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In our research project with the objective of reducing the pharmaceutical substance valproate sodium, it is aimed to reduce the concentrations of this pharmaceutical compound. Their water retention is carried out by several treatments and among these unconventional treatment methods such as: advanced oxidation, biological product with biomass, adsorption and catalytic oxidation suitable for this type of hulls. Due to the fact that part of the drugs are dispensed in pharmacies without a prescription, they are used and would be part of it, but also their metabolites end up in insurface water. Similarly, the intensive use of antibiotics and growth hormones in animal husbandry and the resulting insufficient treatment of surfacewaters by these elements. Pharmaceuticals are generally synthetic organic layers that are used for the purpose of improving animal and human health. Overuse of torah needles leads to their elimination andthe elimination of their metabolites through the urine. Similarly, dispensing without a prescription leads to the rare expiration of these substances which, when expired, mostly endup in the landfill. Internationally, there are studies of the risk posed by pharmaceuticals, their metabolites fromwater often intended for human consumption, and research into various means of reducing their concentration in water intended for human consumption. For the realization of the research project, studies will be reintegrated on laboratory facilities and pilot facilities of the water treatment laboratory of the Colentine laboratory complex, Faculty of Hydrotechnics. In this experimental research at colentina laboratory (romania) we 'to study the pharmaceutical substance valproate sodium with the treatment of adsorption by activated carbon at different concentrations (0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/l) at two different flow rates (1.25 l/minand 2.5 l/min). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional routes for the production of formaldehyde rely on the use of methanol and air, with the presence of catalysts such as silver or mixed‐metal oxides. These processes are highly energy intensive and therefore raise concerns in terms of cost‐effectiveness and environmental impact. In that respect, sodium or sodium compounds are more favorable as catalysts for the direct dehydrogenation of methanol to water‐free formaldehyde. A method is presented for the coproduction of hydrogen and anhydrous formaldehyde – both valuable products – on the laboratory scale, with a particular focus on the design and testing of a sodium vapor catalyst dosing unit that enables the process to be performed continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the present study is to show how sodium nitrite alters the histology of submandibular salivary glands and livers of Albino rats, as well as how chlorogenic acid may have therapeutic benefits. Methods: A sample size of thirty male Sprague Dawley Albino rats weighing between 100 and 150 g (5-6 weeks old) was randomly allocated into 3 equal groups. Group I: rats were used as controls and were given phosphate buffer solution, whereas Group II: rats were given an 80 mg/kg sodium nitrites (SN) daily dissolved in distilled water. The rats in Group III were given a daily dose of 80 mg/kg SN dissolved in distilled water and after 6 hours each rat received 50 mg/mL freshly prepared chlorogenic acid (CGA) every other day. For 12 weeks, all treatment modalities will be administered orally, every day. After the experiment, all rats were euthanized. Samples from salivary glands and livers were processed and stained with H&E and interleukin 6 (IL 6). Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes were detected using an ELISA assay. Results: Groups III had nearly comparable findings to Group I regarding histological pattern with normal submandibular glands and livers features. Group III salivary gland treated with CGA exhibited higher SOD levels (20.60±4.81 U/g) in comparison to the SN group, and lower MDA levels (111.58±28.28 nmol/mg) in comparison to the SN treated samples. In comparison to the SN group, CGA treatment significantly reduced MDA levels in liver samples (167.56±21.17 nmol/mg) and raised SOD (30.85±6.77 U/g). Conclusions: Chlorogenic acid has a protective effect against salivary gland and liver toxicity induced by SN in rats. This was mediated via the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of CGA and the restoration of oxidant/antioxidant balance in rat salivary gland and liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is a rare, genetic disease in which heterotopic bone is formed in muscles, tendons and ligaments throughout the body. Disease progression is variable over time and between individuals. 18F-fluoride uptake in newly formed bone can be evaluated using [18F]NaF (i.e., sodiumfluoride) PET/CT, identifying active areas of bone formation in FOP. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of various semi-quantitative methods with full kinetic analysis. Results: Seven patients (age range: 20-31 years) with FOP underwent dynamic [18F] NaF scans at baseline and after one year. [18F]NaF uptake was measured in aorta descendens, vertebrae, heterotopic bone lesions and metabolically active regions on PET, and quantified using nonlinear regression (NLR) analysis together with standardized uptake value (SUV) and target-to-blood ratio (TBR). SUV was on measured the 40-45 min frame of the dynamic sequence (SUV40-45) and on the subsequent static sweep (SUVStatic). Correlations between and SUV40-45 and NLRderived Ki were comparable when normalized to body weight (r=0.81, 95% CI 0.64-0.90), lean body mass (r = 0.79, 95% CI 0.61-0.89) and body surface area (r = 0.84, 95% CI 0.70-0.92). Correlation between TBR40-45 and NLR-derived Ki (r=0.92, 95% CI 0.85-0.96) was higher than for SUV40-45. Correlation between TBR40-45 and NLR-derived Ki was similar at baseline and after one year (r=0.93 and 0.94). The change in TBR40-45 between baseline measurement and after one year correlated best with the change in NLR-derived Ki in the PET-active lesions (r=0.87). Conclusion: The present data supports the use of TBR for assessing fluoride uptake in PET-active lesions in FOP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralization effect of NaF, NaF with TCP, NaF with CPP‐ACP and NaF with CXP varnishes on newly erupted first permanent molars using laser fluorescence (LF) method. The study was a randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial with four parallel groups. Methods: The study was carried out in 48 high caries‐risk children (DMFS >8), aged 6–7 years with newly erupted permanent first molars (initial lesion with 13 < LF value<30). A total of 140 teeth were divided randomly into four groups (n = 35): G1.Duraphat Varnish containing 5% NaF, G2. Clinpro™ White Varnish containing 5% NaF with TCP, G3.Embrace™ Varnish containing 5% NaF with CXP, G4. MI Varnish containing 5% NaF with CPP‐ACP. All dental treatments of the patients were completed before the varnish application. The varnishes were applied to the targeted teeth at baseline, 1 and 3 months. Patients were called for follow‐up appointments at 1, 3 and 6 months, and LF scanning was used to monitor mineralization changes. Data were analysed statistically by Wilcoxon signed‐rank and Mann–Whitney U‐tests. Results: In total, 40 children (122 teeth) completed the trial. At the end of 6 months, the amount of reduction in LF values (indicating remineralization) are as follows: NaF with CXP(6.87 ± 4.32) < NaF with TCP(7.36 ± 7.05) < NaF(7.40 ± 7.03) < NaF with CPP‐ACP(8.33 ± 4.90). All of the varnishes resulted in significant decrease in LF measurements and there was no significant difference between control (NaF alone) group and other groups. Only MI varnish had a significantly greater remineralization effect than Embrace™ Varnish (p < 0.05). Conclusion: As a non‐invasive approach, CPP‐ACP, TCP and CXP containing NaF varnishes have the potential to remineralize initial caries lesions on permanent first molars in high caries‐risk children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study pursued two main purposes. The first aim was to expound on the microscopic factors of radiation-related caries (RRC). Further, it aimed to compare the remineralization effect of different remineralizing agents on demineralized teeth after radiotherapy. Methods: The enamel and dentin samples of bovine teeth were irradiated with different doses of radiation. After analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the samples irradiated with 50 Gy radiation were selected and divided into the demineralization group, the double distilled water (DDW) group, the Sodium fluoride (NaF) group, the Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) group, the