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Onion-like fullerenes (OLFs) have spherical and tunable shell structures that make them perfect solid lubricants, but their molecular mechanical properties are largely unknown as they are extremely difficult to measure. In this computational study, double-shelled OLFs C60@C180, C80@C180, C60@C240 and C80@C240 are subject to uniaxial elastic strains to obtain their mechanical response. Compressive and tensile elastic moduli are calculated using density functional theory with van der Waals correction. We found that the tensile elastic moduli of the single- and double-shelled fullerenes are always larger than the compressive ones by about 50% to 100%. Inserting C80 into C180 causes an increase in compressive elastic modulus from 96.8 GPa to 178.6 GPa, while inserting C60 into C240 cause much smaller increases. The key factor that determines the stiffening effects is the relative sizes of the inner and outer shells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power gears will be excessively worn due to lubrication failure during operation. Herein, the tribological properties of rubbing pairs are improved by filling solid lubricants into surface texture. In texture design, three types of topological textures (Circle (C), Hexagon (H) and Circle/Hexagon (CH)) were obtained by cell topology optimization, and then three cases with 20%, 30%, and 40% density were designed for each texture. Next, SnAgCu and TiC were deposited in texture of AISI 4140 steel (AS) to obtain 9 kinds of self-lubricating surfaces. Among them, AS with 30% CH density (AS-CH30) exhibits excellent mechanical and tribological properties. Compared with AS-C and AS-H, the maximum equivalent stress of AS-CH was decreased by 10.86% and 5.37%, respectively. Friction coefficient and wear rate of AS-CH30 were 79.68% and 78% lower than those of AS. The excellent tribological performances of AS-CH30 can be attributed to the synergistic effect of topological surface and solid lubricants. Topological surface can not only reduce fluctuation of equivalent stress, but also promote the stored lubricants to be easily transferred at the contact interface to form a 200 nm lubricating film containing solid lubricants (mainly), oxides and wear debris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tool surface texturing is a new sustainable method for machining hard-to-machine materials. The present study focuses on the new honeycomb texture (mimic of bee's honeycombs) containing hexagons forming between thin vertical walls. The important novelty in this work is the cutting performance of honeycomb texture on Inconel 713C was examined under cutting parameters and different cooling conditions: dry untextured (T1), dry textured (T2) tool, impregnated solid lubricant (hexagonal boron nitride (hBN)) textured tool (T3), MQL (coconut oil) with textured tool (T4), and NMQL (0.20 wt.% hBN + coconut oil) with textured tool (T5). Compared to plain tools, NMQL to honeycomb texture reduced flank wear by 53.2%, roughness by 43.2%, turning force by 27%, and cutting temperature by 47.7%. Honeycomb texture with MQL (T4) and NMQL (T5) reduces flank surface Ni element diffusion during turning. Nanofluid-textured inserts (T5) demonstrated higher shear angles, lower chip curl diameter, and shorter tool-chip contact length than other conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis literature review explores minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) machining, emphasizing its benefits over traditional dry and flooded cooling methods. MQL is vital in manufacturing, enhancing productivity and sustainability. Adding solid lubricants (SL) amplifies MQL’s advantages. This article identifies challenges in MQL + SL machining and outlines future research opportunities. A comprehensive four-step review was conducted: identifying research gaps, determining databases and search terms, defining paper selection methods and performing bibliometric analysis. The review abstracted information from selected articles, offering in-depth discussions. Challenges in MQL machining involve forces, temperature, tool wear, roughness and lubricant performance. Studies show incorporating SL into base fluids mitigates these issues. Sustainability is a core focus in modern manufacturing, and MQL’s eco-friendly reputation is deserved. MQL with SL, often in nanoparticle form, provides benefits like reduced friction, enhanced tool life, lower energy consumption and improved material disposal. In conclusion, MQL + SL machining offers a promising path to balance productivity and sustainability. Continued research and development are essential to overcome challenges and unlock its full potential. As manufacturing evolves, MQL + SL machining exemplifies innovation and sustainability, poised to reshape the industry’s future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the scales on the surface of crucian carp, the biomimetic fan-shaped textures were designed and prepared on the TC4 contact surface and filled with solid lubricant SnAgCu-Nb2C (SACN). The coupling effects of fan-shaped textures and solid lubricants on the tribological properties of TC4 under variable frequency conditions were investigated. The results indicated that the fan-shaped textures could promote the precipitation of lubricants and provide sufficient lubricants for the worn surface, forming a uniform lubricating film on the worn surface, thus improving the tribological properties. In addition, at the low-frequency stage, the coupling of lubricants and textures had strong adaptability to frequency changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern engine bearing materials encounter the challenge of functioning under conditions of mixed lubrication, low viscosity oils, downsizing, start–stop engines, potentially leading to metal-to-metal contact and, subsequently, premature bearing failure. In this work, two types of polymer overlays were applied to the bearing surface to compensate for extreme conditions, such as excessive loads and mixed lubrication. Two different polymer overlays, created through a curing process on a conventional engine bearing surface with an approximate thickness of 13 µm, were investigated for their friction and wear resistances under a 30 N load using a pin-on-disc setup. The results indicate that the newly developed polymer overlay (NDP, PAI-based coating) surface has a coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.155 and a wear volume loss of 0.010 cm3. In contrast, the currently used polymer overlay (CPO) in this field shows higher values with a COF of 0.378 and a wear volume loss of 0.024 cm3, which is significantly greater than that of the NDP. It was found that, in addition to accurately selecting the ratios of solid lubricants, polymer resins, and wear-resistant hard particle additives (metal powders, metal oxides, carbides, etc.) within the polymer coating, the effective presence of a transfer film providing low friction on the counter surface also played a crucial role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation delves into the behavior of copper oxide (CuO) as a solid lubricant inside zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramic composites. The investigation starts with the preparation of ZTA through co-precipitation followed by powder metallurgy to develop CuO (1.5 wt. %)/ZTA composites. In all cases, hot isotactic pressing is applied for densification. The fully densified samples are