this paper is to compile and present a review of the open literature focusing on the energy absorption of periodic three-dimensional cellular materials. The review begins with the methodical cataloging of qualitative and quantitative elements from 100 papers in the available literature and then provides readers with a thorough overview of the state of this research field, discussing areas such as parent material(s), manufacturing methods, cell topologies, cross-section shapes for truss topologies, analysis methods, loading types, and test strain rates. Based on these collected data, areas of great and limited research are identified and future avenues of interest are suggested for the continued maturation and growth of this field, such as the development of a consistent naming and classification system for topologies; the creation of test standards considering additive manufacturing processes; further investigation of non-uniform and non-cylindrical struts on the performance of truss lattices; and further investigation into the performance of lattice materials under the impact of non-flat surfaces and projectiles. Finally, the numerical energy absorption (by mass and by volume) data of 76 papers are presented across multiple property selection charts, highlighting various materials, manufacturing methods, and topology groups. While there are noticeable differences at certain densities, the graphs show that the categorical differences within those groups have large overlap in terms of energy absorption performance and can be referenced to identify areas for further investigation and to help in the preliminary design process by researchers and industry professionals alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the vat photopolymerization (VP) additive manufacture technique was employed to fabricate Si 3 N 4 ceramics implants. A photosensitive suspension with a high solid loading of 40 vol% and a low viscosity of 1.95 Pa•s at a shear rate of 30 s−1 was achieved by optimization of the composition. Particularly, as high as 50 vol% content of PPG was used in the photosensitive suspension, leading to a smooth printing and increased debinding efficiency with a heating rate up to 3 °C/min. The printed body was sintered at 1800 °C under 0.4 MPa nitrogen atmosphere, obtained the Si 3 N 4 ceramic with a relative density of 96.08%, a fracture toughness of 5.88 MPa m1/2, a flexural strength of 677 MPa and a Vickers hardness of 16.26 GPa. A cylindric Si 3 N 4 ceramic implant was made by the optimized suspension and printing parameters, and the implantation test in the histological section was conducted, showing a good biocompatibility after 6 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, crucial for multifunctional applications in cutting-edge industries, grapple with the dual challenge of achieving superior piezoelectricity and high transmittance, a delicate balance influenced by phase structure and grain size. In this work, we present a breakthrough in 0.9Bi 0 · 5 Na 0 · 5 TiO 3 -0.1Bi 0 · 5 Li 0 · 5 TiO 3 (BNLT90) ceramic, outperforming other reported BNT-based transparent ceramics. BNLT90 showcases exceptional transmittance (T = 80.4% at 2000 nm) and robust piezoelectricity (d 33 ∼110 pC/N, k p ∼ 20.6%). Li+ incorporation induces the coexistence of rhombohedral and pseudo-cubic phases, creating local lattice distortion and enhancing piezoelectric properties. Simultaneously, Bi 0 · 5 Li 0 · 5 TiO 3 (BLT) modification enhances relative density and reduces grain size, contributing to high transparency. Our results highlight A-site Li doping as a potent strategy for stabilizing the non-ergodic relaxor phase in BNT-based ceramics, offering insights for the precision development of piezoelectric transparent ceramics by regulating grain size and phase structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining with the advantages from mature technologies of fused deposition modelling and powder injection molding, 3D NiFe 2 O 4 -based cermet with weight over 1.3 kg and relative density of 95.8 % were fabricated by composite extrusion modelling using polyoxymethylene-based feedstock. Microstructure and rheological properties of the feedstock, roles of printing parameters on the morphology green samples and related catalytic debinding, sintering properties of cermets were investigated in detail. Uniformly dispersed cermet powders in feedstock were confirmed, due to the good wettability between the powders and binders. The feedstock with high solid loading of 58 vol% exhibited shear-thinning behavior and contained high storage modulus for reliable shape retention. With optimized printing parameters, a high compression ratio (layer height/nozzle diameter) over 2.5 tended to shrink the size of stacking pores, resulting in dense green samples. Catalytic debinding was proved to be defect-free and efficient debinding route, which was successfully used to deal with dense cubic samples with thickness