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Microplastic pollution has emerged as a significant environmental challenge globally, posing threats to biodiversity, marine life, and human health. Studies indicate that marine organisms, from plankton to larger fish species, and ultimately humans are ingesting microplastics, leading to physiological harm such as inflammation, digestive blockages, tissue injury, hormonal imbalance, reproductive failure and biomagnification through the food chain. Therefore, there arises an urgent need and demand for implementing effective and sustainable remediation solutions. Though, various mitigation technologies are developed, less information is available on the advantages and disadvantages of the technological advancements. The present review highlights the significant information available on the sources, types, transport of microplastics along with the analytical methods to detect the microplastic pollutions. The global perspective of microplastic pollutions with respect to Indian Marine scenario was highlighted. The recent and advanced mitigation technologies and solutions in preventing, reducing and recycling these microplastic pollutions were also addressed. This review further underscores the need for comprehensive strategies to monitor, manage and mitigate microplastic pollution, including policy interventions, public awareness campaigns, and sustainable waste management practices. Addressing this issue is essential for preserving the health of India's marine ecosystems and safeguarding the livelihoods of mankind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the post-COVID-19 era, people are increasingly concerned about microbial infections, including fungal infections that have risen in recent years. However, the currently available antifungal agents are rather limited. Worse still, the widespread use of the antifungal agents has caused the emergence of antifungal resistance in Candida , Cryptococcus , and Aspergillus species. Therefore, the development of novel antifungals is urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as components of the first-line defense of the host, are found to exhibit broad antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, and protozoa. AMPs with antifungal activity are specifically referred to as antifungal peptides (AFPs). AFPs are currently regarded as the most promising alternative to conventional antifungal agents due to the fact that they are highly selective and less prone to facilitate the selection of drug resistance. In this review, we present an overview of the origin and classification of natural AFPs as well as their modes of action. Additionally, the production of natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic AFPs with a view to greater levels of exploitation is discussed. Finally, we evaluate the current and potential applications of AFPs in clinics and in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low-frequency content of seismic waves in exploration is of substantial value as it can benefit imaging and inversion by providing deeper penetration, broader-band energy, and wavelet stability. However, characterizing the factors contributing to low frequencies (the seismic source, response of the receiver, and spectral signal-to-noise) and their effects may be complicated. The Hussar, Alberta survey, conducted by the CREWES Project at the University of Calgary and used here, addresses this challenge with a range of sources and receiver types. We further analyze the low-frequency content of the Hussar data using surface waves - because of their significant coherent low-frequency energy. The multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method is used. To improve accuracy, a nonlinear approach is applied to extract dispersion properties, overcoming the limitations of conventional methods at low frequencies. This allows for precise phase velocity measurements across frequencies and assesses the frequency content of different source-receiver type combinations based on surface-wave coherence. The extracted dispersion properties were validated by comparing the dispersion curves estimated using Vs from traveltime tomography and well-logging data. The survey tested 2 kg dynamite in addition to vibroseis sources with low-dwell and linear sweeps. The receivers evaluated included Vectorseis accelerometers, as well as 10 and 4.5 Hz geophones. Our dispersion results indicate that all source-receiver combinations contain considerable surface-wave energy down to about 2 Hz. The inverted 1-D Vs models provide Vs estimates to about 800 m, consistent with results from S-wave tomography and shear logging. Dynamite produced more low-frequency energy in surface waves than vibroseis sources, extending below 1.5 Hz. Low-dwell sweeps showed clearer coherence in surface waves at low frequencies than linear sweeps. Of the receivers tested, the 4.5 Hz geophone showed higher sensitivity to low frequencies than both the Vectorseis accelerometer and the 10 Hz geophone. Although the Vectorseis accelerometer recorded more coherent low-frequency surface waves than the 10 Hz geophone, its signals were affected by some instrument noise. Analyzing surface-wave energy and coherency to assess low-frequency content can complement other types of spectral analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Early discontinuation of exclusive breastfeeding often occurs as a result of conflicting advice provided by midwives and other healthcare professionals. The aim of this study was to explore sources of breastfeeding knowledge and acquisition of support skills among midwives and midwifery students. Methods: This scoping review explored peer-reviewed and grey literature, identifying and synthesising seven studies and one conference abstract published between 2014 and 2024, after screening 27 full-text articles based on eligibility criteria. Results: Only one study focused on breastfeeding knowledge sources, revealing that on-the-job training was the primary source (64.4%) for midwives and nurses. Seven papers detailed educational programmes, including simulation workshops, animation videos and web resources. Grey literature highlighted relevant organisations, websites and social media platforms. Conclusions: Despite the widespread availability of breastfeeding education resources, this review identified a significant gap in understanding how midwives and students use these resources. Implications for practice: Enhancing training and support for midwives and students is important to ensure effective use of existing resources for breastfeeding education. Expanding the available digital resources would also provide vital support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatio-temporal distribution, source apportionment, and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) were investigated in the Sombreiro River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Water, sediment and oysters were obtained from the estuary and analyzed for 16 priority PAHs using gas chromatograph coupled with mass selective detector after extraction. The levels of the ∑16-PAHs in the water, sediment and oyster ranged from 25-10079 µg/L, 495-12811 µg/kg and 489-10823 µg/kg respectively for all locations and seasons. The results showed significant spatio-temporal variations in PAHs concentrations in all the matrices. The ecological risk assessment revealed high risk posed by the PAHs level to the estuarine ecosystem. The health risk indicated unacceptable carcinogenic risk to human via ingestion of oysters. Besides, for water and sediments, both ingestion and dermal pathways indicated unacceptable cancer risk. Source apportionment suggested that the PAHs in the estuary were from both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources.    [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This introductory piece for the research cluster 'The Economic Power of European Queens: Sources, Resources and Expenditure both delineates the content of the cluster and places it in the context of wider research. The article highlights common themes among the four articles in the cluster and common issues with the survival of sources which document the economic activity of royal women. It also highlights the importance of new research which is beginning to illuminate the financial element of queenship and helping us to understand this vital, yet understudied, part of the queen's office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reporters, in order to enact their role as watchdogs and to their commitment to uncover corporate or governmental wrongdoing, often must rely on individuals willing to risk their careers and reputations, at times their lives, to expose their employers' malfeasance. Some whistleblowers turn to the news media to get their messages and stories out. This is often a leap of faith that implies a level of trust in journalists and in their outlet's adherence to their normative roles. This study explores whistleblowers' perceptions of the news media as they recall crossing over from the employer's institutional logic to journalism's institutional logic. In-depth interviews conducted with 16 U.S. whistleblowers who contacted journalists from the 1970s through the 2010s, find that trust in individual journalists is a consistent theme. Of all norms, participants most valued source protection and accuracy, followed by a reporter's expertise and willingness to listen. Almost all interviewees lack faith in the impact of today's press. As austerity measures take hold in newsrooms across the country, this study shines a light, from the source's perspective, on what will likely be lost if newsrooms neglect beat reporting and overlook the specter of government surveillance and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrialization of Nigeria for economic development has led to the pollution of the ecosystem by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through anthropogenic activities. PAHs are toxic organic compounds, ubiquitous and can pose a health-related environmental risk. The sources, concentration, and health risk assessments of PAHs in underground and surface water in Nigeria were reviewed in this study. Previous studies were extracted from research databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Scopus) and appropriately screened. The PAH levels found in the studies were at low and high concentrations and could pose a health-related risk to the populace. The values ranged from ND–17,762 to ND–450,000 µg/L for underground and surface water, respectively. Also, the sources of the PAHs were pyrogenic and petrogenic. The cancer risk assessment values of PAHs in the water recorded low to high-risk values via dermal and ingestion exposure routes to humans. The hazard index (HI) values of the non-carcinogenic risk observed no risk except for only one study. It is recommended that proper monitoring, awareness, and strict enforcement of regulatory laws be implemented to prevent water and environmental pollution by this toxic compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the most important sources and data available for the German capital market, highlighting their capabilities and limitations. We focus on firm-specific information related to stock corporations and price data for the 19th and early 20th Century. By reviewing examples from existing literature, we illustrate the practical applications of these sources. We also launch a new stock index derived from the daily prices of 39 banks listed on the Berlin Stock Exchange, demonstrating the potential of price data for market analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xiashu loess is an important aeolian deposit in eastern China. Research on the provenance of the Xiashu loess, located along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, has entered into a new stage, compelling us to review the previous research findings in order to provide direction for future research. In this study, we enumerate three different viewpoints regarding the major sources of the loess in eastern China, including distant sources, proximal sources, and mixed sources. We also discuss disturbance factors, methods, and research on the provenance of the Xiashu loess. Previous research has showed that, on the basis of geochronology and meticulous grain grading data, good results as to the loess' provenance can be obtained using immobile geochemical index tracers that are not affected by chemical weathering or grain size effects. Examples include detrital zircon U-Pb age spectra, major and trace element ratios, stable isotopic composition, and slowly weatherable minerals. However, differences in the data do exist, e.g., for the immobile geochemical provenance tracing indexes of the loess. Also still under debate is the age of the lower boundary of the loess. Therefore, exploring the spatial-temporal variations of the provenance, along with the coupling relationship between the paleoclimate environment evolution and the onset of the loess accumulation, should be comprehensively considered in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the process model of journalistic roles and discusses how journalists perceive (normatively and cognitively) and enact (according to their narrated practice) their professional roles upon interaction with socially distant vs. closer sources on the political beat. Specifically, the study looks at how journalists negotiate between their professional and social roles, and balance between autonomy and adaptation to the source when encountering sources with whom they are related by single (purely professional) vs. multiplex (social and professional) social ties. Empirically, the article compares journalist role conception (based on 26 qualitative interviews with journalists in Lithuania and Sweden) and performance (based on 475 reconstructed journalist–source interactions in both countries). The results show that the professional role is fluctuating and sensitive to the social relationship context. In both countries, journalists praised the norm of role autonomy from sources. However, in role performance, professional and social roles influenced each other during interactions with sources. The patterns of negotiating the professional role in different relational contexts to sources were similar regardless of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science-engaged theology has become all the rage lately. But what is 'science-engaged theology' and how does it relate to the pre-existing field of science-and-religion? This article argues that the field of science-and-religion and science-engaged theology seek to answer quite different questions. Science-and-religion asks about the relationship between separate disciplines or beliefs. Science-engaged theology asks how scientific research can be a source for Christian thought and practice. In so doing, science-engaged theology destabilizes the concepts 'science', 'religion' and 'theology' upon which both these approaches depend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous contaminants of emerging concern that require additional study in freshwater streams. We examined the spatial-temporal variations in MP concentrations and characteristics within two headwater basins in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina over ~1 year. Atmospheric samples were also collected to determine the significance of atmospheric MP deposition to these relatively small streams. MP concentrations in both basins were within the upper quartile of those reported globally, reaching maximum values of 65.1 MPs/L. Approximately 90% of MPs were fibers. MP composition was dominated by polystyrene, polyamides, and polyethylene terephthalate. Spatially, concentrations were highly variable and increased with development, indicating anthropogenic inputs from urbanized areas. MP concentrations were also elevated in forested tributary subbasins with limited anthropogenic activity, suggesting atmospheric deposition was an important MPs source. Significant atmospheric inputs are supported by high atmospheric depositional rates (ranging between 7.6 and 449.8 MPs/m2/day across our study sites) and similarities in morphology, color, and composition between atmospheric and water samples. Temporally, MP concentrations during storm events increased, decreased, or remained the same in comparison to base flows, depending on the site. The observed spatial and temporal variations in concentrations appear to be related to the complex interplay between precipitation and runoff intensities, channel transport characteristics, and MP source locations and contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Message Interpretation Process (MIP) model