thoroughly mirror-polished to investigate the mechanical and tribological properties. A 1.8% reduction in micro-hardness and 6% improvement in fracture toughness are observed with incorporation of CuO into the ZTA matrices. The analysis reveals that the presence of ionic copper at the grain boundary leads to the formation of copper-rich phases, causing a decrease in hardness. However, the softer CuO particles contribute to crack bridging and crack deflection, enhancing fracture toughness. Subsequent investigation into the tribological properties highlights the positive influence of the softer CuO phases acting as a secondary component within the ZTA matrix. A significant enhancement of 39.34% in the Coefficient of Friction (COF) is achieved by incorporating CuO into the ZTA matrix. This improvement can be attributed to the formation of a patchy layer through smearing and squeezing actions on wear debris during sliding. The uniform patchy layer results in smoother and more polished surfaces, leading to an improvement in both the COF and specific wear rate. Further wear analysis reveals various phenomena contributing to surface wear, including pullout of grain particles, micro-fracture, high abrasions, and laminar removal of grains. Overall, the introduction of CuO proves to be beneficial, showcasing improved mechanical and tribological properties in the developed composites, with application in dies, inserts, sparkplugs, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is widely used in tribological applications. However, it faces challenges due to its high wear rate. Reinforcement of additives in PTFE reduces its wear rate by up to 10,000 times in dry conditions. Infusing metallic filler materials like Al, Cu, and Pb improves PTFE wear performance but increases the coefficient of friction (COF). However, it may not be suitable for corrosive environments due to potential metal reactivity. Reinforcing PTFE composites with carbon‐based materials reduces weight, improves wear properties, and lowers COF. Pre‐treated materials enhance bonding for improved anti‐friction and anti‐wear properties. PTFE and its composites are widely used in journal bearings, bearing pads, and ball bearings due to their excellent low‐speed, low‐load lubrication properties. They outperform Babbitt alloy in bearing pads, except in heat conductivity. PTFE can also be used as a solid lubricant and can be combined with additives for improved performance. Apart from it, achieving an optimal combination of properties for all forms of reinforcement can be challenging due to the difficulty in determining exact values for multiple properties with specific types of reinforcement. This article provides a comprehensive review that delves into the significant findings pertaining to reinforcement and its application in bearing technology. Metals and carbon‐based fillers improve tribo‐properties. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) provides lubrication and thermal stability to the polymeric materials. Estimation of tribo‐thermal properties in combination is a challenge. Testing conditions greatly impact PTFE composites performance. PTFE as a solid lubricant suitable for low‐speed/load applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report deals with the development of a self-lubricated plasma sprayed YSZ/BaF 2 coating taking the following into account: (i) the compatibility of the solid lubricant BaF 2 with YSZ ceramic in terms of wettability, (ii) the homogeneous dispersion of lubricant in the ceramic matrix, and (iii) the measurement of weight fraction of lubricant phase finally retained in the coating microstructure using Rietveld refinement. The YSZ/BaF 2 mix demonstrated excellent flowability, and homogeneous distribution of BaF 2 with a dopant concentration of 15 wt%. The primary purpose of this work is to explore the influence of the spray parameters on BaF 2 phase retention in the YSZ/BaF 2 coatings, and its tribological performance at a high temperature. Under the given parametric conditions, a maximum of 3 wt% of BaF 2 was retained. The YSZ/BaF 2 coating reduced the coefficient of friction and wear rate of YSZ by 39% and 38%, respectively at a temperature of 600 °C. • Synthesis of BaF 2 doped YSZ powder using heterocoagulation technique. • With upto 15 wt% BaF 2 , the YSZ/BaF 2 powder exhibited good flowability. • Deposition of YSZ/BaF 2 composite coatings at different plasma spray parameters. • Retention of maximum 3 wt% of BaF 2 in YSZ/BaF 2 coating at the lowest temperature. • YSZ/BaF 2 coating offered 39% and 38% reduction in friction and wear at 600 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, MoS2 solid lubricant is introduced in the form of Mo‐coated MoS2 powder, to enhance the antifriction properties of sintered ferrous antifriction materials (FAMs). The microstructure, phase composition, and tribological properties of Fe–15Cu–0.8C–3.75 (Mo‐coated MoS2) (MC1) are investigated and compared with Fe–15Cu–0.8C (M0) samples, with a discussion on the wear mechanism at a wide temperature range of room temperature to 600 °C. The study reveals that the addition of Mo‐coated MoS2 powders effectively prevents the decomposition of MoS2 during sintering, enhances the bonding strength between MoS2 and the substrate, and significantly improves the hardness of the sintered Fe–15Cu–0.8C samples. In comparison with the sintered Fe–15Cu–0.8C samples, the sintered Fe–15Cu–0.8C–3.75 (Mo‐coated MoS2) samples exhibit good antifriction properties with a frictional coefficient of 0.23 at 600 °C and a wear rate of 6.3 × 10−7mm3 N m−1 at 300 °C. Introducing Mo‐coated MoS2 significantly reduces the average friction coefficient and wear rate of the sintered FAMs at elevated temperatures, attributed to the formation of FeMoO4. The antifriction performance of MC1 samples notably decreases with increasing test temperatures. The main wear mechanism is oxidative wear above 300 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing industries work towards the development of low toxic, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternatives to save the ecosystem from the harmful effects of traditional cutting fluids used for machining from long decades. The utilization of solid lubricants in machining is an advance alternative aimed at regulating the temperature in the machining zone without causing environmental pollution. The present study illustrates the machining performance of AISI 52100 steel employing solid lubricant-assisted machining (SLAM). The study evaluates the machining performance of SLAM with respect to cutting forces, vibration acceleration, tool wear, chip morphology, and surface roughness against dry machining (DM). The experimental findings indicate that utilizing SLAM leads to a notable decrease in cutting forces, ranging between 45% to 60%, a reduction in vibration acceleration by 14% to 29%, a decrease in tool wear by 11% to 17%, and a substantial improvement in surface finish ranging from 47% to 66% compared to DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The computer‐aided analysis of microstructure evolution during the sintering process of self‐lubricating ceramic tools can unveil the underlying sintering mechanism and optimize experimental parameters. In this study, a novel self‐lubricating ceramic tool material, Al2O3/SiC/h‐BN@Al2O3, was fabricated with Al2O3 as the matrix, SiC as the reinforcement phase, and h‐BN@Al2O3 as the solid lubricant. The Monte Carlo (MC) method was employed to construct