of 30 mm. Sintered samples showed uniform microstructure with interconnected FeCuNi and Ni(Fe)Fe 2 O 4 phases. Except for partial stacking pores in the fracture section, polished cermets exhibited mirror-like surfaces, indicating the good controlling of the final microstructure and performance of 3D cermets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indium tin oxide (ITO) ceramics with different SnO2 contents were fabricated using the conventional solid-state reaction. The phase structure, microstructure, electrical conductivity, heating, and mechanical properties were investigated in detail. The results showed that pure ITO ceramics with high relative density were obtained successfully. The ITO ceramics were cut into regular rectangles to serve as electrical heaters. Additionally, their saturation temperatures and thermal response times were tested at different voltages. The results showed that ITO ceramics with 10% SnO2 had the fastest thermal response rate and reached a saturation temperature of 376∘C at 1.5 V voltage, the highest temperature reported in the literature for In2O3 ceramics. Moreover, In2O3 with 10% SnO2 showed good mechanical properties. Hence, ITO ceramics, as electrical heaters with low driving voltage and high response speed, are expected to have potential heating applications such as domestic heating and industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to investigate the potential of utilizing pomegranate peel powder (PPP) as a natural preservative in muffin preparation. Pomegranate peel is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, which possess high antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The In-Vitro antifungal activity of pomegranate peel powder (8% PPP), potassium sorbate (0.1% PS) and calcium propionate (0.5% CP) was assessed against Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. using poison food technique. The PPP showed the anti-fungal activity by delaying the growth of microorganism on media plate similar to the PS and CP. The effect of utilization of PPP on quality characteristics of muffins were compared with the muffins with chemical preservatives (0.1% PS and 0.5% CP). The viscosity and specific gravity of batter significantly increased from 7.98 to 11.87 Pa s and 1.089–1.398 respectively on addition of 8% PPP. The optical microscopic structure of PPP added batter revealed the decrease in the number of air cells from 24 to 12 with radius range of 6.42–72.72 μm and area range of 511.03–15,383.17 µm2. The functional properties of flour with PPP had higher water absorption capacity, foaming stability, emulsification activity and emulsion stability than others. The addition of PPP significantly increase the weight (32.83 g), and decrease the height (31.3 mm), volume (61.43 cm3), specific volume (1.67 cm3/g) and baking loss (10.19%). The 418.36% increase in fibre content, 14.46% and 18.46% decrease in carbohydrates and energy value was observed in muffin with 8% PPP as compared to control respectively. The total phenols was increased from 0.92 to 12.5 mg GAE/100 g, total tannin from 0.2 to 8.27 mg GAE/100 g, In-vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH from 6.97 to 29.34% and In-vitro antioxidant activity by FRAP from 0.497 to 2.934 mg AAE/100 g in muffins added with 8% PPP. The muffin with PPP was softer than control and muffin with 0.1% PS. The addition of PPP resulted to improve in muffin texture but taste slightly bitter. During the storage of muffins at room temperature (27–30 °C), the moisture content of muffin with PPP was reduced from 17.04 to 13.23% which was higher than the rest of the treatments. Similarly, the hardness of sample with PPP was higher than the sample with 0.5% CP, but lowers than control and sample with 0.1% PS throughout the storage period. The results suggest that pomegranate peel powder can be successfully used as a natural preservative in place of chemical preservatives in muffins, to extend the shelf life. This study provides the opportunity to use PPP as functional ingredient and natural preservative in different bakery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flash sintering method at room temperature based on combined power supplies is proposed in this paper. Flash sintering is performed in two steps. First, a high voltage is used to break down the sample and then disconnect the power supply. Second, a low-voltage power supply is used to provide a large current to densify the sample. The method does not require changing the properties of the material or the sintering atmosphere. In addition to reducing the capacity of the required power supply, there is no need for external auxiliary equipment. Different types of high-voltage breakdown are also studied. The temperature and grain size corresponding to different currents of low-voltage flash sintering are studied. The results show that the sintered ZnO ceramics reach 98.5% relative density. A possible