originated to explain how youth engaging with entertainment media messages make decisions about apparent reality and behavioral choices. Although it has been tested over several decades with various age groups, population types and content foci, it has never been fully explicated. As it has matured as a model, its principles and concepts have contributed to a complementary theoretical model referred to herein as the Media Literacy Theory of Change. Both stem from the overriding perspective that media literacy involves both cognitive and affective components of message interpretation processes and skills that can be taught, engaged, and adapted as a person develops physically, cognitively, emotionally, and socially. This article provides a formal explanation of the MIP model and the Media Literacy Theory of Change, exploring their assumptions and propositions, and referencing the research that has supported and extended the theoretical growth of each over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water quality of the various domestic water sources used in Owerri Imo State was monitored. These water sources include the municipal tap water (A1, A2), borehole (B1, B2), Otammiri (C1, C2), Nworie (D1, D2) and rainwater (E1, E2). A total of ten (10) water samples from different sources were analyzed for appearance, odour, pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBC), total coliform counts (TCC), and total Salmonella Shigella counts (TSSC). The data obtained were compared to WHO and NISDWQ standards for drinking and domestic water. The water samples revealed a slightly acidic pH ranging between 6.43 and 6.96. Electrical conductivity ranged from 42.05 ±1.42 μS/cm - 360.92 ±6.77 μS/cm. The temperature of the water samples between 20.6 ℃ and 28.8 ℃. The water samples revealed an overall low bacterial count. Sample B1 recorded the lowest THBC of 1.0×10² ±0.01 cfu/mL, while sample D2 recorded the highest THBC of 2.1×106 ±0.06 cfu/mL. The highest TCC of 3.7×104 ±0.06 cfu/mL was observed in sample C2, while sample B1 recorded no visible growth for TCC. For TSSC, samples A1, A2, B1, B2, and E1 recorded no visible growth, while sample C1 revealed the highest TSSC of 2.1×10² ±0.011 cfu/mL. This study has revealed that only sample B1 aligned with the stipulated WHO and NISDWQ standards for drinking and domestic water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The 1935 short story collection A Universal History of Iniquity is a foundational stone in Jorge Luis Borges’ (1899–1986) remarkable narrative career. Its first tale, “The Cruel Redeemer Lazarus Morell,” prefigures some of the Argentine’s stylistic peculiarities and lifelong thematic inclinations, which continue to spur specialized scholarship today. Cultural and literary critics alike have studied the story’s opening allusion to the Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas (1484–1566) to claim that the Spanish priest mirrors the murderous life of Lazarus Morell (Lawrence; Warnes), thus showing the often-problematic connections between North and South American history (Waisman; Green). Such scholarship, however, has uncritically accepted Borges’ traditional view of Las Casas as the original instigator of African slavery in the New World. Similarly, the source of this customary view has yet to be addressed in depth. This brief article postulates a clear source for Borges’ literary portrait of Las Casas by tracing and contrasting some of the author’s well-known personal readings. It ultimately suggests that Borges derives his character both from the entries concerning slavery in the prestigious Encyclopædia Britannica (1911), as well as from William Robertson’s (1721–1793) historiographical work on the Americas. The conclusion likewise shows that Borges consciously distorted Las Casas’ historical record in order to fit the Universal History’s aesthetic project.

Sources of sexual knowledge and information among men have impact on quality of their sexual literacy and decision making. Sexual knowledge impacts on sexual attitudes, which underpin sexual behaviours and in turn impacts the sexual health outcomes of men. A cross-sectional quantitative survey was used to assess the sources of sexual knowledge and information among 484 Kenyan adult men aged 18–54. Data analysis was performed with STATA-16. Results showed that 79% of men learned about sex from school-based sex education, 75% and 72% from peers and mass media respectively while healthcare professionals (35%) and parents (28%) had the lowest influence on sexual knowledge and information. Understanding men's sources of sexual knowledge and information that informs their sexual decision making can influence sexuality education planning and sexological practice policies targeted to out of school youths and older men. Hence, appraising formal peer educator's knowledge could provide transformative sexual and reproductive health support services to men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modernization and lifestyle changes have resulted in a number of diseases, including cancer, that require complicated and thorough treatments. One of the most important therapies is the administration of antibiotics and medicines. This is known as chemotherapy for cancer, and it is a regularly utilised treatment plan in which the medications used have negative side effects. This has resulted in extensive research on materials capable of delivering pharmaceuticals to particular targets over an extended period of time. Biopolymers have often been preferred as effective drug delivery carriers. Of these, β-glucan, a natural polysaccharide, has not been extensively studied as a drug delivery carrier, despite its unique properties. This review discusses the sources, extraction techniques, structures, and characteristics of β-glucan to provide an overview. Furthermore, the different methods employed to encapsulate drugs into β-glucan and its role as an efficient drug, SiRNA and Plasmid DNA carrier have been elaborated in this article. The capacity of β-glucan-based to specifically target and alter tumour-associated macrophages, inducing an immune response ultimately resulting in tumour suppression has been elaborated. Finally, this study aims to stimulate further research on β-glucan by thoroughly describing its many characteristics and demonstrating its effectiveness as a drug delivery vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents with archival materials in which the celebrations of the twentieth anniversary of the Tatar literature classic, publicist, public figure Galimjan Ibragimov, held in 1928, are documented. The funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan (Kazan) and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) have a protocol and a transcript from the celebrations dedicated to this anniversary. The protocol is printed in Tatar, the transcript is presented in Russian. Due to a serious lung disease, the writer was residing in Yalta for treatment at the time. The preparation and holding of events was organised at the highest level, the anniversary date was celebrated even outside the Tatar Republic. Although G. Ibragimov was not able to attend the event personally, the anniversary was held on a large scale and was broadcast on the radio. A concert was organised and a play based on the writer’s drama New People was staged. At the end of the event, a telegram with anniversary greetings to the hero of the day was read and later sent to Yalta. Later, G. Ibragimov sent a reply telegram with words of gratitude to the editorial offices of the newspapers “Kyzyl Tatarstan” and “Eshche”. Among those invited and speaking were prominent literary and public figures and orientalists (I. Rakhmatullin, G. Nigmati, G. Linstser), birthday greetings from various addressees from Russian cities and abroad were read out. The transcript is very voluminous. As can be seen from the content, prominent figures took part in the meeting, such as N. Tyuryakulov, I. Borozdin, A.N. Maksudov, B.Kh. Mansurov, A.M. Arsharuni. The speakers’ speeches trace the significant role of G. Ibragimov in the public life of the Tatar people, as a literary scholar, researcher and public figure. The article provides quotes from archival documents in the original language and facts concerning the writer’s creative anniversary from the periodical press of the first half of the 20th century.