a model of self‐lubricating ceramic tool material, consisting of Al2O3/SiC/h‐BN@Al2O3. Subsequently, the sintering process was analyzed to investigate the influence of particle size and content of reinforced SiC, as well as the content of coated solid lubricant h‐BN@Al2O3, sintering pressure, and temperature on the microstructure of the tool. Optimal composition and sintering parameters were determined: 3 vol% for SiC additive amount with a particle size of 0.05 μm; 5 vol% for h‐BN@Al2O3 additive amount; and an optimal sintering temperature at 1650°C. The development of self‐lubricating ceramic tool materials, Al2O3/SiC/h‐BN@Al2O3, was realized through the employment of the aforementioned parameters. Their mechanical properties and microstructure were comprehensively characterized. The bending strength, fracture toughness, and Vickers hardness of the experimentally‐prepared Al2O3/3 vol%SiC/5 vol%h‐BN@Al2O3 self‐lubricating ceramic tool material were determined to be 722.42 MPa, 6.5 MPa·m1/2, and 20.65 GPa, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tribooxidation is the main mechanism to adapt the cutting tool to extreme mechanical and thermal loads during high-speed cutting. Wear and tribooxidation processes in the single layer TiAlCrSiYN and multilayer TiAlCrSiYN/TiAlCrN non-stoichiometric coatings on cutting tools after dry cutting with speed of 500 m/min on the running-in and steady wear stages were studied by the set of modern surface analysis methods. The reasonable preference of the multilayer coating comparing to the single layer one was demonstrated. It was established that oxide films with an amorphous-nanocrystalline structure are formed on the surface of the wear hole. Their composition is close to k Cr2O3, TiO2, Al2O3 (sapphire) and Al2O3 · 2(SiO2) (Mullite 1:2). Prospects of yttrium addition in the complex nitride were estimated by quantum chemical calculations, which has shown that such polyvalent metals as Ti+4, Cr+5,6, Y+4, Al+3 in a multicomponent nitride form a very complex spatially organized electronic structure of double and triple bonds with unoccupied π*-orbitals of nitrogen atoms. Quantum-chemical calculations of the oxidation susceptibility of these coatings with Y microadditions confirmed that this element is more inert than chromium and it is predominantly involved in the formation of interatomic bonds with Al, Ti, Cr affecting the mechanical properties of nitride coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional liquid lubricants prove inadequate for effective lubrication in conditions characterized by high temperatures and high vacuum environments. In such extreme scenarios, powder lubricants emerge as a more viable solution. The present study is to conduct a series of experiments using a reciprocating wear test setup and evaluate the capability of four different machine learning models in analysing the tribological attributes of metals when lubricated with three distinct powder types: zirconium dioxide, copper oxide, and molybdenum disulfide, specifically under conditions of elevated contact pressures and dry environments. The experiments were systematically carried out encompassing a range of load and temperature combinations. Four different machine learning models (MLP, KNN, extreme gradient boosting and light gradient‐boosting machine) were used for predicting the coefficient of friction of metals lubricated with different powders. Extreme gradient boosting machine learning model gives better result than the other models with mean absolute error, root mean squared error, R2 value and average absolute deviation percentage of 0.0215, 0.0278, 0.9962 and respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of a semi‐solid lubricant from insect leg joints is considered and numerical modeling of its tribological properties is performed. It is shown that elementary lubricant fragments, represented by relatively short cylinders, tend to form clots of different sizes and shapes. The simulation results demonstrate that tribosystem with semi‐solid lubricant is capable of maintaining stability and dynamic equilibrium. The importance of maintaining the relative size of clots and their balanced entry and exit from the tribosystem at an optimal level to ensure stable balance and performance of the joint is emphasized. The function of grooves extending from lubricant‐conducting pores is confirmed to facilitate the distribution of lubricant fragments over smooth contact surfaces where the pores are absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solid-liquid composite lubrication coating capable of controlling friction and wear has received widespread attention among researchers. Here, a novel self-lubricating ceramic coating was created through a combination of thermal spraying, hydrothermal reactions, and vacuum impregnation. Its mechanical properties, tribological performance, and self-lubrication mechanism were thoroughly analyzed. The results indicate that the thermally sprayed ceramic coating contained carbon spheres and perfluoropolyether. As a result of the in-situ synthesis of carbon spheres, the coating exhibited enhanced mechanical properties. Compared to the single solid lubricant coating, the solid-liquid composite coating decreased the coefficient of friction by 46.7% to 0.112 and decreased the wear rate from 1.25 × 10−6 mm3/m N to 3.70 × 10−7 mm3/m N. It is proposed in this work that solid-liquid composite coatings can be prepared by utilizing the defects such as pores and microcracks inherent in thermal spray coatings for introducing solid lubricating phases and liquid lubricating phases. This strategy addresses the issue of degradation of the mechanical properties of conventional ceramic-based self-lubricating coatings due to their tribological design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource and energy efficiency are of high importance in gearbox applications. To reduce friction and wear, an external lubricant supply like dip or injection lubrication is used to lubricate tribosystems in machine elements. This leads to the need for large lubricant volumes and elaborate sealing requirements. One potential method of minimizing the amount of lubricant and simplifying sealing in gearboxes is the self-lubrication of tribosystems using oil-impregnation of porous materials. Although well established in low-loaded journal bearings, self-lubrication of rolling-sliding contacts in gears is poorly understood. This study presents the self-lubrication method using oil-impregnated porous sinter material variants. For this, the tribosystem of gear contacts is transferred to model contacts, which are analyzed for friction and temperature behavior using a twin-disk tribometer. High-resolution surface images are used to record the surface changes. The test results show a significant increase in self-lubrication functionality of tribosystems by oil-impregnated porous sinter material and a tribo-performance comparable to injection-lubricated tribosystems of a sinter material with additionally solid lubricant added to the sinter material powder before sintering. Furthermore, the analyses highlight a significant influence of the surface finish, and in particular the surface porosity, on the overall tribosystem behavior through significantly improved friction and wear behavior transferable to gear applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explored the viability of using waste plastic oil (PO) as an alternative lubricant to petroleum-based