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The purpose of the research is to determine if adding grapheme oxide (GO) fluids combined with EG (ethylene glycol) or water might boost the transfer of heat in automobile radiators. Radiators are essential parts of car cooling systems; they dissipate extra heat that the engine produces. The capacity of conventional coolants to transport temperature is limited, including Glycol and water. The ability to conduct heat may be improved with the use of nanoparticles fluids, which are basically solutions of particles in a base liquidize. This technique uses ethylene glycol and water to create a nanoparticles fluid by dispersing GO particles. Using experiments, the resilience or thermal features of the nanoparticle fluids are described. Next, utilizing an early version radiators arrangement, many heat transfer tests are carried out. In comparison to traditional coolants, the radiator’s ability to dissipate heat in various functioning circumstances has been assessed while utilizing the GO nanoparticles fluids together. Comparing the radiator’s heat transfer efficiency with plain ethylene glycol (or water, initial results indicate the addition with GO nanoparticles fluids improves it. Increased thermal conductivity in the nanoparticles fluids combination results in more efficient heat dissipation. For the purpose of to ensure the efficient utilization of the nanoparticles fluids on car cooling mechanisms, it is further evaluated for durability during extended exposure to elevated temperatures. The continued attempts to provide cutting-edge cooling systems for automotive applications are aided by this study. The results indicate that the use of GO nanoparticles fluids in conjunction with conventional coolants has a chance to improve car radiator thermal transfer or general efficiency. It is advised to carry out greater refinement and calibration research to fully realize the potential advantages of this unique coolant composition.

ABS and chain-branched amylopectin exhibit poor processing capabilities, making them unsuitable for 3D printing utilizations. While ABS exhibits excellent mechanical properties with high processing costs, it lacks the practical requirements of PLA, an environment-friendly polymer with poor mechanical performances. Studying the toxicity of 3-D printer emissions and the causes of toxicity both in vivo and in vitro is necessary in light of the rapidly expanding applications of 3-D printing technological advances, the documented emissions, and the possible adverse reactions from exposed to those emissions. Despite these limitations, ABS and PLA continue to be developed for 3D printing applications. Several mechanical behaviors, including tensile strength, creep, and fatigue, are examined in the study to determine the structural integrity and durability of a 3D-printed ABS square block. The results of the safety factor analysis show a minimum value of 0.1823, indicating the presence of potential failure points and the need for design optimization. The material can last long under dynamic loads, as shown by the fatigue study. This study not only improves ABS parts in real-life uses but also helps grasp their strength better. It gives clues for their future design and making. Using experimental and simulation data, the study optimizes 3D printing parameters and improves ABS materials’ structural efficiency by integrating finite element methods with practical manufacturing outcomes.

Research into alternative, green energy sources such as solar power has been driven by concerns about environmental sustainability, escalating petroleum costs, and surging energy demand. Solar energy can power the entire world sustainably, since it is abundant and easy to access. Solar radiation, cell temperature, and load impedance all play a part in improving the efficiency of solar energy utilization. In order to maximize solar energy utilization, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are used. In order to address factors such as solar effectiveness, dynamic response, convergence speed, complexity, cost, and sensor requirements, different MPPT techniques have been developed. Using Incremental Conductance (INC) as an example, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of MPPT techniques. P&O’s drawback of oscillations around the Maximum Power Point (MPP) is overcome by INC, which minimizes them. The MPP voltage is maintained until the incremental conductance equals zero by comparing the instantaneous conductance of the panel with the incremental conductance. In addition to being easy to implement, INC-based methods offer rapid tracking and efficiency gains. Results from simulations demonstrate INC MPPT’s effectiveness in maximizing power extraction from photovoltaic systems, especially when environmental conditions change rapidly.

The process of welding is extensively employed in diverse industrial sectors for the purpose of material joining. The integrity of components or structures is significantly dependent on the quality and performance of welded joints. Nevertheless, conventional welding techniques present certain restrictions, including reduced welding velocity, substandard joint characteristics, and deformation. Hybrid welding techniques have surfaced as a viable solution in recent times to address the limitations and enhance the joint performance.The present study provides a thorough examination of diverse hybrid welding methodologies, encompassing laser-arc hybrid welding, friction stir welding, and hybrid laser welding. The manuscript examines the operational mechanisms, benefits, and constraints of every method. Moreover, the paper presents findings from recent research studies that have examined the collective efficacy of these methodologies across various materials and contexts.The findings indicate that the utilisation of hybrid welding methods has the potential to enhance joint performance through the improvement of mechanical properties, reduction of defects, and minimization of distortion. The manuscript additionally examines the obstacles and prospective avenues in the realm of hybrid welding. The research presented herein offers significant insights for both researchers and practitioners operating within the welding industry. Specifically, it provides guidance on the selection of optimal welding techniques for applications, as well as the optimisation of welding parameters to enhance joint performance.