NaF + CPP-ACP group, and the Titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) group. After demineralization, remineralizing agents treatment, and remineralization, the samples were evaluated using SEM, atomic force microscope (AFM), EDS, and transverse microradiography (TMR). Results: A radiation dose of 30 Gy was sufficient to cause damage to the dentinal tubules, but 70 Gy radiation had little effect on the microstructure of enamel. Additionally, the NaF + CPP-ACP group and the TiF4 group significantly promoted deposit formation, decreased surface roughness, and reduced mineral loss and lesion depth of demineralized enamel and dentin samples after radiation. Conclusions: Radiation causes more significant damage to dentin compared to enamel. NaF + CPP-ACP and TiF4 had a promising ability to promote remineralization of irradiated dental hard tissues. Advances in knowledge: This in vitro study contributes to determining a safer radiation dose range for teeth and identifying the most effective remineralization approach for RRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Microstructural engineering is regarded as a promising option for fabricating high-performance carbon anodes. Hence, a facile solvothermal-assisted low-temperature calcination strategy was employed to modulate the microstructure of semicoke-derived carbon anodes. Owing to the effective pseudo-graphite phase modulation, the modified carbon anode exhibited a significant increase in capacity, cycling stability and ion kinetics in both lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries. Kinetic analysis and in-situ X-ray diffraction confirmed the "adsorption and intercalation" energy storage mechanism of the obtained carbon electrodes. In addition, by investigating the energy storage mechanism, we found that increasing the pseudo-graphite phase proportion played different roles in lithium and sodium ions storage. For lithium-ion storage, the pseudo-graphitic phase preferentially promotes lithium-ion transport kinetics. Conversely, during sodium-ion storage, this particular structure markedly augments the embedding capacity of sodium. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that different patterns of variation in the activation energy with the carbon layer spacing of lithium/sodium intercalation compounds lead to differences in performance enhancement. This study not only offers a low-cost approach for preparing carbon anodes enriched with a pseudo-graphitic phase, but also provides new insight into the discrepancy between lithium ion and sodium ion storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) gel was developed to overcome the clinical limitations of liquids with children. The authors conducted a clinical trial to determine caries lesion arrest in primary teeth at 1-year follow-up when 38% SDF gel and 2.5% sodium fluoride varnish were applied sequentially at the same appointment. Parent satisfaction was assessed. The study design was an open-label prospective, clinical trial with single group assignment. Participants were 237 children aged 3 through 4 years at enrollment and from 5 centros educativos iniciales (preschools). Eligible children had 1 or more d3 (cavitation into dentin) active caries lesions. Teeth with active caries lesions (cavitation confined to enamel [d2] or d3) were treated by applying 1 or 2 drops of viscous 38% SDF gel (Advantage Silver Dental Arrest Gel, Elevate Oral Care, LLC) dabbing the excess with cotton. Treated teeth were covered with 2.5% sodium fluoride varnish (Fluorimax, Elevate Oral Care, LLC) to mask the taste. Treatment was repeated at 5 months postexamination. The primary outcome was caries lesion (d2-d3) arrest at 1 year. Two hundred nineteen children were available at the 1-year follow-up. There was a median of 21 (interquartile range [IQR], 13-34) active carious surfaces (d2-d3) at baseline. Median arrested carious surfaces was 92.6% (IQR, 81.1%-100.0%; 95% CI, 86.8% to 95.2%). When parents were asked whether they were bothered by the color change of teeth, the median response on a 10-point scale in which 1 equaled not bothered at all and 10 equaled very bothered was 1.0 (IQR, 1.0-2.0). Two applications of 38% SDF gel and 2.5% sodium fluoride varnish arrested greater than 90% of carious surfaces at 1 year and with high levels of parental satisfaction. Combined treatment was highly efficacious in a population with many caries lesions. This clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The registration number is NCT05395065. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the sodium compound derived from glutamic acid. Excessive daily ingestion of MSG leads to elevated amounts of glutamic acid in the bloodstream, which can be detrimental to brain structures. Camellia sinensis, often known as green tea (GT), is a rich source of essential hexogen antioxidants that are necessary for the body. Thirty-two adult male albino rats were divided into four groups (n = 8). Group 1 served as a control -ve group. Group 2 was given GT (1.5 ml/rat/day). Group 3 was given MSG (600 mg/kg/day). Group 4 was given MSG (600 mg/kg/day) and GT (1.5 ml/rat/day). All treatments were given orally for 28 days. MSG administration resulted in significant neurotoxicity in rats that was revealed by the significant reduction of serum concentration of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and nitric oxide (NO), and the significant elevation of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) accompanied by the significant reduction of levels of serum monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine) and histological changes in the hippocampus area CA1, dentate gyrus, and cerebellar cortex and positive immunohistochemical staining of glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP) and calretinin. Administration of GT with MSG counteracted the MSG-mediated oxidative stress by significantly increasing serum concentrations of GPX and NO and significantly decreasing concentrations of TAC. Furthermore, GT significantly increased levels of serum monoamines (dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine). Moreover, it ameliorated the histological changes, GFAP, and calretinin immunostaining in brain tissues. It is envisaged that GT will serve as a viable protective choice for the inclusion of the neurotoxicity treatment procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sirtuins (SIRTs) are NAD+-dependent deacetylases that play various roles in numerous pathophysiological processes, holding promise as therapeutic targets worthy of further investigation. Among them, the SIRT2 subtype is closely associated with tumorigenesis and malignancies. Dysregulation of SIRT2 activation can regulate the expression levels of related genes in cancer cells, leading to tumor occurrence and metastasis. Methods: In this study, we used computer simulations to screen for novel SIRT2 inhibitors from the FDA database, based on which 10 compounds with high docking scores and good interactions were selected for in vitro anti-pancreatic cancer metastasis testing and enzyme binding inhibition experiments. The results showed that fluvastatin sodium may possess inhibitory activity against SIRT2. Subsequently, fluvastatin sodium was subjected to molecular docking experiments with various SIRT isoforms, and the combined results from Western blotting experiments indicated its potential as a SIRT2 inhibitor. Next, molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and binding free energy calculations were performed, revealing the binding mode of fluvastatin sodium at the SIRT2 active site, further validating the stability and interaction of the ligand–protein complex under physiological conditions. Results: Overall, this study provides a systematic virtual screening workflow for the discovery of SIRT2 activity inhibitors, identifies the potential inhibitory effect of fluvastatin sodium as a lead compound on SIRT2, and opens up a new direction for developing highly active and selectively targeted SIRT2 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, pea protein (PPI) with sodium alginate (SA) and phosphate complex (CP) was used as raw material to improve the quality of pea protein simulated meat products. The quality of the organised pea protein was evaluated by examining the rehydration, oil retention, nitrogen solubility index, textural properties, colour difference, sensory and microstructure of the organised product. The results showed that the addition of 0.1% SA increased the rehydration of the organised product by 44.15%, and the extrudates with 0.3% SA achieved the maximum NSI (5.10), degree of organisation (1.793) and sensory score (7.85). The denaturation of the protein in the extruder barrel and the exposure of the hydrophobic groups while the molecular