lubricants in industrial settings. To enhance the lubrication performance of the PO, this study incorporated cost-efficient, oleic acid-modified, graphene nano platelets [GNP (f)] and hexagonal boron nitride [hBN (f)] nano solid lubricant additives into the PO in various concentrations, forming functionalized nano lubricants. The PO and its functionalized nano lubricant's rheological, dispersion stability, thermal degradation, friction, and wear performance were investigated. Results manifest that incorporating GNP (f) and hBN (f) into the PO significantly enhanced the viscosity and dispersion stability. In addition, it was seen that GNP (f) and hBN (f) nano lubricants lowered the coefficient of friction (COF) by 53% and 63.63% respectively, compared to the PO. However, the GNP (f) and hBN (f) nano lubricants demonstrated a 3.16% decrease and a 50.08% increase in wear volume relative to the PO. Overall, the GNP (f) and hBN (f) nano lubricants displayed a synergistic friction behavior, while they exhibited an antagonistic behavior pertaining to the wear volume. The study elucidated the mechanisms underlying friction and wear performance of the nano lubricants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cold spray deposition technique has been used to produce a new class of solid lubricant coatings using powder feedstocks of the metal disulfides WS2 or MoS2, either pure or mixed with Cu and Ni metal powders. Friction and cycle lives were obtained using ball-on-flat reciprocating tribometry of coated 304 SS flats in dry nitrogen and vacuum at higher Hertzian contact stresses (Smax = 1386 MPa (201 ksi)). The measured friction and thickness of the coatings were much lower than for previous studies (COF = 0.03 ± 0.01 and ≤1 µm, respectively), which is due to their high metal disulfide:metal ratios. Cu-containing metal sulfide coatings exhibited somewhat higher cycle lifetimes than the pure metal sulfide coatings, even though the Cu content was only ~1 wt%. Profiling of wear tracks for coatings tested to 3000 cycles (i.e., pre-failure) yielded specific wear rates in the range 3–7 × 10−6 mm3N−1m−1, similar to other solid lubricant coatings. When compared to other coating techniques, the cold spray method represents a niche that has heretofore been vacant. In particular, it will be useful in many precision ball-bearing applications that require higher throughput and lower costs than sputter-deposited MoS2-based coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent antiwear performance, high bearing capacity, and long service life are essential prerequisites for the reliability and durability of Si‐based micro/nanodevice operation. To improve the antiwear property and prolong service life of Si‐based micro‐/nanodevices under high loads, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and ionic liquid‐capped GQDs (IL‐GQDs) are used to create three kinds of multilayer films as solid lubricants, that is, single‐component (GO)5, (GO/GQDs)5, and (GO/IL‐GQDs)5 multilayer films. The results show that (GO/IL‐GQDs)5 composite multilayer possesses excellent wear resistance under a high load of 4 N with the wear rate of 4.9 × 10−7 mm3 N−1 m−1. The superior antiwear performance of (GO/IL‐GQDs)5 composite film is mainly due to the unique 3D structure composed of GO nanosheets alternating with IL‐GQDs. The rigid GO nanosheets play a role in load‐carrying capacity, and the IL‐GQDs could delay the time of structure transformation and reduce the loss rate of transfer film, thereby effectively extending the service life of (GO/IL‐GQDs)5 composite multilayer. Such multilayers are expected to be good solid lubricating films suitable for Si‐based micro‐/nanodevices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a contribution of recycling of polymers in the automotive industry, recycled polyvinyl butyral (rPVB) from automotive windshields is being explored as a solid lubricant reinforcement for improving lubricity of engineering polymers. This work aims to evaluate the tribological behavior (coefficient of friction [CoF] and wear resistance) of polyamide 6 (PA6) and glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (PAGF) blended with rPVB as solid lubricant under two-body and three-body abrasive conditions. The different polymer blends were produced by adding recycled polyvinyl butyral (rPVB) into a matrix of either a commercial polyamide 6 (PA6) or a commercial 30% glass-fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (PAGF). The tribological tests were conducted in an instrumented microabrasion tester for generating wear and measuring the coefficient of friction (CoF) in both dry and microabrasion conditions. In the dry condition, rPVB was effective in reducing the CoF for both PA6 and PAGF. Two-body abrasion was found as the predominant wear pattern in the dry condition. On the other hand, in the microabrasion condition, the additions of rPVB were not totally effective since they produced a wear resistance increase for PAGF but a reduction for PA6, which was ascribed to a notable decrease in toughness for PA6 when adding rPVB. Well-defined plowing traces and several SiC particles embedded in the scars were the predominant patterns in all the materials. In both PA6 and PAGF, CoF increased with the rPVB additions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of an electrospun (ES) film on the reduction of micro-drilling cutting force required for SUS304 plate was investigated. ES films were fabricated using the electrospinning method with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as raw materials. The results of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy showed that there was no difference in the composition of the raw polymers and the fabricated ES films, and that the polymers were not altered. The diameters of the PVA and PMMA nanofibers were approximately 0.069–0.30 and 7.2 μm, respectively. The drill thrust force and run-out when using the nanofiber ES films were lower than those on an uncoated JIS SUS304 plate during the drilling. High-speed camera images showed that PMMA nanofibers pulverized by the cutting process adhered to the drilling tool surface and were guided into the drilling hole. This suggests that ES films made of organic polymer compounds, such as PMMA, are promising candidates for stable drilling, as they suppress drill run-out and act as an excellent lubricant during cutting.