Background. Studying genetic diversity and identifying sources of valuable agronomic traits for specific environmental conditions is of great importance for plant breeders when they select source material for crop improvement. Materials and methods. Three hundred and seven oat accessions of various ecogeographic origin were tested under the conditions of the Kuban Experiment Station, a branch of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), in 2014–2019. Cv. ‘Valdin 765’ served as the reference. Weather conditions across the years of the study were contrasting in terms of the hydrothermal regime. Results. The inter-cultivar and year-to-year variability of the oat collection was analyzed in Krasnodar Territory and accessions promising for breeding were identified for a set of useful agronomic traits. The most significant differences among the studied oat accessions were recorded for the time of ripening and panicle characteristics. High yield of an accession under the conditions of Krasnodar Territory was associated with its high 1000 grain weight, which positively correlated with the duration of the period from panicle emergence to ripening and negatively with the length of the panicle, number of grains per panicle, plant height, and duration of the periods from germination to panicle emergence and from germination to ripening. Conclusion. The study of useful agronomic traits resulted in identifying oat accessions with the yield exceeding the reference (cv. ‘Valdin 765’) by 114–135%, that ripened 6–8 days earlier than the reference, were resistant to lodging, had short stems, manifested combined resistance (9 points) to crown and stem rust, low filminess (< 25%), good leafiness, high oil content (> 6%), increased protein content (> 14%), and high levels of yield structure components.

The paper presents an interdisciplinary study based on an experimental model for investigating clay sources to identify prehistoric human behavior regarding resources. The study focuses on the Middle Bronze Age (1955/1773–1739/1614 cal. BC) settlement of Siliştea-Pe Cetățuie in eastern Romania, where archaeological materials from the Costișa and Monteoru cultures were discovered. Standard criteria for macroscopic analysis and analytical techniques, such as optical microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (µ-FTIR), and thermal analysis (DTA and TG), were used to investigate the ceramic material from multiple points of view. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the ceramics of the two communities. Putting together the data obtained from macroscopic and physico-chemical analyses helped in partially reconstructing ancient human behaviors related to the production and use of ceramic vessels.

Understanding the temporal and spatial variation of hydrochemical components in large freshwater lakes is crucial for effective management and conversation. In this study, we identify the temporal-spatial characteristics and driving factors of the hydrochemical components in Baiyangdian Lake using geochemical methods (Gibbs diagram, Piper diagram and End-element diagram of ion ratio) and multivariate statistical techniques (Principal component analysis and Correlation analysis). 16 sets of samples were collected from Baiyangdian Lake in May (normal season), July (flood season), and December (dry season) of 2022. Results indicate significant spatial variation in Na+, Cl−, SO42− and NO3− , suggesting a strong influence of human activities. Cation concentrations exhibit greater seasonal variation in the dry season compared to the flood season, while the concentrations of the four anions show inconsistent seasonal changes due to the combined effects of river water chemical composition and human activities. The hydrochemical type of Baiyangdian Lake is primarily HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3− originate mainly from silicate and carbonate rock dissolution, while K+, Na+ and Cl− originate mainly from sewage and salt dissolution in sediments. SO42− may mainly stem from industrial wastewater, while NO3− primarily originates from animal feces and domestic sewage. Through the use of Principal Component Analysis, it is identified that water-rock interaction (silicate and carbonate rocks dissolution, and dissolution of salt in sediments), carbonate sedimentation, sewage, agricultural fertilizer and manure, and nitrification are the main driving factors of the variation of hydrochemical components of Baiyangdian Lake across three hydrological seasons. These findings suggest the need for effective control of substandard domestic sewage discharge, optimization of agricultural fertilization strategies, and proper management of animal manure to comprehensively improve the water environment in Baiyangdian Lake.