chains unfolded enhanced the interaction between the protein and the oil causing a 19.39% increase in the oil-holding properties. The addition of 0.3% CP resulted in a maximum of 1.806 organisational degree of the protein product, which was observed by scanning electron microscopy to have a more pronounced fibrous structure. Thus, appropriate levels of sodium alginate (0.3%) and phosphate complex (0.3%) improved the quality characteristics of the organised pea protein product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate dentin wear and biological performance of desensitizing materials. Methods: Seventy bovine root dentin blocks were sectioned. Half of the surface of each specimen was untreated (control) and the other half was immersed in EDTA and treated with the following desensitizing materials: placebo varnish (PLA), fluoride varnish (FLU), sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish + sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP), universal adhesive (SBU), S-PRG varnish (SPRG), biosilicate (BIOS), and amelotin solution (AMTN). After application, the specimens were submitted to an erosive-abrasive challenge and the wear analyzed by optical profilometer. Serial dilutions of extracts obtained from the culture medium containing discs impregnated with those desensitizers were applied on fibroblasts and odontoblasts-like cells cultures. Cytotoxicity and production of total protein (TP) by colorimetric assays were determined after 24 h. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn's, One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p ≤ 0.05). Results: No dentin wear was observed only for SBU. The lowest dentin wear was observed for AMTN and TMP. Cell viability was significantly reduced after treatment with undiluted extracts of PLA, FLU, TMP and SBU in fibroblasts and TMP and SBU in odontoblast-like cells. SPRG, BIOS and AMTN were cytocompatible at all dilutions tested. Considering TP results, no statistical difference was observed among the groups and high levels for TP were observed after TMP and FLU treatments. Conclusions: Universal adhesive system may protect dentin with opened tubules from wear after challenge. Extracts of adhesive and fluoride varnishes presented cytotoxic mainly on fibroblasts. The enamel protein may be a future alternative to treat dentin with opened tubules because it may cause low wear under erosive-abrasive challenge with low cytotoxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antibacterial, antifungal, and analgesic activities of compounds of several sodium salts of 1-aryl-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-1,3-diones have been studied. These compounds have been found to exhibit a pronounced effect on Candida albicans (minimum inhibitory concentration, 7.8–62.5 μg/mL). The studied compounds showed significant antibacterial activity against cultures of Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration, 2.0–31.2 μg/mL) and Escherichia coli (minimum inhibitory concentration 7.8–250.0 μg/mL). In addition, all compounds have pronounced analgesic activity, which exceeds that of the reference drug (metamizole sodium). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Root caries are prevalent issues that affect dental health, particularly among elderly individuals with exposed root surfaces. Fluoride therapy has shown effectiveness in preventing root caries, but limited studies have addressed its cost-effectiveness in elderly persons population. This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a fluoride treatment program for preventing root caries in elderly persons within the context of Chinese public healthcare. Methods: A Markov simulation model was adopted for the cost-effectiveness analysis in a hypothetical scenario from a healthcare system perspective. A 60-year-old subject with 23 teeth was simulated for 20 years. A 5% sodium fluoride varnish treatment was compared with no preventive intervention in terms of effectiveness and cost. Tooth years free of root caries were set as the effect. Transition probabilities were estimated from the data of a community-based cohort and published studies, and costs were based on documents published by the government. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated to evaluate cost-effectiveness. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the influence of data uncertainty. Results: Fluoride treatment was more effective (with a difference of 10.20 root caries-free tooth years) but also more costly (with a difference of ¥1636.22). The ICER was ¥160.35 per root caries-free tooth year gained. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that the risk ratio of root caries in the fluoride treatment group influenced the result most. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, fluoride treatment was cost-effective in 70.5% of the simulated cases. Conclusions: Regular 5% sodium fluoride varnish application was cost-effective for preventing root caries in the elderly persons in most scenarios with the consideration of data uncertainty, but to a limited extent. Improved public dental health awareness may reduce the incremental cost and make the intervention more cost-effective. Overall, the study shed light on the economic viability and impact of such preventive interventions, providing a scientific basis for dental care policies and healthcare resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oxidative stress is known to play a key role in the occurrence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether diminished activity of ovarian enzymes responsible for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production, cystathionine βsynthase (CBS), and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) contributes to oxidative stress in PCOS. The study also explored whether administration of sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH), an H2S donor, could ameliorate PCOS symptoms by reducing oxidative stress. Methods: The total eighteen rats were randomly assigned into three groups (n=6): control, PCOS, and PCOS+NaSH. PCOS was induced by intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate to induce PCOS in the PCOS and PCOS+NaSH groups. The PCOS+NaSH group received 30 μmol/L of NaSH in drinking water for 27 days after PCOS induction. Ovarian tissue samples were analyzed for oxidative stress indices including malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Additional analyses measured H2S levels, CBS, and CSE activity. Results: PCOS induction led to a significant decrease in SOD activity, H2S levels, and CBS and CSE activity, accompanied by a significant increase in MDA levels (p<0.0001). Furthermore, PCOS caused severe histological alterations in the ovaries. However, administration of NaSH effectively restored all measured parameters to pre-PCOS induction levels (p<0.0001). Conclusion: This study showed that the decrease in the activity of H2S-producing enzymes and H2S levels may contribute to oxidative stress in PCOS. Therefore, administration of NaSH as a H2S donor can be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for PCOS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Zirconia, with its excellent mechanical properties, has become a popular choice for esthetic and durable restorations due to the increasing demand of patients. It has overcome most of the limitations of all ceramic restorations. However, bonding to zirconia remains a challenge. Objectives. This study is aimed at assessing the effect of surface treatment with alkaline agents at two different temperatures on microshear bond strength (μSBS) of zirconia to composite resin. Materials and Methods. This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on zirconia blocks measuring 2 × 4 × 8 mm. The blocks were sandblasted with alumina powder and randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 16 each). The blocks in groups 1 and 2 underwent surface treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and groups 3 and 4 with zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4) at room temperature and 70°C. Group 5 served as the control group and did not receive any surface treatment. After the application of bonding agent and its light-curing, composite cylinders in plastic tubes were bonded to the surface of each block and cured. After incubation, they underwent μSBS test. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha = 0.05). Results. The μSBS was significantly higher in all intervention groups than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The μSBS in Zr(OH)4 groups was significantly higher than that in NaOH groups (P < 0.05). The mean μSBS of heated groups was slightly, but not significantly, higher than the corresponding room temperature groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion. Surface treatment of zirconia with NaOH and Zr(OH)4 alkaline agents can increase its μSBS to composite resin; Zr(OH)4 was significantly more effective than NAOH for this purpose, but heating did not have a significant effect on μSBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of fluoroalkanesulfite derivatives in the direct fluoroalkylthiolation of organic compounds. The synthesis of fluoroalkylthiolated compounds through the reduction of these derivatives is discussed, along with innovative approaches for their formation. The article also includes examples of other researchers' work in this field and discusses the mechanism of these reactions. The research has important implications for the synthesis of biologically active compounds, although there are still challenges to overcome in certain areas. Ongoing research is being conducted to address these challenges and further advance the field. [Extracted from the article]