Highlights As it is known, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is one of the most preferred polymeric materials for tribological applications. This study investigates the performance of PTFE and its composites under different tribological conditions. The effects of short glass fiber (GF), carbon particle (CP) and bronze particle (BP) reinforcement agents and their hybrid filling with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) on sliding, erosive and abrasive wear were examined. Sliding tests were carried out with a ball‐on‐disc test apparatus, erosive wear tests were carried out with solid particle erosion and abrasive wear tests were carried out with a scratch test. It has been found that reinforcement agents improve sliding and abrasive wear resistance but worsen the erosion resistance. The hardness and contact angle of the samples were associated with their wear performances. Topographic and morphological analyzes of worn surfaces were performed using optical profilometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively, and wear mechanisms were discussed. Filling materials (glass fiber, carbon particle and bronze particle) increase the adhesion and abrasion resistance of PTFE, while decreasing its erosion resistance. The effect of hybrid addition of MoS2 solid lubricant on wear performances depends on the type of filler. There is a correlation between surface properties (hardness and contact angle) and wear performances. Optical profilometer and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine wear mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyimide (PI) has good mechanical properties and thermal stability, while high coefficient (COF) and wear rate limit its wide application. In order to endow PI with better friction and wear resistance, Mo2Ti2C3 MXene was used as solid lubricant to prepare Mo2Ti2C3/PI nanocomposites with different content of Mo2Ti2C3. The effect of the amount of Mo2Ti2C3 on the tribological behavior of PI was explored and the tribological mechanism was also analyzed Tribological tests showed that at 1.2 wt% of Mo2Ti2C3 addition, the composite material demonstrated superior friction and wear resistance, exhibiting a 19.9% decrease in the COF and a 79.7% decrease in the wear rate compared to single PI due to the good self‐lubricating properties of Mo2Ti2C3 MXene. Moreover, Mo2Ti2C3 can also effectively assist PI to form sleek transfer films without interruption or gaps on the steel balls, resulting in a reduced friction COF and wear rate of the material. This work demonstrates that Mo2Ti2C3 MXene is an aussichtsreich additive for polymers to improve the tribological properties and broadens the applications of Mo2Ti2C3/PI composites in friction material area. Highlights: Mo2Ti2C3 significantly improves the tribological performance of polyimide.The thermal properties of Mo2Ti2C3/polyimide are enhanced by the introduction of Mo2Ti2C3.The minimum coefficient of Mo2Ti2C3/PI composites was only 0.246 at the 1.2 wt% content of Mo2Ti2C3.The wear rate of Mo2Ti2C3/PI composites was decreased by 79.7% at the 1.2 wt% addition of Mo2Ti2C3.Mo2Ti2C3 promotes the establishment of tribo‐film to protect the Mo2Ti2C3/PI composites from friction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present investigation, novel hybrid magnesium composites were synthesized by the inclusion of self-lubricating (BN/MoS 2) and ceramic (ZrO 2) particulates with the help of the powder metallurgy technique. ZE41 magnesium (Mg–4Zn-1RE-0.7Zr) was applied for a broad range of components, including the gearbox casing, the framework of the door, and transmission in aircraft like the Sikorsky UH-60 and the Boeing 727. Apart from its structural application, its usage was limited because of its deficient wear and mechanical properties. This research focuses on enhancing the potential applications of the ZE41 magnesium alloy by improving its mechanical and tribological characteristics. The design of the experiment scheme was applied to explore the effect of individual reinforcements and their synergistic effects on various properties of prepared composites. Microstructural inspection was employed to inspect the morphological characteristics of prepared specimens through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). By analysing SEM, EDS, and X-ray diffraction patterns, the microstructural evaluation reveals uniform phase dispersion and the existence of reinforcements with some minor defects. As a result of the inclusion of reinforcements in composites, the hardness of the reinforced specimen improved to 39.65%, while the wear rate of the reinforced specimen decreased to 40.90% compared with monolithic alloy. A multi-objective grey relational analysis (GRA) optimization method was used to perform a detailed tribological analysis on Specimen G (ZE41 mg + 3% ZrO 2 + 3% MoS 2). According to the results of GRA, the optimized rate of wear and frictional coefficient were achieved on sliding velocity (4 ms−1), sliding distance (2000 m), and load (10 N). The worn surface micrograph reveals that the reinforced composite underwent abrasion and delamination wear, while the unreinforced alloy experienced plastic deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(AlCrNbSiTiMoW)N high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings with various nitrogen-to-argon gas flow ratios (RN = N2/Ar) in the range of RN0 to RN1.25 were deposited on WC and Si substrates using a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering system. The as-sputtered coatings were then annealed at 950 °C for 1 hour in a vacuum. The effects of the nitrogen flow ratio on the composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and corrosion resistance of the various coatings were systematically explored. The as-deposited RN0, RN1.0, and RN1.25 coatings exhibited FCC structures, while the RN0.5 and RN0.75 coatings had amorphous structures. Following the annealing process, all of the coatings showed an FCC structure. The annealing process had no significant effect on the hardness of the coatings. Thus, they were inferred to have excellent thermal stability. Among the coatings, the HRN1.0 coating showed the highest hardness (37.4 GPa), adhesion strength, and tribological properties, with a wear depth and wear rate of 0.07 μm and 0.41 × 10-6 mm3/Nm, respectively. The wear depth and wear rate of the HWC substrate were 0.28 μm and 1.67 × 10-6 mm3/Nm, respectively. Thus, compared with the HWC substrate, the HRN1.0 coating improved the wear depth and wear rate by 75.0 and 75.4%, respectively. The tribological performance of the annealed HRN1.0 coating was enhanced as a result of the formation of a greater amount of MoO3 and WO3 solid lubricant phases and a higher hardness and hardness-to-elastic modulus ratio. The RN1.0 coating exhibited the best corrosion resistance among all the coatings. The corrosion current density of the RN1.0 coating was 1.8 × 10-7 A/cm2, while that of the WC substrate was 2.2 × 10-7 A/cm2. In other words, the RN1.0 coating improved the corrosion resistance by 18.1%. However, the corrosion resistance reduced following the annealing process due to a greater surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy resins inherently have low resistance to scratching. To increase the scratch resistance of epoxy resins, reinforcing solid lubricants into the resin is an option. For this purpose, in this study, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and graphite were reinforced in two different epoxy resins (rigid and toughened) at different reinforcement ratios (5, 10, and 15 wt%). The effects of solid lubricant reinforcement on the scratch behavior of rigid and toughened epoxy resins were examined both experimentally and statistically. Scratch tests were performed throughout a distance of 10 mm using a test apparatus under a load of 15 N and a scratch speed of 30 mm/min. Following the scratch tests, the COF (Coefficient of Friction) values, scratch hardness, scratch width, and depth of all samples were determined and compared to neat epoxy for each resin. In general, it has been determined that solid lubricant reinforcement at higher reinforcement ratios has a positive effect on the COF value (15 wt%). In the case of 15 wt% graphite reinforced rigid and toughened epoxy, a decrease of 15.90% and 17.77%, respectively, was obtained in the COF value compared to the neat epoxy. After the scratch tests, statistical analysis was performed according to RSM to support the experimental results, and ANOVA tables were obtained. Highlights: Epoxy adhesives exhibit low scratch