Heavy metal(loid)s (HM) including Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, and Pb were analyzed using ICP-MS in the groundwater of the Khyber District. Two indexical approaches were applied for the evaluation of HM contamination and toxicity in groundwater. The study also examined the health risks, sources, and spatial dependence of these HM. The results revealed that Mn, Ni, Cd, and Pb, concentrations violated drinking water guidelines in 44.26%, 52.45%, 1.63%, and 9.83% of the samples, while the rest of the HM were well within the limits. Based on the results it was observed that 18.03%, 6.55%, 6.55%, and 13.1% of the samples were classified as unfit, very poor, poor and marginal, water quality classes, presenting, very severe, excessive, strong, and moderate toxicity to consumers, respectively. Among HM, the Pb, Mn, and Ni required the highest removal rates in comparison to others. Health risk assessment suggested that 8.2% and 16.39% of samples showed non-carcinogenic risks to adults and children, respectively. Hotspots for HM were identified showing enhanced HM-enriched waters in specific regions, indicating areas of concern for future management. Source apportionment suggested that Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu originated from a mix of geogenic and anthropic sources, while the rest of the HM were attributed to natural occurrences [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers in karst areas face increased risks from persistent growth in human activity that leads to changes in water chemistry and threatens the water environment. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA), ion ratio measurements, and other methods were used to study the water chemistry of the Qingshuijiang River Basin over the past 10 years. The results showed that the main ions in the river were Ca2+ and HCO3–, with a cation order of Ca2+ (mean: 0.93 mmol/L) > Mg2+ (mean: 0.51 mmol/L) > Na+ (mean: 0.30 mmol/L) > K+ (mean: 0.06 mmol/L) and HCO3– (mean: 2.00 mmol/L) > SO42– (mean: 0.49 mmol/L) > Cl– (mean: 0.15 mmol/L) > NO3– (mean: 0.096 mmol/L) > F– (mean : 0.012 mmol/L). In the past 10 years, the concentration of major ions in the river water in the basin has increased significantly. The weathering input of rock (mainly upstream carbonate) was the main source of Mg2+, Ca2+, and HCO3−, though sulfuric acid was also involved in this process. While K+ and Na+ were affected by the combination of human activity and the weathering input of silicate rock in the middle and lower reaches of the river, human activity was the main source of SO42−, NO3−, and F− ions. Irrigation water quality and health risks were evaluated by calculating the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (Na%), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and hazard quotient (HQ). The findings indicated that the river water was generally safe for irrigation and drinking, and the health risks were gradually reduced over time. However, long-term monitoring of the river basin is still essential, especially for the risk of excessive F− in a few tributaries in the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Khangalas orogenic gold deposit is located in the central part of the Yana–Kolyma metallogenic belt. The structure of the deposit is defined by several mineralized fracturing zones up to 70 m thick and up to 1400 m long in the arch and the southwestern limb of a NW-trending anticline. The Upper Permian terrigenous rocks host ore bodies with massive, banded, veinlet, disseminated, and brecciated textures. The major gangue minerals include quartz, carbonates, and rare sericite. The major ore minerals are pyrite and arsenopyrite, the subordinate minerals are galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and native gold, and Fe-gersdorffite, tetrahedrite, and argentotennantite are rare minerals. Supergene minerals (sulfates, phosphates, arsenates, and hydrooxides) are abundant in a linear oxidation zone. The mineral formation occurred in two stages: gold–sulfide–quartz and silver–quartz. Quartz veins with visible native gold formed from low-saline (~5.0 wt % NaCl-equiv.) CO2-bearing hydrocarbonate fluids at a temperature of 330–280°C and a pressure of ~0.8 kbar. Disseminated Au-bearing pyrite-3 (up to 39.3 ppm Au) and arsenopyrite-1 (up to 23.8 ppm Au) from sericite–carbonate–quartz metasomatites are characterized by nonstoichiometric composition, a Fe excess, and a deficit of S (in addition to As in Apy), and Fe/(S + As) ratios of 0.47–0.52 (Py2) and 0.47–0.50 (Apy 1). Structurally bound Au+ is the dominant mode of occurrence of invisible gold in Py3 and Apy1. The isotopic composition of oxygen of quartz (+15.2 to +16.1‰ δ18O) and fluid (+8.4 to +9.2‰ δ18OH2O), as well as sulfur of sulfides (–2.1 to 0.6‰ δ34S), in addition to the 187Os/188Os ratios (0.2212–0.2338) of native gold and Pb of galena (206Pb/204Pb = 18.0214, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.5356, and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.2216) and geochemical features of Py3 and Apy1, allow us to suggest that sources are involved in ore formation that are mainly from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle and, to a lesser extent, crustal reservoirs. The formation of gold-bearing ore bodies of the deposit is related to the final progressive reverse-thrust deformations of stage D1 of the Valanginian period of the Early Cretaceous (~137 Ma), which occurred during postorogenic processes in the Yana–Kolyma belt upon regional southwestern transportation of rocks. Our results are important for forecasting metallogenic and prospecting works directed for the discovery of large-volume gold mineralization of orogenic belts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angqu, positioned in the eastern expanse of the Tibet Plateau, claims the title of the largest tributary to the Lancang River. In October and December of 2018, in the sediment of Angqu, a comprehensive investigation was conducted on nine heavy metals—arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni). This investigation aimed to scrutinize the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of these metals, assess the pollution status and ecological risks associated with the sediments, and delve into the sources contributing to their presence. The research results indicate that the average concentrations of As, Hg, and Cd in Angqu sediments exceed the soil background values of Tibet, while the concentrations of other heavy metals are below the soil background values of Tibet. Notably, arsenic poses potential ecological risks. In Angqu sediments, the concentrations of Mn, Cu, Ni, and Pb are generally higher in the wet season, but the seasonal variations of heavy metals in Angqu sediments are not significant. The sediments in the Angqu Basin are predominantly affected by mercury Hg, Cd, and As, with varying degrees of pollution at different sampling points. In the main stream of Angqu (City section), Hg pollution has reached above a moderate level, whereas As pollution near the tributary is only slightly polluted. The analysis of heavy metal sources reveals that there are five primary contributors to heavy metals in surface sediments of Angqu: parent material, agricultural activities, groundwater, atmospheric deposition, and other unidentified sources. Mn, Cr, Pb, and Ni are mainly derived from soil parent material, accounting for more than 50%. About 60.82% of As comes primarily from groundwater. Zn and Cd are mainly sourced from agricultural activities, accounting for 41.25% and 34.33%, respectively. Additionally, 20.6% of Hg originates from atmospheric deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report