During fracture amorphous oxides exhibit irreversible processes, including inelastic and nonrecoverable relaxation effects in the process zone surrounding the crack tip. Here, classical molecular dynamics simulations were used with a reactive forcefield to evaluate inelastic relaxation processes in five amorphous sodium silicate compositions. Overall, the 20% Na2O‐SiO2(NS20) composition exhibited the most inelastic relaxation, followed by the 15% Na2O‐SiO2(NS15) composition, the 25% Na2O‐SiO2(NS25) composition, and finally the 10% (NS10) and 30% (NS30) Na2O‐SiO2 compositions. Coordination analysis of the Na+ ions identified that during inelastic relaxation the Na+ ions were increasingly coordinated by nonbridging oxygens (NBOs) for the NS10 and NS15 compositions, which was supported by radial analysis of the O‐Na‐O bond angles surrounding the crack tip. Across the sodium silicate compositional range, two different inelastic relaxation mechanism were identified based on the amount of bridging oxygens (BOs) and NBOs in the Na+ ion coordination shell. At lower (NS10) and higher (NS30) sodium compositions, the entire structured relaxed toward the crack tip. In contrast at intermediate sodium concentrations (NS20) the Na+ ion migrates toward the crack tip separately from the network structure. By developing a fundamental understanding of how modified silica systems respond to static stress fields, we will be able to predict how varying amorphous silicate systems exhibit slow crack growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study confirmed that sodium aescinate (SA) can effectively relieve bone cancer pain, but its role in neuropathic pain (NP) remains confused. Eighty male mice were randomly divided into four groups: sham+vehicle, sham+SA (40 μg/L, intrathecal injection), chronic contraction injury (CCI)+vehicle, CCI+SA. Behavioral assessments were used to evaluate the locomotor activity and paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) of mice. At the end of the study, spinal cord tissues were collected for histopathological analysis. The JNK/p38 signaling activation, Iba-1 expression, pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, and microglia subtype were assessed by western blotting, immunohistochemical staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry with CD86/CD206, respectively. Early treatment with SA delayed the development of mechanical allodynia in CCI mice. Repeated SA treatment could prominently increase the reduction of PWT induced by CCI, and improve the locomotor activity of CCI mice. Mechanically, CCI surgery induced significant up-regulation of p-JNK and p-p38 protein levels, increased number and M1/M2 ratio of microglia, as well as pro-inflammatory factors in the spinal cords of mice, which could be blocked after SA administration. SA might suppress the activation of microglia and neuroinflammation by selectively inhibiting the JNK/p38 signaling pathway, thereby alleviating CCI-induced NP in male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive hydrogels are highly attractive for biomedical applications due to their ability to mimic the electrophysiological environment of biological tissues. Although conducting polymer polythiophene-poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) alone exhibit high conductivity, the addition of other chemical compositions could further improve the electrical and mechanical properties of PEDOT:PSS, providing a more promising interface with biological tissues. Here we study the effects of incorporating crosslinking additives, such as glycerol and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP), in developing interpenetrating PEDOT:PSS-based conductive hydrogels. The addition of glycerol at a low concentration maintained the PEDOT:PSS conductivity with enhanced wettability but decreased the mechanical stiffness. Increasing the concentration of STMP allowed sufficient physical crosslinking with PEDOT:PSS, resulting in improved hydrogel conductivity, wettability, and rheological properties without glycerol. The STMP-based PEDOT:PSS conductive hydrogels also exhibited shear-thinning behaviors, which are potentially favorable for extrusion-based 3D bioprinting applications. We demonstrate an interpenetrating conducting polymer hydrogel with tunable electrical and mechanical properties for cellular interactions and future tissue engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Zanthoxylum armatum DC. is an important oil plant and economic crop, but the natural reproduction rate is extremely low due to the existence of dormancy in its seeds, so it is of great significance to explore methods to promote its seed germination. In this study, an orthogonal test was applied to study the effects of different factors on the seed germination indexes with four factors and four levels of different sodium carbonate degreasing time, different incubation temperature, different kinetin soaking concentration, and seed soaking time. Through this study, analysis of variance, correlation, and clustering was applied. The results demonstrated that all experimental groups showed significant improvement in different germination indexes compared with the control. Among which, group 7 treated with sodium carbonate degreasing for 12 h, kinetin soaking concentration of 50 mg/L for 48 h, and under the culture condition of constant temperature at 25°C showed the best performance in germination rate, germination vigor, vitality index, germination index, root length, and shoot length. In addition, the shoot fresh weight and dry weight, root dry weight and fresh weight of group 7 were also significantly increased compared with the control. The results of this study provided a certain theoretical basis for the efficient seed germination of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 , a titanium-based compound for sodium ion batteries (SIBs), stands out among anode materials because of its ultralow voltage plateau which leads to advanced energy density. However, the poor electronic conductivity and mediocre sodium ion storage capability are the main bottlenecks for its large-scale development. In this regard, self-supported Se doped Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 arrays are innovatively proposed and different Se doping amounts are designed. It is concluded that the appropriate Se doping (Na 2 Ti 3 O 6 Se) could significantly enlarge the interlayer spacing, narrow the bandgap and decrease Na+ diffusion barrier, leading to enhanced reaction kinetics, which is also validated by the theoretical calculations in this work. As expected, the 0 anode exhibits a reversible capacity of 207 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g−1 in the voltage range of 0.01–3 V. A capacity of 155 mAh g−1 can be achieved after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1. The experimental findings combined with theoretical calculations state that the Se doping protocol is an effective mean to modify the electrode materials. • A self supported Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 arrays with Se doping is designed. • The appropriate content Se doping into Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 improves the performance. • Se doping induces charge accumulation and stronger Na + adsorption capability. • Se doping improves the electronic conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidant systems like thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) maintain oxidative stress balance. These systems have cross-talk supported by some in vitro studies. We investigated the underlying mechanisms of arsenic-induced liver injury in glutathione-deficient rats and whether there was any cross-talk between the Trx and Grx systems. The rats in arsenic-treated groups were administered with sodium arsenite (10, 20 mg/kg b w/d) for four weeks. In buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, an inhibitor of GSH) and 20 mg/kg arsenic combined groups, rats were injected with 2 mmol/kg BSO intraperitoneally twice per week. BSO exacerbated arsenic-induced liver injury by increasing arsenic accumulation in urine, serum, and liver while decreasing glutathione activity and resulting in upregulated mRNA expression of the Trx system and downregulation of Grx mRNA expression. The impact of Trx lasted longer than that of the Grx. The Trx system remained highly expressed, while GSH, Grx1, and Grx2 levels were decreased. The inhibitory effect of only BSO treatment on Grx1 and Grx2 was not pronounced. However, the combined impact of arsenic and BSO upregulated Trx expression, primarily related to further reduction of GSH. As a result, the suppressed Grxs were protected by the upregulated Trxs, which serve as a backup antioxidant defense system in the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heats of formation of forty-six molecules containing sodium, lithium and magnesium atoms have been calculated using G3X-CEP, G3X(CCSD)-CEP, G4, EnAt1, EnAt2, G3B3, G3MP2B3, CBS-QB3 and functionals using the atomization. The discrepancies between the predicted and the reported heats of formation vary in the range of 0.0–85 kcal mol−1. The best agreement with experimental data was achieved by using Gn and Gn-CEP multilevel techniques. It was found that the best performance among density functional theory (DFT) methods within the atomization approach demonstrated the long range corrected LC-wPBE and BMK level theory. Composite methods presented the best results when compared with DFT. The G4, which was recently reported as a very accurate method for calculating enthalpies of formation, presented the best results when compared with DFT and other composite methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a progressively decreasing availability of water for irrigation, the utilization of lower agronomic quality water sources is becoming more prevalent. Compounds such as sodium and boron, due to their impact on crop development and production, are gaining significance in these water sources. Finding novel methods to immobilize these compounds in irrigation water is a top priority in the global agricultural sector. This study focused on exploring the potential of natural zeolite, commonly used as a soil improver and as a sorbent for sodium and boron in natural agricultural waters. The zeolite exhibited favorable properties, including a surface area of 40 m2/g and a cation-exchange capacity of 1.8 mg/g. Using a central composite factorial design, the zeolite's capacity to remove sodium and boron from irrigation water was investigated. The results demonstrated significant efficiency in boron removal, while sodium removal was limited, with occasional desorption episodes. Response surface analysis revealed optimal conditions for the removal of each cation. Additionally, adsorption kinetics and pH effects were explored, emphasizing the influence on sodium sorption. Kinetic models were applied, and the pseudo-first-order model proved suitable for describing the sorption kinetics. These findings enhance our understanding of zeolite efficacy in irrigation water purification, emphasizing the complexity of cation interactions in "complex" solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Salinity stress significantly hampers cotton seed germination and seedling growth. Employing plant growth regulators stands out as an effective strategy to mitigate salt stress. In this study, we assessed the impact of varying concentrations of natural composite salt conditions (0%, 0.6%, and 1.2%) on cotton seed germination, seedling growth, and physiology. Additionally, we explored the effects of compound sodium nitrophenolate (CSN: 2 mg·L−1 and 10 mg·L−1), 24-epibrassinolide (EBR: 0.02 mg·L−1 and 0.1 mg·L−1), and gibberellic acid (GA: 60 mg·L−1 and 300 mg·L−1), against a control (CK: distilled water) group. The results indicate that with an increase in the composite salt concentration, the germination potential (GP) and germination rate (GR) of cotton seeds gradually decrease. Simultaneously, the fresh weight and root vitality of seedlings also correspondingly decrease, while the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation increases. Under high-salt (1.2%) conditions, soaking treatments with CSN and EBR significantly enhance both GP (45–59% and 55–64%) and GR (30–33% and 39–36%) compared to the CK. However, the GA treatment does not increase the GP and GR of cotton. Moreover, under high-salt (1.2%) conditions, CSN and EBR treatments result in the increased activities of superoxide dismutase (56–66% and 71–80%), peroxidase (20–24% and 37–51%), and catalase (26–32% and 35–46%). Consequently, cotton exhibits a relatively good tolerance to natural composite salts. Soaking treatments with CSN and EBR effectively improve cotton germination by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, thereby strengthening cotton's tolerance to salt stress. These findings offer new insights for enhancing the salt tolerance of cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several approaches for the formulation of abuse-deterrent, tamper-resistant, or alcohol-resistant dosage forms. This work is specifically focused on the formulation of microforms and multiple unit dosage forms with the mentioned resistant features. We prepared microcapsules based on sodium alginate by Ca2+-induced gelation, containing caffeine as a model drug. The prepared microcapsules were dried either by hot air or freeze-dried and the resistance in an alcoholic environment and the resistance against mechanical stress were observed. Subsequently, swelling studies were conducted to predict the behavior of prepared microcapsules during dissolution testing. Differences in the behavior of microcapsules during dissolution testing were strongly related to the different abilities of Ca2+-alginate microcapsules to swell in an acidic and alkaline environment. Alginate microcapsules exhibited gastro-resistant properties due to excellent swelling in an alkaline environment and poor swelling in a gastric environment. The addition of ethanol did not influence the swelling behavior of alginate microcapsules in the gastric fluid; rather, it showed the opposite effect, where swelling was slightly suppressed. Therefore, we conclude that alginate microcapsules are alcohol resistant. Also, they showed high mechanical strength, and therefore, grinding the microcapsules into a powder was impossible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing new drugs from natural products is important for therapeutic effects to minimise tissue toxicity of drugs used in cancer treatment. Eisenia foetida is a worm with a double transport system consisting of coelomic fluid (ECF) that can be used as alternative medicine. It is important to eliminate or reduce the high cytotoxicity of sodium butyrate (NaBu), a chemotherapeutic agent used in breast cancer treatment, for both neoplastic and normal cells. We aimed to evaluate the effect of ECF on the oxidative toxicity induced by NaBu in MCF-7 cells, changes in ROS production levels and expression of cell death and ROS-related genes. It was determined that the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 genes remained unchanged, while the amount of ROS decreased significantly in MCF-7 cells exposed to NaBu with ECF. Thus, ECF may be a potential therapeutic molecule with fewer side effects in cancer treatment in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the increase in suicide rates in the US, emphasizing the emergence of sodium nitrite ingestion as a method of self-harm, particularly among adolescents and young adults influenced by social media. Given the rising incidence of sodium nitrite-related suicide attempts, healthcare providers must remain vigilant and prepared to respond effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) has gained attention as one of the minimally invasive modalities to manage ECC although it causes black staining of treated carious lesions. A possible affordable alternative may be Sodium Fluoride (NaF) varnish combined with good oral hygiene promoted by parental Motivational Interviewing (MI). The study compared the effectiveness of 38% SDF solution and 5% NaF varnish supported by parental MI in arresting ECC. Materials and methods: Children aged ≤ 4 years old with at least one active carious lesion (ICDAS score ≥ 3) were randomly assigned to treatment by a single application of 38% SDF solution or a single application of 5% NaF varnish supported by two MI sessions for mothers at baseline and after three months. Chi-Squared test was used to compare groups and multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effect of the interventions on ECC arrest adjusting for