resistance.Examining the impact of PTFE and graphite reinforcement on scratch behavior.Two types of epoxy and varied reinforcement ratios (5, 10, and 15 wt%) were studied.Solid lubricant reinforcement to epoxy positively affected scratch behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tribological performance of C/C–SiC paired semi-metallic brake pads suitable for automobiles was investigated in this study. Factors on tribological properties of semi-metallic brake pads such as the contents of phenolic resin, copper fibers, steel fibers and MoS 2 were tested by the orthogonal experimental. According to the SAE-J2522 test procedure, an optimized compositional formulation was derived based on the brake test results combined with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The wear mechanism of brake pairs was discussed, and the compositional formulation of the brake pad was further optimized after the analysis of the friction surface morphology before and after braking. The results showed that copper fibers had the greatest effect on the friction performance of brake pads. Copper fibers contributed to stabilization of the coefficient of friction (COF) and effectively improved the wear resistance. However, at higher braking speeds (≥120 km/h), the copper fibers were converted from fibrous to flaky and softened, acting as a solid lubricant on the friction surface, resulting in a low COF of brake pads. The tribological performance of brake pads could be improved by reducing the content of copper fiber and increasing the content of hard particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present investigation attempted to explore the tribological properties of atmospheric plasma sprayed coatings. In order to assess the role of solid lubricants, different weight percentages (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) of silver (Ag) were taken, whilst MoS2 concentration remained fixed. Dry sliding wear tests were conducted for different specimens namely, Ni-Al-MoS2-5 wt.% Ag (NA5), Ni-Al-MoS2-10 wt.% Ag (NA10) and Ni-Al-MoS2-15 wt.% Ag (NA15) at different loads of 4, 9, 14 & 19 N, and slid speed of 0.3 m/s under room temperature (RT) conditions. It was observed that coefficient of friction (COF) and wear rate of specimens decreased as the load increased till 14 N, and beyond that increasing trend was noticed. However, the NA10 specimen has revealed the best tribological properties in terms of minimum COF (0.48) and wear rate (4.7 × 10−5 mm3/Nm) at 14 N and 0.3 m/s. The synergy of Ag and MoS2 on the frictional properties of specimens have been well explained with the help of worn surface morphologies and some useful conclusions were made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi‐solid lubricant in the leg joints of insects is represented by tiny cylindrical fragments. The dynamics of lubricant behavior between contact surfaces at the joint scale are investigated using numerical simulation. Results of modeling show that lubricant fragments tend to stick together and form clots of varying shapes and sizes under the influence of shear motion. Formation of such clots, accompanied by constant loss and reproduction of the lubricant, allows maintaining of fluctuating clearance between contact surfaces and helps to reduce friction. Foreign contaminant particles penetrating an open insect joint are removed by the lubricant, to which they stick, reducing abrasive wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the machine parts industry, manufacturing with 3D printers that use resin materials is attracting attention because of the demand for complex-shaped products and small-lot production. Although this method does not require a mold, many of the resin materials are petroleum-based resins, and environmental problems are a concern. Therefore, in this study, PLA, which has carbon-neutral properties, was used as the main material. In order to suppress heat generation when used as a mechanical part, a compound containing MoS2, known as a solid lubricant, is used. PLA pellets and MoS2 powder were kneaded in a desktop kneader, formed into wire-like filaments, and shaped into tensile test pieces with a 3D printer using a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). In the tensile test, as the amount of MoS2 added increases, the contact area of PLA, which is thought to be due to strength, decreases. Therefore, the tensile strength decreased. On the other hand, the shorter the heat-kneading time of the composite material, the more suppressed the thermal deterioration of PLA and the higher the tensile strength. It is presumed that PLA composite materials with high thermal conductivity combined with MoS2 are greatly affected by thermal deterioration due to heating during kneading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to wear and improper operation, many machine parts become useless, which is why issues of friction and wear remain constantly relevant across all industrial sectors. This paper presents the results of research on the microstructure and properties of a nanostructural composite coating containing solid lubricant. The coating was deposited from a mixture of nanostructural WC-12Co powder and nanostructural Fe3O4 powder using HVOF spraying. Despite significant differences in grain size and density of both powders, the deposited coating consisted of WC-12Co matrix containing evenly distributed Fe3O4. The XRD analysis of the coating confirmed the presence of both components and the presence of W2C, which resulted from the decarburization of WC due to the high temperature during the spraying process. Furthermore, the microstructure analysis of the coatings confirmed that they contained both nanostructural WC and Fe3O4 grains that were present in the feedstock. The coefficients of friction, microhardness, and wear of the nanostructured composite coatings were determined using an experimental binomial program. Based on the ANOVA conducted, it was determined that the most significant impact on the friction coefficient is the Fe3O4 content in the sprayed mixture, while the oxygen to propane ratio affects the microhardness. For the wear of nanostructural composite coatings, the most important parameter is the spraying distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical discharge coating (EDC) process has been used to prepare a corrosion and wear resistant super-hydrophobic coating on the steel substrate. The coating process has been carried out by using three types of green compact tool electrodes (WS2/Cu, MoS2/Cu, and hBN/Cu). In these tool electrodes, powder mixing ratios (40:60, 50:50, 60:40) are varied, and their effect on coating characteristics (surface morphology, wettability, corrosion, and wear behaviour) has been studied. In this investigation, the morphology and chemical state of coating has been observed by using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). SEM images of the applied coating show a porous and hierarchical structure. This hierarchical structure helps in raising the contact angle (CA) to 165.6° (super-hydrophobic state). The XPS analysis reveals that the deposition of solid lubricants takes place with their negligible disintegration into non-lubricating compounds. In addition, the prepared coating exhibits excellent resistance to wear and corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study first simulates formation of the graphene-stuck silicon nanoparticles from the silicon nanoparticle embedded into the annealed