Bioinspired composites have become an increasingly popular area of research in materials science, as they offer a promising approach to developing high-performance materials. By drawing inspiration from the structures and properties of natural materials, researchers can design composites with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and other properties. This review article discusses the lessons that can be learned from nature for materials design and performance, with a focus on the structures and properties of biological materials such as bone, spider silk, and nacre. We explore the key mechanisms that give these materials their unique properties, including hierarchical structures, nanoscale building blocks, and interfacial interactions. By understanding these mechanisms, researchers can develop new materials with improved strength, toughness, and other desirable properties. We also discuss the potential applications of bioinspired composites in fields such as aerospace, engineering, and biomedical science. Overall, this review highlights the importance of nature as a source of inspiration for materials design and provides insights into the development of high-performance composites.

In present study, titanium diboride (TiB2) and glass powder waste utilized as reinforcement particles with Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) matrix material in development of a polymer-based composite. The % reinforcement of TiB2and glass powder waste varied from 2.5% to 20%. Micrographs of PET/8.75% TiB2/8.75% glass wastecomposite revealed uniform distribution of TiB2and glass powder in PET-based MMC. Proper wettability between matrix and reinforcement particles were observed for PET/8.75% TiB2/8.75% glass wastecomposite. Results showed that by adding 8.75% of TiB2and 8.75% of glass powder, mechanical properties of PET were improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to improve the mechanical, biodegradation and in vitro biocompatible characteristics of as received rolled AZ31 (Mg-1%Zn-3%Al) alloy by develop the surface composite of Mg-Titania. The surface composite was developed by friction stir processing (FSP) and it's used for prosthetic applications. The influence of tool rotation speed and number of FSP passes on grain structure, grain refinement, tensile strength, hardness, in vitro degradation rate and in vitro biocompatibility were explored. The obtained results support the capability of FSP in terms of mechanical strengthening, refinement of grain structure, dispersion of reinforcement (i.e. TiO2) and controlled degradation rate. Grain structure at stir zone, advancing side and retreating side were investigated. The large grains in the alloy were reduced to a fine equiaxial grains of average dimension of ≈ 3 μm by 3rd pass of FSP. The process was performed under two different tool rotation speed, i.e. 1550 and 2260 RPM. The addition of second phase in the matrix significantly improve the grain refinement. The results obtained from tensile test revealed the improvement in the percentage elongation without compromising the strength. The micro hardness of specimens of different parametric combination were evaluated and found ≈ 30–50% improvement in the micro hardness. The degradation rate by immersion test in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 3, 6 and 10 days were performed and found a significant reduction in degradation rate. The MTT assay for the biocompatibility performed by indirect method, the results validate the non-toxic behavior of processed specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing environmental issues linked to traditional petroleum-based packaging materials have stimulated a rising curiosity in investigating sustainable alternatives, especially in the field of food packaging. The present study investigates the characterisation of bio-based materials that have the potential to significantly transform food packaging applications. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using these materials as ecologically sustainable substitutes, taking into account their physical, mechanical, barrier, and thermal characteristics. The study process includes the careful selection of a wide array of bio-based materials, such as biopolymers derived from agricultural wastes, chemicals derived from algae, and derivatives of cellulose. The findings from the characterization provide insight into the complex attributes of these bio-based materials, elucidating their advantages and disadvantages when compared to conventional packaging materials. The research findings presented in this study make a valuable contribution to the expanding corpus of information pertaining to sustainable packaging options. As there is a growing worldwide focus on reducing plastic waste and minimising ecological impacts, the findings of this research contribute to the promotion of a more sustainable approach to food packaging. These findings are in line with the concepts of a circular and bio-based economy.

The sustainable exploitation of natural stone resources poses a multifaceted dilemma that lies at the confluence of environmental protection and the preservation of cultural heritage. This study explores the complex interplay between the exploitation and use of natural stone resources, the consequent environmental ramifications, and the necessity of preserving cultural legacy for posterity. The procurement of natural stone resources, although being indispensable for the purposes of building, architecture, and artistic endeavours, sometimes gives rise to substantial ecological ramifications. Quarrying activities have been found to result in a range of detrimental consequences, including deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, and habitat destruction. The intricate equilibrium between the preservation of natural resources and their utilisation necessitates the implementation of inventive approaches to minimise ecological harm and save cultural heritage. In order to effectively tackle these difficulties, it is imperative to adopt a holistic strategy. The use of circular economy concepts has the potential to significantly improve the utilisation of stone resources in a more effective manner. The preservation of cultural heritage necessitates thorough documentation, continuous monitoring, and proper care, as well as the use of protective coatings and materials that effectively minimise degradation while preserving the aesthetic and historical significance. This study argues for the cohabitation of natural stone extraction with cultural heritage preservation by examining the intersection of environmental issues and cultural relevance.