mechanism of flash sintering using combined power supplies is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effect of strain localization on the strength and deformation of aeolian sand in a true triaxial apparatus. Drained and undrained tests are conducted on sand specimens with three initial densities. For the deformation characteristics, the inhomogeneity of volumetric change in drained tests and the excess pore water pressure in undrained tests increases with the confining pressure and relative density, which is closely related to the development of shear bands. The inclination angle and width of shear bands are measured and the influences of confining pressure and relative density are analysed. The shear band inclination agrees better with Arthur's than Coulomb's formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil particles possess highly complex particle morphology, including particle shape and surface roughness, which have a significant impact on mechanical responses of granular materials, such as packing characteristics, small-strain stiffness and stress–strain responses. However, there has been little or no quantitative investigation on the combined effect of particle shape and surface roughness. This contribution carries out triaxial compression tests using six differently shaped granular materials under dry and drained conditions. Meanwhile, the surface texture is carefully treated to vary the degree of surface roughness for each material. Samples are prepared under a similar initial void ratio (e0) or relative density (Dr0) to eliminate the density-dependency. Samples prepared under the same sample preparation method with a given tapping number (Nt) during the sample preparation process are also considered. The experimental results show that more irregular materials tend to show greater values of deviator stresses at the peak state (qpeak) and an axial strain of 15% ( q ε a = 15 % ), and display a more gradual development of stress and a later appearance of qpeak. Except for clumped glass beads, increasing surface roughness leads to an increase in stress levels during shearing, which is more marked in irregular materials. In addition, materials with more spherical shapes or rougher surfaces demonstrate an earlier phase transformation point (εa,ptp) and an earlier occurrence of peak stress (εa,peak). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interface shear behavior is quite beneficial for explaining the stress–strain response of geosynthetics. A series of interface direct shear tests are carried out between three distinct geomembranes and soils to understand their interfacial characteristics. To better comprehend varying trends of the interface shear parameters, three novel prediction models based on machine learning are further developed for the peak friction angles of geomembrane–soil interfaces. The results show that the shear stress–shear displacement curves are more susceptible to the variations of soils' relative densities, particularly at the geomembrane–coarse sand interface. A conclusion of engineering significance is that coarse sand (D50 = 0.84 mm) is the most suitable material for the bedding layer of the composite geomembrane under σn ≥ 100 kPa and crushed stone (D50 = 7 mm) performs best in the perforated geomembranes-soil interface among the three types of soils. Upon comparing three predicting models for peak friction angles, a novel conclusion is gained that the gradient boosting regressor combined with Bayesian optimization is the most precise model. Then, a comprehensive formula for the peak friction angles containing normal stress, relative density, mean particle size and mean particle regularity is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

316L stainless steel is widely used in engineering fields; however, its low hardness, yield strength, and wear resistance limit its applications. In this study, enhanced 316L stainless steel with 2 wt% NbC was manufactured using Selective Laser Melting (SLM). Its relative density exceeds 99% at its highest, with a microhardness exceeding 300 HV0.05. Additionally, it was observed that some NbC dissolved into the matrix while others precipitated and dispersed within the matrix. The matrix grain size was refined to approximately 5 μm, and at the bottom of the samples, the < 100 > crystallographic orientation shifted to < 510 > , presenting a cubic texture. Some samples exhibited adhesive wear mechanisms in sliding wear tests, with the lowest wear rate at 1.69 × 10–4 mm3/N·m. The tensile properties of the material were related to the scanning strategy; under the scanning strategy with a layer-to-layer rotation angle of 90° and island area of 60 × 10 mm2, the highest yield strength can reach 640 MPa. The two forms of NbC mainly enhance the matrix through the reinforcement of Hall–Petch (H–P) and Geometrically Necessary Dislocation (GND) strengthening effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) ceramics