graphite. Covering graphene on nanoparticle can be more conveniently by using graphite instead of graphene. Graphene and silicon of the obtained nanoparticles show the tightly bonding situation to each other. In the annealing cases of 500, 1000 and 1500 K, the annealing at the higher temperature provides the stronger bond. The study then investigates their deformation and lubrication. The nanoparticles show the high stability under experiencing the pressure up to 3 GPa. As used as solid lubricants in contact with the diamond slab at 0.5–3 GPa, they provide the friction coefficients of 0.00022–0.00649, which strongly depend on the nanoparticle size. The nanoparticles provide the better mechanical and lubrication properties than the corresponding bare silicon nanoparticles. Thus, the study provides the method to cover graphene on nanoparticle from graphite and the obtained nanoparticles well experience the pressure and have the high lubricity. In order to avoid the damage to the silicon nanoparticle and graphite and increase the bond between them, the hole on graphite should have its radius larger than (or close to) the silicon nanoparticle radius plus the stable adsorption distance. The stability and lubricity are more advanced with increasing the nanoparticle size; therefore, experimental methods may be used to design such particles of large sizes for these behaviors. Friction dependent on the roughness is also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Over the years, reducing friction and wear-induced deformation, damage and/or removal of material at various contact interfaces has always aroused significant interests due to the substantial benefits for impaired machinery components, as well as the efficiencies in energy and economy. Among numerous advanced nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been recognized as solid lubricants, or additives in the liquid/solid material systems (coatings, composites and lubricants) to effectively reduce friction and wear. This is well-motivated by CNTs' hollow tubular nanostructure and outstanding physicochemical properties which can potentially support them with many favorable frictional mechanisms, such as filling/mending effect, sliding/rolling effect, and tribofilm-forming effect. Despite the enormous efforts pertaining to CNTs for tribological optimizations, discussing them across the nano-scale to macro-scale for the understanding of critical interactions between the CNTs and contact objects remains rarely explored. In this review, the state-of-the-art advances in computational tribology research of the CNTs and their significant nano/macro-tribology mechanisms in related systems are methodically provided, beginning with a brief overview of CNTs on their manufacturing, structural properties, and functionalization. Additionally, we present a condensed summary of the encouraging findings, accompanied by some valuable recommendations for the sustaining prosperity of CNTs in tribology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bionic sweat high temperature self-lubricating coating were prepared using ceramic precursor polysilazane and MoS 2 , Ag and BaF 2 as fillers through high temperature chemical reaction to produce ceramic adhesive and molybdate solid lubricants. And the addition of active ZrB 2 filler converted into ZrO 2 and B 2 O 3 through high temperature oxidation reaction not noly solved the cracking issues caused by the pyrolysis of polysilazane, but also enhances the tribology property due to the excellent fluidity and lubricity of the molten B 2 O 3 through phase transition at high temperature through bionic sweat. Furthermore, the coating treated at 700 °C has the best lubrication performance at 500 °C, 2 N and 100 rpm that the friction coefficient was 0.223 and the wear rate was 1.53 × 10−4 mm3/N·m, respectively. Synergistic effect of solid lubricants and molten B 2 O 3 leads to excellent lubrication property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black phosphorus (BP) is a new class of two-dimensional (2D) layered material, which shows the unanticipated characteristics in many aspects including electronics, transistors, sensors, energy storage, batteries, photocatalysis, and other applications due to its high charge carrier mobility, tunable direct bandgap, and unique in-plane anisotropic structure. In addition, BP has drawn tremendous attention in the field of tribology due to the low shear strength, the layered structure, and the weak connected force between the layers by van der Waals interaction. In recent years, many significant progresses have been made in experimental studies on BP materials as solid lubricants or lubrication additives. This work offers a review of researching regarding the tribological properties of BP. Moreover, the lubrication mechanisms of BP as the lubrication additive including the formation of the tribo-film, micro-bearing effect, and self-repair performance are also summarized. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of BP material as lubricant are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lighter and more powerful next generation vehicles and other rotary machinery demand bearings to operate in harsher conditions for higher efficiency, and the continuous development of advanced low-wear and friction materials is thus becoming even more important to meet these requirements. New aluminium composites reinforced with high performance lubricate phases such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) are very promising and have been vigorously investigated. By maintaining a low coefficient of friction (COF) and offering great strength against wear due to their self-lubricating capability, the solid lubricant like GNPs protect the bearing surface from wear damage and prevent change in metallurgical properties during temperature fluctuations. This paper first studies the high-temperature tribological performance of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with GNP, consolidated via powder metallurgy, then elucidates their tribological mechanism. We report that the best tribological performance is achieved by the composite containing 2.0 wt% GNP, with an extraordinarily low COF of 0.09 and a specific wear rate of 3.5×10−2 mm3·N−1·m−1, which represent 75% and 40% reduction respectively, against the plain aluminium consolidated under identical conditions. The in-track and out-of-track Raman analysis have confirmed the role of GNPs in creating a tribofilm on the counterpart surface which contributed to the excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a low-friction composite based on PEEK to improve its friction and wear properties. The composite incorporates PTFE as a solid lubricant and utilizes PPTA as a reinforcing material within the PEEK matrix. These components were prepared utilizing a compression molding method, followed by a series of exploratory experiments to identify the optimal preparation conditions for PEEK. This research assesses how the PTFE/PPTA/PEEK composites perform in terms of friction and wear under dry and oil-lubricated conditions. By examining wear tracks using scanning electron microscopy and white light interference microscopy, this study aims to uncover the wear mechanisms of PEEK and its composites under different lubrication scenarios. Results show that the main wear mechanisms for the PTFE/PPTA/PEEK composites and bearing steel are ploughing and adhesive wear. The presence of PPTA helps reduce wear by leveraging