The present research aims to study the fatigue crack propagation and fracture toughness behavior of different zones of friction stir welds of AA7039 alloy, as different zones had varying microstructural and mechanical properties. Compact tension specimens with an initial notch in distinct weld zones parallel to the welding direction were machined using welded plates. Friction stir welding altered the base metal grain structure momentously, refined the grain structure in the weld nugget zone, and coarsen the same in the heat-affected zone. No correlation was observed between grain size and weld zone(s) hardness. Weld tensile properties were slightly inferior to base metal despite significantly higher hardness and alternation of grain structure. The fatigue life was dominated by the cycles consumed in crack propagation than crack initiation. The heat-affected zone had higher quasi-static fracture toughness, energy release rate, and resistance toward fatigue crack growth than other zones, because coarse grains and precipitates acted as effective impediments and slowed crack propagation. The heat-affected zone had a mixed-mode fracture, but the weld nugget zone and thermo-mechanically affected zone had an I mode fracture. On fracture surfaces, fracture characteristics such as microvoid coalescence were apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uniform filler dispersion and fillers, such as nanomaterials, with distinct but superior qualities compared to the typical matrix component can be used to create high performance composites. The current study used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of graphene reinforcement on the mechanical properties of Kevlar/Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol-A (DGEBA). Diethyl toluene diamine (DETDA) serves as the curing agent for DGEBA, and graphene is randomly reinforced at 1, 1.5, and 2 weight percent in the DGEBA/DETDA epoxy matrix. A layered (epoxy-Kevlar-epoxy, EKE) is constructed by maintaining Kevlar fibre in horizontal position in between the graphene-reinforced DGEBA/DETDA as illustrated in the figure. Energy minimization, geometry optimization, and dynamics are used to further stabilise the constructed structure. The method of constant strain is used to determine mechanical parameters. The MD simulation revealed that mechanical properties increased with increasing graphene content, with 21.42%, 36.47%, and 42.49% for 1, 1.5, and 2 weight percentages of graphene, respectively, when compared to pure EKE. The increasing trends in elastic moduli corroborate the experimental findings. The ultimate strength increases as graphene content increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium and its alloys have become a great sparking topic of research due to their excellent biocompatible and biodegradable behavior. Magnesium and several biocompatible alloying elements were developed long back. The trends are to develop a surface composite of as-cast Mg alloys to control the degradation behavior. In this work, the surface composites of AZ31–TiO2 were developed by friction stir processing (FSP). The influence of spindle speed or tool rotation speed and number of processing passes on mechanical and microstructural performance were analyzed. The tool rotation speeds 720, 1050, 1550 and 2260RPM with pass 1, pass 2 and pass 3 were considered. The FSP workpiece was analyzed by microstructure and universal testing machine and the significant improvement in grain refinement and hardness was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnesium alloys are considered as biodegradable implant materials due to its biocompatibility and mechanical properties. The light weight structure also made it more demanding in industries such as automobile and aerospace. The other properties which made magnesium more versatile are its strength to weight ratio, ductility and corrosion resistance. In this review article, Mg alloys is considered to understand the change in microstructure after various severe plastic deformation (SPD). Various SPD such as rolling, friction stir processing (FSP), equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high pressure torsion (HPT) are used to understand the modification of microstructure. The influence of microstructure change is explained in terms of change in mechanical properties. It is observed that the alteration of microstructure by SPD can enhance the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The enhancement in mechanical properties after severe deformation is observed due to the existence of various strengthening mechanism such as grain refinement, dynamic re-crystallisation, grain boundary strengthening, dispersion of micro/nano precipitate of second phase and improvement in dislocation strengthening. Additionally, crystallographic texture helps to improve the mechanical properties after severe plastic deformation in Mg alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The welding of aluminium alloys especially in dissimilar combination is challenging owing to numerous problems. The present study focuses to optimize processes parameters for dissimilar welding of 6 mm thick dissimilar Al-6061 and Al-5083, using Tungsten Inert Gas welding as well as to investigate the influence of the process parameters on tensile properties and microstructure of developed welds. A single V-butt joint configuration (bevel angle 60 ° and root gap 2 mm) of plates was used for welding. Three levels of input parameters viz. voltage, current and welding speed were selected for performing experiments as per L9 orthogonal array. The hardness and tensile strength were taken as output parameters or performance characteristic in the study. The optimum parameter settings for highest heat affected zone hardness and ultimate tensile strength of dissimilar welds have been suggested by using S/N ratio. The result predicted by optimization has an error of 2-3%. Finally, the effects of voltage, current and welding speed on m icro structure, hardness and tensile strength of welds have been investigated. Welding speed and current were the most influencing process parameter for controlling the hardness of HAZ and tensile strength of the welds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]