observations of non‐methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at an urban site in Guangzhou, China, and analyzed the seasonally contrasting composition, diurnal patterns, and sources of VOCs driven by the Asian Monsoon weather. In July, southerly low‐level jets and coastal recirculation coincided with a large enhancement of light alkanes and alkenes along with methyl tert‐butyl ether from urban transportation. Diurnal profiles of propanal and methyl vinyl ketone followed isoprene and O3, suggesting a common biogenic origin and fast photochemical production. In October, dominating northerly descending dry air mass led to a 10‐fold increase in acetone and methyl ethyl ketone, suggesting a large free tropospheric reservoir and abundant precursors of these ketones. Enhanced source apportionment aided by a comprehensive emission speciation data set identified five classes of VOCs from a much larger pool of local and regional emission sources than reported from previous studies. Seasonal transition of VOCs offers unique natural constraint for the chemistry and sources of VOCs in this and other similar regions, which warrants future long term measurements and advanced modeling and analysis. Plain Language Summary: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are essential ingredients in the formation of O3 and PM2.5 air pollution. Their emission sources and chemistry are very complex, making them very challenging to study and control. We analyzed data from an urban site in Guangzhou, China in two different seasons, and show some very interesting seasonal and diurnal patterns of these compounds that provide direct and natural evidence about their sources and chemistry. We further demonstrate that it is challenging yet feasible to link chemical speciation profiles of complex emission sources to atmospheric observations of VOCs. Key Points: Monsoon weather transition brought contrasting volatile organic compoundsSeasonal and diurnal patterns naturally reveal different sources of ketonesEmissions of overlapping tracers confound attribution of complex sources [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Morroniside (Mor) is a bioactive compound found in Corni Fructus (CF) [Cornaceae; Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc.], which has been used as medicine and food in China, Korea, and Japan for over 2,000 years. This review summarizes recent progress on Mor, specifically focusing on its distribution, isolation, detection, and various pharmacological effects. Methods: A literature survey on Mor was conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, CNKI, and Google Scholar. After removing TCM prescription-related standards, medicinal herb processing-related research, and other irrelevant works of literature, we obtained relevant information on Mor's biological and pharmacological properties. Results: The main conclusions are as follows: Mor is widely distributed in the plant kingdom; the methods for extracting and isolating Mor are well established; and the technology for detecting it is accurate. Mor exhibits numerous pharmacological effects. Along with CF, Mor has shown renoprotective effects against diabetes, hepatoprotective effects against diabetes, triptolide, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and boneprotective effects against osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. In addition, researchers have also explored other pharmacological effects of Mor, including neuroprotective effects against focal cerebral ischemia, spinal cord injury, and Alzheimer's disease; cardioprotective effects against acute myocardial infarction; protection of the digestive system from gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and colitis; protection of the skin by promoting hair growth, wound healing, and flap survival; and protection of the lungs from acute lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, Mor has anti-obesity effects, anti-inflammatory effects in the eye, and improves follicular development. Discussion: Overall, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the pharmacological effects of Mor, from which the limitations of the current research can be understood, which will help facilitate future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an interdisciplinary study based on an experimental model for investigating clay sources to identify prehistoric human behavior regarding resources. The study focuses on the Middle Bronze Age (1955/1773–1739/1614 cal. BC) settlement of Siliştea-Pe Cetățuie in eastern Romania, where archaeological materials from the Costișa and Monteoru cultures were discovered. Standard criteria for macroscopic analysis and analytical techniques, such as optical microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (µ-FTIR), and thermal analysis (DTA and TG), were used to investigate the ceramic material from multiple points of view. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the ceramics of the two communities. Putting together the data obtained from macroscopic and physico-chemical analyses helped in partially reconstructing ancient human behaviors related to the production and use of ceramic vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty is a universal reality that takes various forms worldwide. It is considered the most detrimental economic and social issue, being the root cause of human rights violations due to its destructive effects on individuals and society. In the modern era, poverty has become a major global issue, hindering economic and human development and leading to deprivation of well-being. Any credit type, micro or nano credit, must be implemented well to help the poor. Recently, there has been an interest in nanocredit. Although there are limited studies on nanocredit, there have been some attempts to review the topic. In contrast to other research, this study adopts a different methodology to thoroughly review the literature on the development of nanocredit to address the innovative and reliable tools that are dependable financial inclusion for the underprivileged. This study is being conducted to comprehensively review and analyse current research on nanocredit. Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), Emerald Insights, and Google Scholar index the reviewed literature from 2000 to 2022 for published article access. Studies have presented that nanocredit is a new paradigm in the lending industry with fewer requirements and bureaucracy. Although it is still lacking in fully complying with Shariah guidelines, nanocredit is a saviour for the poor in improving their quality of life. In simple understanding, nanocredit should be the bridge that connects Islamic finance and Islamic philanthropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose is to examine the memoir component of the “Ukrainian Historian”, the main printed organ of diaspora scholars. In particular, to identify the main groups of materials, the author’s composition, thematic focus, and the tasks set by the editorial board in publishing memoir narratives and research on them. The methodology is based on the use of historical and scientific analysis, systematization, chronological, source and textual methods, which made it possible to determine the species composition of memoir publications, their information potential, and their significance for historical science and society. The scientific novelty lies in the systematization of the memoir component of the journal, the identification of the main groups, including memoirs of Ukrainian figures, memories of them and events of Ukrainian history or institutions, source and archaeological publications, as well as reviews for