its strong fibers and thermal stability, while the coefficient of friction decreases as PTFE creates a smooth, solid lubricating film on the surface. Notably, PEEK composites containing 25 wt% PTFE and 6 wt% PPTA demonstrate the lowest wear rates and reduced coefficient of friction in both dry and oil-lubricated conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Ice mitigation has received increasing attention due to the severe safety and economic threats of icing hazards to modern industries. Slippery icephobic surface is a potential ice mitigation approach due to its ultra-low ice adhesion strength, great humidity resistance, and effective delay of ice nucleation. However, this approach currently has limited practical applications because of serious liquid depletion in the icing/de-icing process. A new strategy of phase change materials (PCM)-impregnation porous metallic structures (PIPMSs) was proposed to develop phase changeable icephobic surfaces in this study, and aimed to solve the rapid depletion via the phase changeable interfacial interactions. Evaluation of surface icephobicity and interfacial analysis proved that the phase changeable surfaces (PIPMSs) worked as an effective and durable icephobic platform by significantly delaying ice nucleation, providing long-term humid tolerance, low ice adhesion strength of as-prepared samples (less than 5 kPa), and signally improved maintaining capacity of impregnated PCMs (less than 10 % depletion) after 50 icing/de-icing cycles. To explore the interfacial responses, phase change models consisting of the unfrozen quasi-liquid layer and solid lubricant layer at the ice/PIPMSs interfaces were established, and the involved icephobic mechanisms of PIPMSs were studied based on the analysis of interfacial interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, locking the shape of liquids into non‐equilibrium states usually relies on jamming nanoparticle surfactants at an oil/water interface. Here we show that a synthetic water‐soluble zwitterionic Gemini surfactant can serve as an alternative to nanoparticle surfactants for stabilizing, structuring and additionally lubricating liquids. By having a high binding energy comparable to amphiphilic nanoparticles at the paraffin oil/water interface, the surfactant can attain near‐zero interfacial tensions and ultrahigh surface coverages after spontaneous adsorption. Owing to the strong association between neighboring surfactant molecules, closely packed monolayers with high mechanical elasticity can be generated at the oil/water interface, thus allowing the surfactant to produce not only ultra‐stable emulsions but also structured liquids with various geometries by using extrusion printing and 3D printing techniques. By undergoing tribochemical reactions at its sulfonic terminus, the surfactant can endow the resultant emulsions with favorable lubricity even under high load‐bearing conditions. Our study may provide new insights into creating complex liquid devices and new‐generation lubricants capable of combining the characteristics of both liquid and solid lubricants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to create a composite that is inexpensive and can be used in mechanical applications. The main aim is to improve the tribological performance of PA66 by reinforcements. Two fillers were utilised in the experimentation because MoS2 is a remarkably effective solid lubricant in dry conditions, but the results are not the same in high humidity. H-BN is utilised here to get the benefit in both dry and humid environments and to reduce the negative impact of humidity on the tribological performance of composite. Tensile and hardness tests were performed to identify the mechanical properties, while tribological tests on pin-on-disc were performed to analyse the COF and wear rates of materials. SEM, XRD, and DSC characterisations were utilised to analyse the tensile fracture mechanism, crystallinity, and glass-transition temperature of materials, respectively. The result shows that the strength and hardness of the composite increased in a reasonable amount compared to virgin PA66. Wear and COF tests were conducted with three different parameters, and the results showed an improvement in wear rates of composites compared to virgin PA66. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Liquid-infused surfaces (LISs) have attracted tremendous attention in recent years owing to their excellent surface properties, such as self-cleaning and anti-fouling. Understanding the effect of lubricant composition on LIS performance is of vital importance, which will help establish the criteria to choose suitable infusing lubricants for specific applications. In this work, the role of chemical composition of lubricant in the properties of LISs was investigated. The apparent water contact angle θ app was dependent on the temperature and beeswax/silicone oil ratio. Nevertheless, the trend of moving velocity of water drop on the tilted LISs did not follow that of θ app at 20 °C and 37 °C, which was attributed to the increased lubricant viscosity with beeswax/silicone oil ratio. At 60 °C, the drop velocity and θ app shared the similar variation trend with beeswax/silicone oil ratio, highlighting the significant role of chemistry of the components in beeswax. The alkanes and fatty acids promoted the drop movement, while the fatty acid esters impeded the movement. The interaction forces between water drop and lubricant surfaces were measured using atomic force microscopy. It was demonstrated that the interaction between water drop and lubricant was not the only factor to control the drop movement, while the interaction between lubricant and substrate as well as of lubricant itself also determined the movement. When the adhesions of water-lubricant and lubricant-substrate were similar for different lubricants, the influence of cohesion of lubricant became significant. This work provides useful insights into the fundamental understanding of the interfacial interactions of test drop, infusing lubricant and solid substrate of LISs, and the effect of infusing lubricant composition on the LIS performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium alloy material has physical properties such as low thermal conductivity, high hardness, and surface resilience, which are prone to problems such as large milling force, low machining efficiency, and poor surface quality in processed products during dry milling. This document details our process of isolating micro-textures from biological structures, applying them to cutting tool surfaces to create micro-texture milling cutters, and employing this micro-texture technique to reduce friction and prevent wear on these cutters. According to the milling dosage and the installation position between the tool and the workpiece, the effective working area of the cutting edge of the ball-end milling cutter is calculated. At the same time, a self-lubricating cutter was constructed by using a laser to process micro-textures and filling solid lubricant inside the micro-textures. An analysis was conducted to compare the milling efficiency of bionic microtextured cutters in both dry and micro-lubricated environments. It was found that the self-lubricating tool promoted a 3% to 5% decrease in milling force, a reduction in the coefficient of friction, a high surface finish of the machined workpiece, and an alleviation of chip sticking at the edge area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]