confounders. The interaction between the type of intervention and baseline lesion severity, moderate (ICDAS 3/4) or advanced (ICDAS 5/6), was also assessed. Results: The study included 165 children with 949 active lesions. After 6 months, there were no significant differences between SDF and NaF/MI groups in overall caries arrest (63.7% and 58.1%, p = 0.08), and in moderate lesions (72.9% and 69.6%, p = 0.52). However, in advanced lesions, the arrest rate was significantly higher in the SDF than the NaF/ MI group (60.3% and 50.0%, P = 0.01). Multilevel multiple logistic regression showed no significant differences between the interventions (AOR = 1.56, P = 0.27) with significant interaction between the intervention and baseline lesion severity (p < 0.001). Moderate lesions treated with SDF (AOR = 3.69, P = 0.008) or NaF/MI (AOR = 3.32, P < 0.001) had significantly higher odds of arrest than advanced lesions treated with NaF/ MI with no difference between advanced lesions treated with SDF or NaF/ MI (AOR = 1.85, P = 0.155) in arrest rate. Conclusion: NaF/ MI can be an alternative to SDF in arresting advanced and moderate ECC lesions without staining with stronger effect on moderate lesions (ICDAS 3/4). Trial registration: The trial was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrial.gov registry (#NCT05761041) on 9/3/2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High test peroxide gel was prepared by low temperature freezing under the action of calcium ion compound with sodium alginate as a gelling agent. The High test peroxide gel was characterized by ultra depth of field microscope, Fourier infrared spectrometer, rheometer, synchronous thermal analyzer, and electron microscope scanner. The thermal decomposition behavior and reaction kinetics of the gel were investigated. The effective content of H 2 O 2 in the gel before and after aging was also analyzed by KMnO 4 titration. The results show that the content of sodium alginate and the concentration of calcium ion compound directly affect the gelling and rheological properties of high test peroxide gel, and the gel with low sodium alginate content had a more uniform tissue structure. The E α and lg(A /s−1) of the high test peroxide gel decomposition reaction are 69.10 kJ mol−1 and 9.13, respectively. Na 2 O, CaO, CaCl 2 and CaSO 4 are the main components of the high test peroxide gel thermal decomposition condensate products. After ignition, a boron-based high test peroxide gel propellant can produce a steady combustion. After being stored at 263 K for 20 days, the effective content of H 2 O 2 in the gel is 96.50%, and the decomposition rate is only 0.63%. • High test peroxide (HTP) gel was prepared with sodium alginate as a gelling agent. • The HTP gel has good shear thinning property, and the HTP gel containing 10% boron powder could achieve stable combustion after ignition. • The kinetic parameters and most probable mechanism function of thermal decomposition of HTP gel were obtained. • The HTP gel can be stored stably for a long time at low temperatures (≤263 K). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of activated charcoal‐based (AC) products on color alteration, remineralizing potential and surface roughness of dental enamel. Materials and Methods: Bovine incisors were cut into 6 × 6 × 2 mm fragments. Initial color (EasyShade, Vita) and surface roughness (Surfcorder SE1700, Kosakalab) readings were performed. Fragments were separated into five groups (n = 17) according to the treatment: Control: Fluoride toothpaste (Colgate Total 12, Colgate); Charcoal + NaF: AC toothpaste (ACT) with sodium fluoride (Colgate Natural Extracts, Colgate); Charcoal + MFP + n‐HA: ACT with sodium monofluorophosphate and nanohydroxyapatite (Black is White, Curaprox); Charcoal: Fluoride‐free ACT (ProActive, Hinode); and Charcoal powder: AC powder. Simulated toothbrushing was performed and final color and surface roughness readings were obtained. Fragments were then polished, and initial microhardness (HMV‐2, Shimatzu) readings were done. Samples were artificially demineralized and brushed again. Final microhardness readings were taken. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: Fluoride‐free charcoal presented the lowest surface roughness alteration (p < 0.05). Charcoal powder had the lowest color change (p < 0.05) and negative values for whiteness index for dentistry alteration. All the groups presented values below whiteness acceptability threshold and negative relative microhardness values. Control showed the highest remineralizing potential (p < 0.05). Conclusions: ACPs did not produce color alteration different from the fluoride toothpaste, except for Charcoal powder that caused less color change. ACPs caused surface roughness alteration similar to the fluoride toothpaste. ACT with fluoride and AC powder did not have remineralizing potential. Clinical Significance: Activated charcoal‐based products (ACP) promise effective tooth whitening and quick results, without teeth damage. In addition, some ACPs contain fluoride in toothpaste composition and promise rehardening potential. However, ACPs are not as effective as other whitening agents and can alter the surface roughness of the enamel. Even if the ACPs contain fluoride or other remineralizing agents, they might be ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine and compare the anticaries effects of slightly acidic 1% NaF-HF gel when applied once or twice (7-day or 6-month interval) to mandibular first molars in 6- to 7-year-old children. Method and materials: This was a 1-year, multi-arm, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group randomized trial. In total, 1,077 schoolchildren from eight primary schools were allocated to one of the four study groups (group 1, single application; group 2, two applications with a 7-day interval; group 3, two applications with a 6-month interval; group 4, placebo control). The occlusal surfaces of permanent mandibular first molars were examined by three calibrated examiners who were blind to the group allocation at baseline and the end of the study. Caries reduction and prevented fraction was assessed. Results: A total of 986 children completed the study. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean D1MFT increment across the groups (P < .001). The mean D1MFT increment was 0.37 in group 1 (single application), 0.18 in group 2 (two applications with a 7-day interval), 0.21 in group 3 (two applications with a 6-month interval), and 0.56 in the control group. The mean D2MFT increments (0.22 in group 1, 0.06 in group 2, 0.18 in group 3, and 0.50 in the control group) also showed a statistically significant difference across the groups (P < .001). Conclusion: Subacidic 1% NaF-HF gel exerts a high preventive effect on caries (more than 40%) when applied twice at a 7-day interval in 6- to 7-year-old schoolchildren who do not use fluoride toothpaste in areas where drinking water is not fluoridated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Oral sulfate solution (OSS) is used for bowel preparation (BP) during colonoscopy. The way of taking this agent can be used a same-day regimen (only on the day of colonoscopy) and split regimen (the day before and on the day of colonoscopy) for receiving it. In this study, we analyzed the efficacy of a same-day regimen of 480 ml OSS for insufficient bowel preparation (BP) with high-concentrated polyethylene glycol (H-PEG). Materials and Methods. This multicenter retrospective study was conducted from December 2021 to December 2022 at three related institutions on patients aged ≥ 20 years with a fair or poor Aronchick score of BP with 1 l H-PEG in previous colonoscopy. All patients received a low-residual diet and 10 ml of 0.75% picosulfate sodium a day before the colonoscopy and 480 ml of OSS and ≥1 l of water 3 hours before the colonoscopy. We analyzed the rate of improvement with OSS compared to H-PEG and other efficacies, and adverse events (AE). Results. We evaluated 125 cases (77 males) with an average age of 72.1 ± 8.8 years. The completion rate of 480 ml of OSS was 97.6% (122/125). The improvement rate of BP showing good or excellent score with OSS was 70.4% (88/125). Compared OSS with previous H-PEG, the insertion time (min) was 7.0 ± 4.8 vs. 8.1 ± 6.0 (p = 0.01), and the adenoma detection rates were 67.2% vs. 63.2% (p = 0.05). The cleansing time (min) was 131 ± 46 vs. 165 ± 53 (p < 0.01). The rate of AE with OSS was 10.4% (13/125). There were no significant differences about AE in age and gender. The tolerance of OSS compared with H-PEG (good/similar/bad) was 72.0%/24.8%/3.2% (amounts), 26.4%/39.2%/34.4% (taste), and 76.8%/10.4%/12.8% (overall preference), respectively. Conclusions. The same-day regimen of 480 ml OSS effectively improved the insufficient BP of 1 l H-PEG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debate