the entire period of its publication. The main authors / “heroes”, the topics of the memoirs, and their significance for historical science and society are identified. Particular attention is paid to reviews of memoirs as a type of scientific testing, which plays an important role in the expert evaluation and promotion of memoirs among the scientific community and the public. Conclusions. From the very first issues, the editorial board of the Ukrainian Historian launched special sections devoted to memoirs. This was a recognition of their importance for Ukrainian scholarship in the context of historical and biographical research as a thorough addition to archival materials, which significantly expanded the source base of Ukrainian historiography in the diaspora and Ukraine. The “Ukrainian Historian” has become an important alternative platform for publishing Ukrainian memoirs and research on them, and thus for testing their authenticity and source value, as opposed to silencing them and preventing their dissemination as stigmatized “ideologically harmful” and “bourgeois nationalist” literature in the Soviet public and scientific information space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most coal in India originates from the Korb basin (Chhattisgarh), where coal mines, thermal power, and aluminum plants operate. Groundwater in this region faces severe pollution due to land reclamation, leaching of coal‐related contaminants, waste disposal, and industrial effluent seepage. This work presents results from monitoring groundwater pollution in the Korba basin from 2012 to 2017. Fluoride, aluminum, manganese, and iron levels exceeded acceptable quality limits across all 28 studied locations, with excessive nitrate, magnesium, calcium, and lead levels in specific sites. Tracking seasonal and temporal fluctuations in the most polluted site, namely Kudurmal, revealed peak solute concentrations during the monsoon period and a sustained 18% increase during the study period. Factorial analysis suggests groundwater contamination arises from both human activities and natural sources. These findings underscore the urgent necessity of devising remediation strategies for the drinking water supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonicotinoids (NEOs), the most widely used class of insecticides, are pervasive in the environment, eliciting concerns due to their hydrophilicity, persistence, and potential ecological risks. As the leading pesticide consumer, China shows significant regional disparities in NEO contamination. This review explores NEO distribution, sources, and toxic risks across China. The primary NEO pollutants identified in environmental samples include imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and acetamiprid. In the north, corn cultivation represents the principal source of NEOs during wet seasons, while rice dominates in the south year-round. The high concentration levels of NEOs have been detected in the aquatic environment in the southern regions (130.25 ng/L), the urban river Sects. (157.66 ng/L), and the downstream sections of the Yangtze River (58.9 ng/L), indicating that climate conditions and urban pollution emissions are important drivers of water pollution. Neonicotinoids were detected at higher levels in agricultural soils compared to other soil types, with southern agricultural areas showing higher concentrations (average 27.21 ng/g) than northern regions (average 12.77 ng/g). Atmospheric NEO levels were lower, with the highest concentration at 1560 pg/m3. The levels of total neonicotinoid pesticides in aquatic environments across China predominantly exceed the chronic toxicity ecological threshold of 35 ng/L, particularly in the regions of Beijing and the Qilu Lake Basin, where they likely exceed the acute toxicity ecological threshold of 200 ng/L. In the future, efforts should focus on neonicotinoid distribution in agriculturally developed regions of Southwest China, while also emphasizing their usage in urban greening and household settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sedimentary total organic carbon (TOC) in mangrove ecosystems plays an essential role in the global carbon storage. Nevertheless, little information is available about the pattern of TOC in sediments varying from bare and flat to those beneath mangroves. To find out the roles of new-developing mangroves in sedimentary TOC accumulation, a serials of sediment samples were collected from the creek mudflat zone (CMZ) through the fringe mangrove zone (FMZ) to the interior mangrove zone (IMZ) in young mangrove system of Nanliu River Delta in China. Sediment compositions, TOC, total nitrogen (TN), molar C/N ratios, and carbon stable isotopes (δ13C) were analyzed to examine the accumulation processes. The results revealed the distinct differences in the sedimentary TOC values, with an obvious increasing trend from the CMZ and FMZ to the IMZ. We quantified that terrestrials, marine-derived and mangrove-derived sources contributed 39.2-74.1%, 24.7-63.1% and 0.9-6.9%, respectively, to the sedimentary TOC in the mangrove ecosystems. The organic carbon accumulation rates ranged from 2.59 to 269.60 g•m-2•a-1, with values of 8.77 ± 19.87, 24.78 ± 12.53, 167.19 ± 57.79 g•m-2•a-1 for CMZ, FMZ and IMZ. Our work highlights information showing that young mangrove forests of the tropical delta have important potential for carbon storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on current pollution in the Saïda basin, a semi‐arid region in north‐western Algeria. By analyzing sediments, the study provides interesting results on urban pollution and its environmental impact. The research consists of two main phases, each addressing different aspects of pollution. In the first phase, different pollution indicators are used to analyze heavy metals and organic pollutants in urban drainage sediments. The results are compared with sediment quality guidelines, regulatory thresholds, and local and international references. Most of the metallic contaminants exceed the toxicity levels established by the continental crust and sediment quality guidelines, suggesting an anthropogenic origin. In addition, contamination indices show significant accumulation. In this context, the results highlight the importance of accumulation and transport processes in urban sediments. Hydrological parameters significantly influence heavy metal distribution mechanisms. Remarkable variations between copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) suggest a combined or singular source during transport. Conversely, chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) are mainly derived from natural lithological sources. Cadmium (Cd) is associated with anthropogenic sources related to the agricultural use of phosphate fertilizers, whereas zinc (Zn) is mainly derived from physical corrosion processes. In the second phase, a combined descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis examines the mobility and distribution of heavy metals and their relationships with organic matter (OM) over time. Pronounced temporal variations in Cd, Zn, and Cu concentrations are attributed to human activities. Strong correlations exist between OM and cobalt (Co), Cu and Pb, confirming the ability of OM to adsorb these metals under specific geochemical conditions associated with waste disposal. Conversely, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Ni show weak or negative correlations with OM, suggesting diverse sources, including potential agricultural, industrial, and natural origins. The dendrogram confirms the existence of previously identified contaminant groups, suggesting common sources and potential co‐occurrence