have a high melting point, low neutron absorption cross section, and excellent resistance to the impact of fission products and are considered to be one of the best candidate materials for fourth-generation nuclear energy systems. ZrC ceramics with a high relative density of 99.1% were successfully prepared via pressureless sintering using a small amount of MoSi2 as an additive. The influence of the MoSi2 content on the densification behavior, microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal properties of ZrC ceramics was systematically investigated. The results show that the densification of ZrC was significantly enhanced by the introduction of MoSi2 due to the formation of a liquid phase during sintering. In addition, the ZrC grains were refined due to the pinning effect of the generated silicon carbide. The flexural strength and Vickers hardness of ZrC ceramics with 2.5 vol% MoSi2 sintered at 1850 °C were 408 ± 12 MPa and 17.1 GPa, respectively, which were approximately 30% and 10% higher compared to the samples without the addition of MoSi2. The improved mechanical properties were mainly attributed to the high relative density (99.1%) and refined microstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the complex structure of fibrous network materials, it is a challenge to analyze the network strength and deformation mechanism. Here, we identify a failure mode transition within the network material comprising brittle fibers and bonds, which is related to the strength ratio of the bond to the fiber. A failure criterion for this type of fibrous network is proposed to quantitatively characterize this transition between bond damage and fiber damage. Additionally, tensile experiments on carbon and ceramic fibrous network materials were conducted, and the experimental results show that the failure modes of these network materials satisfy the theoretical prediction. The relationship between the failure mode, the relative density of network and strength of the components is established based on finite element analysis of the 3D network model. The failure mode transforms from bond damage to fiber damage as increasing of bond strength. According to the transition of the failure modes in the brittle fibrous network, it is possible to tailor the mechanical properties of fibrous network material by balancing the competition between bond and fiber properties, which is significant for optimizing material design and engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium (Cr) metal has garnered significant attention in alloy systems owing to its exceptional properties, such as a high melting point, low density, and superior oxidation and corrosion resistance. However, its processing capabilities are hindered by its high ductile–brittle transition temperature (DBTT). Recently, powder bed fusion-laser beam for metals (PBF-LB/M) has emerged as a promising technique, offering the fabrication of net shapes and precise control over crystallographic texture. Nevertheless, research investigating the mechanism underlying crystallographic texture development in pure Cr via PBF-LB/M still needs to be conducted. This study explored the impact of scan speed on relative density and crystallographic texture. At the optimal scan speed, an increase in grain size attributed to epitaxial growth was observed, resulting in the formation of a <100> cubic texture. Consequently, a reduction in high-angle grain boundaries (HAGB) was achieved, suppressing defects such as cracks and enhancing relative density up to 98.1%. Furthermore, with increasing densification, Vickers hardness also exhibited a corresponding increase. These findings underscore the efficacy of PBF-LB/M for processing metals with high DBTT properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1-x)(Ba0.75Sr0.1Bi0.1)(Ti0.9Zr0.1)O3-x(Sb0.5Li0.5)TiO3 (abbreviated as BSBiTZ-xSLT, x = 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1) ceramics were prepared via a conventional solid-state sintering method under different sintering temperatures. All BSBiTZ-xSLT ceramics have predominantly perovskite phase structures with the coexistence of tetragonal, rhombohedral and orthogonal phases, and present mainly spherical-like shaped grains relating to a liquid-phase sintering mechanism due to adding SLT and Bi2O3. By adjusting the sintering temperature, all compositions obtain the highest relative density and present densified micro-morphology, and doping SLT tends to promote the growth of grain size and the grain size distribution becomes nonuniform gradually. Due to the addition of heterovalent ions and SLT, typical relaxor ferroelectric characteristic is realized, dielectric performance stability is broadened to ~120 °C with variation less than 10%, and very long and slim hysteresis loops are obtained, which is especially beneficial for energy storage application. All samples show extremely fast discharge performance where the