persists regarding the safety of hypochlorite‐containing solutions in the decontamination of infected wounds. In 2006, the Israeli Ministry of Health withdrew licensing approval for troclosene sodium as a wound irrigation solution. The aim of this prospective clinical and laboratory study was to investigate the safety of troclosene sodium solution for decontamination of infected wounds. Troclosene sodium solution was used to treat 30 patients with 35 infected skin wounds of various etiologies and body areas, over a treatment period of 8 days. Data were gathered according to a prospectively designed protocol including general findings, wound‐specific observations on Day 1 and Day 8 and laboratory parameters on Day 1 and Day 8. Wound swabs and tissue biopsy for culture were taken on Day 1 and Day 8. Statistical analysis was executed. Tests were 2‐sided and p values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Eighteen males and 12 females, with 35 infected skin wounds were enrolled. There were no adverse clinical events. No significant changes were observed in general clinical observations. Statistically significant improvements were observed in: pain (p < 0.0001); edema (p < 0.0001); area of wound covered by granulation tissue (p < 0.0001); exudate (p < 0.0001); and erythema (p = 0.002). Prior to treatment, bacteria were demonstrated on microscopy or on culture in 90% of wound samples. On Day 8, this frequency reduced to 40%. There were no abnormal laboratory tests. Serum sodium concentration increased significantly between Day 1 and Day 8, whilst serum concentration of urea and concentrations of thrombocytes, leucocytes and neutrophils showed statistically significant reductions, but all values remained within normal laboratory ranges throughout the study period. Troclosene sodium solution is clinically safe in the management of infected wounds. These findings were presented to the Israel Ministry of Health and as a result, troclosene sodium was re‐approved and licensed for decontamination of infected wounds in Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inadvertent exposure to environmental contaminants has been reported to induce cancer in different animal models. Here, we investigated the toxicity of Sodium Arsenite (SA), a Class I Carcinogen in Drosophila melanogaster. Harwich fly strain (1–3 days old) of both sexes were orally exposed to SA (0, 0.0312, 0.0625 and 0.125 mM) for 14 days for survival study. Thereafter, 5 days exposure period was selected to assess the toxic effects of SA on oxidative stress and antioxidant markers. The results indicated that SA induced significant reduction in survival and emergence rate of flies. Furthermore, SA significantly increased Nitric Oxide (NO, nitrite and nitrate) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) levels in flies compared with control (p<0.05). In addition, SA inhibited catalase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, and depleted total thiol and glutathione (GSH) contents. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase activity significantly increased in flies treated with SA when compared with control. Sodium arsenite-induced reduction in survival and emergence rates of flies occurred via the disruption of oxidative stress-antioxidant homeostasis in D. melanogaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the spread of coronavirus infections, the demand for disinfectants, such as a sodium chlorite solution, has increased worldwide. Sodium chlorite solution is a food additive and is used in a wide range of applications. There is evidence that chlorous acid or sodium chlorite is effective against various bacteria, but the actual mechanism is not well understood. One reason for this is that the composition of chlorine-based compounds contained in sodium chlorite solutions has not been clearly elucidated. The composition can vary greatly with pH. In addition, the conventional iodometric titration method, the N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine sulfate (DPD) method and the absorption photometric method cannot clarify the composition. In this study, we attempted to elucidate the composition of a sodium chlorite solution using absorption spectrophotometry and ion chromatography (IC). IC is excellent for qualitative and quantitative analysis of trace ions. Through this, we aimed to develop an evaluation method that allows anyone to easily determine the bactericidal power of sodium chlorite. We found that commercially available sodium chlorite solution is 80% pure, with the remaining 20% potentially containing sodium hypochlorite solution. In addition, when sodium chlorite solution became acidified, its absorption spectrum exhibited a peak at 365 nm. Sodium chlorite solution is normally alkaline, and it cannot be measured by the DPD method, which is only applicable under acidic conditions. The presence of a peak at 365 nm indicates that the acidic sodium chlorite solution contains species with oxidizing power. On the other hand, the IC analysis showed a gradual decrease in chlorite ions in the acidic sodium chlorite solution. These results indicate that chlorite ions may not react with this DPD reagent, and other oxidizing species may be present in the acidic sodium chlorite solution. In summary, when a sodium chlorite solution becomes acidic, chlorine-based oxidizing species produce an absorption peak at 365 nm. Sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorite solutions have completely different IC peak profiles. Although there are still many problems to be solved, we believe that the use of IC will facilitate the elucidation of the composition of sodium chlorite solution and its sterilization mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: External factors such as the daily use of antimicrobial mouthwashes to maintain oral hygiene and to reduce the microbial activity can contribute to alter the mechanical properties of the elastomeric chains used during orthodontic treatments, causing loss of effectiveness. This systematic review and a meta-analysis assessed the rate of force decay and degradation of the polymeric chains depending on the type of mouthwash. Methods: A systematic search of the literature were there was an exposure of orthodontic elastomeric chains to certain mouthwashes was conducted in the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science, as well as grey literature (Opengrey). No limit was placed on publication year and research was done up to June 2022. Based on inclusion/ exclusion criteria, data were extracted by two independent reviewers. For the quantitative analysis, studies were analysed with a mixed-effect (random effect) meta-regression model, with beta coefficients and R [2] values. I [2] index and Q and Egger tests were used to find heterogeneity among studies. Results: A total of 178 potentially eligible studies were identified, of which 14 were eventually included in the qualitative analysis and 14 in the quantitative meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that all the mouthwashes were associated with a greater force decay than the control groups. After 7 days (p = 0.005) significant differences were found among the different mouthwashes, with those containing alcohol having significantly higher impact on the force decay than those containing chlorhexidine 0.2%, sodium fluoride or Persica. However, at 24 h (p = 0.200), 14 days (p = 0.076), 21 days (p = 0.120) and 28 days (p = 0.778) no statistically significant differences among the different mouthwashes were found, although those containing alcohol presented a strong tendency. Conclusion: Although mouthwashes tend to increase the speed of force decay of elastomeric chains, especially those containing alcohol, clorhexidine 0.2% can be a good alternative due to its low impact on the force decay and its ability to maintain low microbial activity. More in vitro and in vivo studies comparing different manufacturers and other agents should be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we successfully synthesized porous C/Fe3O4 microspheres by spray pyrolysis at 700ºC with a sodium nitrate (NaNO3) additive in the precursor solution. Furthermore, we studied their electrochemical properties as anode material for Li-ion batteries. The systematic studies by various characterization techniques show that NaNO3 catalyzes the carbonization of sucrose and enhances the crystallization of Fe3O4. Moreover, an aqueous etching can easily remove sodium compounds to produce porous C/Fe3O4 microspheres with large surface areas and pore volumes. The porous C/Fe3O4 microspheres exhibit a reversible capacity of ~780 mAh g–1 in the initial cycles and ~520 mAh g–1 after 30 cycles at a current density of 50 mA g–1. Moreover, a reversible capacity of ~400 mAh g–1 is attainable