patterns. This analysis highlights the role of the drainage network as a physico‐chemical reactor in the mobilization of contaminants. It underlines the importance of sediment interactions in urban pollution processes. Finally, recommendations are proposed to ensure effective pollution control and remediation. Practitioner Points: Useful information on pollution and its environmental impact is provided by the analysis of sediments in the urban basin of Saida (NW‐Algeria).The results of this study indicate high levels of heavy metals in the sediments, in excess of toxicity limits, and evidence of anthropogenic sources.Temporal variations in metal concentrations indicate the influence of human activities.The study has made it possible to identify the sources, to understand the mobility and distribution, and to control the contamination by heavy metals in the urban sediments.Drainage system serves as a pathway for dispersing contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geochronological (U-Pb zircon, ID-TIMS), isotope-geochemical (Nd, Sr, Pb), and geochemical studies of rocks of the Amanan and Amudzhikan intrusive complexes and volcanic rocks of the Ukurey Formation in the eastern part of the West Stanovoy superterrane of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt were performed. The assignment of granitoids of these complexes to high-potassium C-type adakites is substantiated. It is established that the studied rocks are cogenetic and can be ascribed to a single Amudzhikan volcano-plutonic association formed in the age range of 133 ± 1–128 ± 1 Ma. The igneous complexes of this association belong to the Stanovoy volcano-plutonic belt, which extends in the sublatitudinal direction from the Pacific Ocean inward the North Asian continent for more than 1000 km, subparallel to the Mongol-Okhotsk suture zone, and assembles the tectonic structures of the Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoy and West-Stanovoy superterranes. The formation of the Stanovoy Belt is related to the closure of the Mongolo-Okhotsk Ocean and the collision between North Asian and Sino-Korean continents at ~140 Ma. The subsequent collapse of the collisional orogen, which was accompanied by large-scale lithospheric extension and delamination of the lower part of the continental lithosphere, led to upwelling of asthenospheric mantle. This caused melting of the lithospheric mantle and continental crust and, as a consequence, the formation of both mafic (shoshonitic) melts and anatectic crustal melts of the adakite type. The mixing of these melts led to the formation of the parental magmas of the Amudzhikan magmatic association. The crustal component in the source was of heterogeneous nature and finally formed as a result of the Early Cretaceous collision event. It is characterized by the upper-crustal isotopic signatures: increased Rb/Sr and U/Pb ratios and a decreased Sm/Nd ratio in the source. The mantle component is represented by enriched lithospheric mantle of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, the formation of which is associated with subduction processes and closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk paleoocean. Metasomatic transformation of the mantle with the introduction of melts and fluids with isotopic parameters of an EMII-type source or upper crust occurred at this stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa faces the urgency to comprehensively understand and manage its methane (CH4) emissions. The primary aim of this study is to compare CH4 concentrations between Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga regions dominated by cattle farming and coal mining industries, respectively. CH4 concentration trends were analyzed for the period 2019 to 2023 using satellite data. Trend analysis revealed significant increasing trends in CH4 concentrations in both provinces, supported by Mann–Kendall tests that rejected the null hypothesis of no trend (Eastern Cape: p-value = 8.9018e−08 and Mpumalanga: p-value = 2.4650e−10). The Eastern Cape, a leading cattle farming province, exhibited cyclical patterns and increasing CH4 concentrations, while Mpumalanga, a major coal mining province, displayed similar increasing trends with sharper concentration points. The results show seasonal variations in CH4 concentrations in the Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga provinces. High CH4 concentrations are observed in the northwestern region during the December-January–February (DJF) season, while lower concentrations are observed in the March–April-May (MAM) and June-July–August (JJA) seasons in the Eastern Cape province. In the Mpumalanga province, there is a dominance of high CH4 concentrations in southwestern regions and moderately low concentrations in the northeastern regions, observed consistently across all seasons. The study also showed an increasing CH4 concentration trend from 2019 to 2023 for both provinces. The study highlights the urgent need to address CH4 emissions from both cattle farming and coal mining activities to mitigate environmental impacts and promote sustainable development. Utilizing geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing technologies, policymakers and stakeholders can identify and address the sources of CH4 emissions more effectively, thereby contributing to environmental conservation and sustainable resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Yamuna River, a vital water source in India, poses a profound challenge concerning water purity across its entire stretch. The comprehensive review aims to thoroughly examine the river's water quality, shedding light on the sources of pollution and their consequences for both ecological systems and public health. The primary objective of this review is to examine the published research papers concerning the Yamuna River water quality stretching from Yamunotri to Prayagraj and its resulting impact on human health. This paper also comprises a wide range of pollutants mainly caused by human activity; during the strange period of COVID-19 lockdown, when all industries were closed, resulting in changes in water quality, signifies the destructive effects of human activity on the river. Studies uncover that the most contaminated areas are Nizamuddin of Delhi region and D/S of Agra in Uttar Pradesh, which includes the foremost level of faecal coliforms to be around 210000–11000000 and 450–6100000, respectively. The total coliforms were found to be between 700000–28000000 and 2200–32000000, respectively. Biochemical oxygen demands, industrial discharge, urban waste and agriculture are identified as the most responsible factors for this contamination. After the COVID-19 lockdown, all industries were open, and now, the conditions are the same as before COVID-19. The primary insight to be assembled is that the ecological balance of the Yamuna River and public health depend on the immediate requirement for effective wastewater treatment solutions. Besides offering valuable data by compiling findings from multiple studies, this review underscores the importance of implementing stringent regulations on industrial emissions, upgrading sewage treatment plants, and promoting eco-friendly farming methods to tackle pollution in the Yamuna River and also manage the rural and urban areas of the sewage pipeline plan. It stresses the importance of safeguarding the Yamuna River ecosystem's inherent socioeconomic benefits while alleviating the environmental harm caused by pervasive pollution. Essentially, the study calls for prompt and comprehensive measures to ensure the sustainable health of this crucial water resource in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]