discharge time t0.9 (time for 90% discharge energy density) is less than 160 ns and the largest discharge current occurs at around 30 ns. The 1155 °C sintered BSBiTZ-0.025SLT ceramics exhibit rather large energy storage density, very high energy storage efficiency and excellent pulse charge–discharge performance, providing the possibility to develop novel BT-based dielectric ceramics for pulse energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mollisol is crucial for solving food security issues, but long‐term excessive application of chemical fertilizers has led to severe Mollisol degradation in Northeast China, especially a rapid decline in soil organic carbon (SOC). In context of the use of crop‐herbage intercropping and straw return as alternatives for some chemical fertilizers, it is important to understand how crop‐herbage intercropping and straw return combined with chemical fertilizers influence labile organic carbon (LOC) fractions that improve SOC. To address this, this study explored how the combined application of maize (Zea mays L.)–Melilotus officinalis intercropping, straw return, and chemical fertilizers affect LOC fractions and mineralized carbon (MC) from the perspective of physical property‐mediated pathways. Thus, a field experiment with six treatments was established in the Songnen Plain of Northeast China: (1) maize monoculture without chemical fertilizers and straw return (CK), (2) maize monoculture with chemical fertilizers and no straw return (CF), (3) maize monoculture with chemical fertilizers and straw return (CFS), (4) maize–M. officinalis intercropping and straw return combined with full application of chemical fertilizers (CFSM), (5) maize–M. officinalis intercropping and straw return combined with half application of chemical fertilizers (1/2CFSM), and (6) maize–M. officinalis intercropping and straw return without chemical fertilizers (SM). The CF and CFS groups had no effect on bulk density and porosity but reduced specific gravity. The CFSM group increased water contents, porosity, LOC fractions, SOC, MC, and CO2 release rate and decreased bulk density and specific gravity. Compared with the CF group, the 1/2CFSM group enhanced water contents, microbial biomass carbon, and water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC) to 6.36%, 17.91%, and 11.6%, respectively. We found that maize–M. officinalis intercropping, straw return, and reducing chemical fertilizers application improved LOC fractions to increase SOC by positively affecting bulk density, specific gravity, and water contents. Further analysis indicated that WSOC was a key determinant of SOC and maize yields. These findings provide a strategy to increase SOC and rehabilitate degraded soils through crop‐herbage intercropping and straw return combined with reducing chemical fertilizers application, which will contribute to a sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. Core Ideas: Intercropping, straw return, and 50% fertilizers increased labile C, organic C, and mineralized C.Bulk density and specific gravity had negative impacts on labile C and organic C.Water contents positively influenced microbial biomass carbon and water‐soluble organic carbon.Porosity and easily oxidized organic carbon had no effect on organic carbon.Water‐soluble organic carbon was a key determinant of organic carbon and maize yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaeocarpus serratus L. leaves have been used as an antiosteoporosis treatment and it contains active compounds such as quercetin, rutin, and myricetin. The pre-formulation study was done by making granules from 70 % ethanol extract of this plant through the wet granulation method. These granules were determined by physical characteristics including organoleptic, flow properties, real and incompressible specific gravity, moisture, particle size distribution, and chemical characteristics including flavonoid content. The organoleptic result showed that all formulas had a strong characteristic odor and a slightly bitter taste. Formula A had a dark brown color, while formulas B and C were whitish brown. Based on the results of the flow properties test, all formulas had good flow properties because they had gone through the granulation process. The compressibility index, Hausner ratio, and % moisture content displayed that all formulas met the requirements and had almost the same value. In the assay process, the average % w/w content of formula A was 0.68 ± 0.017 %, formula B was 0.66 ± 0.044 %, and formula C was 0.16 ± 0.006 %. The most optimum formula was formula C with whitish brown color, slightly bitter taste, and strong odor, 10.90 ± 0.000 g/s of flow rate, 25.41 ± 0.000 ° of angle, 4.36 ± 0.214 % of moisture content, 13.80 % compressibility index, 1.1601 of Hausner ratio, 1772.04 µm of particle average distribution, and 0.66 ± 0.044 % w/w of percent routine flavonoid content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]