after 200 cycles, even at a high current density of 500 mA g–1. The wide range of pores produced from the removal of sodium compounds might enable easy electrolyte penetration and facilitate fast Li-ion diffusion, while the N-doping can promote the electronic conductivity of the carbon. These features of porous C/Fe3O4 microspheres led to the improved electrochemical properties of this sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the effects of growth-promoting chemical regulations on internode elongation and its sugar accumulation in sugarcane internode, and to analyze the relationship between cane yield and important agronomic traits. The results will provide reference for the directional chemical regulation of sugarcane agronomic characters and the improvement of cultivation techniques of high yield and high sugar content. [Method] In the study, sugarcane excellent cultivar GT58 was used as planting material in a 2-year field plot trials, water spraying on leaves was used as control group ( CK), and different growth-promoting chemical regulators were used as chemical regulators treated groups. They were respectively calcium nitrate(A),boric acid(B),potassium dihydrogen phosphate(C),compound sodium nitrophenolate(D),gibberellin(E),composed of gibberellin and compound sodium nitrophenolate(F),composed of gibberellin,calcium nitrate, boric acid, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, compound sodium nitrophenolate ( G) . The plant height, intemode elongation rate, sugar content and yield of sugarcane were measured at different growth stages after chemical regulator was applied in intemode elongation period. [ Result] The intemode elongation rate treated with different growth-promoting chemical regulators was 1. 22 - 1. 67 cm/ d. The average internode number was 21. 30 -23. 90,and the average intemode length was 11. 41 -12. 41 cm, and those of E and G treatments containing gibberellin were extremely significantly higher than CK ( P < 0. 01, the same as below) . The plant height with gibberellin E and G treatments were significantly higher than CK ( P < 0. 05, the same as below), the stem diameter was significantly lower than CK, the effective stem number was lower than CK but the difference was not significant( P > 0. 05), and the final yield was higher than CK. In the process of sugar accumulation in sugarcane intemode, the treatment groups containing gibberellin-containing regulator( E, F and G treatments) could promote the accumulation of sugar in the middle and upper intemode of cane stem, and promote the sugar content in different parts of intemode to reach the level of process maturity, and reduce the reducing sugar content to the level below CK. Correlation analysis showed that there was a weak negative correlation between stem diameter and yield in treated group, and their Pearson's coefficient was only - 0. 082. There was extremely significant positive correlation between millable canes number and yield,as well as plant height. [ Conclusion]The growth-promoting chemical regulators promoted the formation of sugarcane plant height by regulating intemode elongation, thus affecting the correlation between yield, plant height, millable canes number and stem diameter, and realized the improvement of sugarcane yield formation at last. Among them, containing gibberellin chemical regulators could promote intemode elongation and accelerate the rapid accumulation of sugar from the middle intemode to the upper intemode in sugarcane, which had great potential for increasing yield and its sugar content in sugarcane. These can be used in the directional chemical control of agronomic traits and the improvement of high-yield and high-sugar cultivation technology in sugarcane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: ADC; xanthate chemistry; gaseous olefins; amide coupling; linker; Maytansinoids; mercapto acid EN ADC xanthate chemistry gaseous olefins amide coupling linker Maytansinoids mercapto acid 2177 2185 9 07/03/23 20230718 NES 230718 Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC) belong to a novel class of anti-cancer drugs whose principle is based on targeted therapy approaches. ADC, xanthate chemistry, gaseous olefins, amide coupling, Maytansinoids, mercapto acid, linker Finally, a masked I N i -methylamino acid was coupled successfully to the acid, highlighting the feasibility of our method in ADC chemistry. Amide Coupling; General Procedure 4-((Ethoxycarbonothioyl)thio)-4-methylpentanoic acid ( B 23 b ; 0.75 g, 3.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) was dissolved in EtOAc (20 mL) and the resulting solution was cooled to 0-5 °C. [Extracted from the article]

Porous poly(aryl thioether)s offer stability and electronic tunability by robust sulfur‐aryl conjugated architecture, but synthetic access is hindered due to limited control over the nucleophilic nature of sulfides and the air sensitivity of aromatic thiols. Here, we report a simple, one‐pot, inexpensive, regioselective synthesis of highly porous poly(aryl thioether)s through polycondensation of perfluoroaromatic compounds with sodium sulfide. The unprecedented temperature‐dependent para‐directing formation of thioether linkages leads to a stepwise transition of the polymer extension into a network, thereby allowing fine control of the porosity and optical band gaps. The obtained porous organic polymers with ultra‐microporosity (<1 nm) and sulfur as the surface functional groups show size‐dependent separation of organic micropollutants and selective removal of mercury ions from water. Our findings offer easy access to poly(aryl thioether)s with accessible sulfur functionalities and higher complexity, which will help in realizing advanced synthetic designs in applications such as adsorption, (photo)catalysis, and (opto)electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low-probability but serious self-extinction of smouldering incense sticks is an undesirable characteristic. This paper reports the investigations on its cause and remedy, conducted for an incense stick manufacturer. Measurement of smouldering rate and surface temperature of glowing incense stick tip of several known compositions were made by recording the time required for the propagation of smoldering front and using thermal camera respectively. Several possible explanations like presence of (a) phosphorous, potassium, and sodium related compounds, (b) inadvertent inclusion of inorganic compounds, and others ruled out the role of phosphorous and related compounds, and a simple role of inorganic compounds despite the fact that defective incense sticks invariably contained large fraction of silica (SiO2) as revealed by scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (SEM/EDX). Ultimately the issue was traced to the presence of antigorite that must have got infused into the incense sticks through termite mud into the raw materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of incense stick samples confirmed silica is in the form of α-quartz associated with antigorite in all defective samples and also in termite mud infested sample. Thermal studies of the incense sticks using differential thermal analysis (DTA) show endothermic decomposition of defective samples at 550 to 580°C and is also confirmed through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) which shows an endothermic peak around 576°C corresponding to the endothermic phase transformation temperature of antigorite. It is therefore inferred that the presence of materials like antigorite in combination with α-quartz in incense sticks produce significant endothermal decomposition leading to self-extinction. The primary practical cause has been traced to termite mud infusion into the raw materials used for making the incense sticks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calciphylaxis or calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA) is an infrequent complication in patients with renal failure. Its manifestations range from ischemia to gangrene especially in areas of adiposity. Penile calciphylaxis is very rarely seen. Treatment can be medical or surgical. Sodium thiosulphate has shown to be an efficient treatment. Here were present a case of 74-year-old male who presented with penile calciphylaxis and was treated successfully with oral sodium thiosulphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of sodium fluoride (NaF) toothpaste or gel as a medication for caries prevention. It mentions that Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has established guidelines for fluoride content in over-the-counter products, but higher concentrations are not included. The article highlights the need for clear dosing recommendations and patient education to improve adherence and maximize the effectiveness of high-strength fluoride toothpaste or gel.