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AbstractThis article explores the research and ideologies that go into writing contemporary knitting patterns that engage with medieval textual and geometric motifs with the goal of better understanding the intersection of political, religious, and esthetic values in contemporary knitting practices. In particular, the article focuses on versions of and writings about a sock pattern based on Egyptian, Mamluk-era (13th-16th centuries) socks. Further, the article explores the ways in which the authors of the patterns and related essays engage with, speak about, and try to replicate the context from which the originals emerged while also grappling with what to do with God’s name or patterns that resemble it being placed on footwear. The theoretical concepts of medievalism and queer time aid in the explication of how modern meaning is created from medieval knitted garments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Textiles & Engineers / Tekstil ve Mühendis is the property of Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers & Architects, Chamber of Textile Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To prevent frostbite in cold environments, proper dimensions and materials for different parts of shoes along with the optimal design of shoe geometry were investigated. Furthermore, the optimal geometry of shoes was computed using an optimization algorithm to provide maximum thermal protection for the foot while having the lowest weight. The results showed that the length of the shoe sole and the thickness of the sock are the most effective parameters in foot protection against frostbite. Using thicker socks, which only increased the weight by roughly 11%, enhanced the minimum foot temperature by more than 2.3 times. Optimal design of shoe geometry is used to prevent frostbite in cold environments. A model of a biothermal nonlinear model is developed for the barefoot. Length of the shoe sole and the thickness of the sock are the most effective parameters in protecting the foot against frostbite. For the selected weather conditions, the toes are most likely to have frostbite. The best shoe for the selected weather conditions is the shoe that has the highest amount of thermal insulation in the toe area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most casual socks are produced from cotton and are usually combined with synthetic fibers. The suitability of viscose and lyocell fibers for knitting socks needs to be investigated further. Therefore, three series of plain socks were produced, composed in the largest content from single-spun viscose or lyocell yarns fully plated with texturized polyamide 6.6 multifilament yarn. The quality of three types of main yarns manufactured by ring, open-end rotor, and air-jet spinning processes and two types of polyamide plating yarns used in the production of socks were assessed together with the structural, usage, and comfort quality of the socks before and after simulating household laundering. In comparison with cotton socks produced from ring-spun yarns under the same conditions, the results showed that viscose and lyocell socks have better moisture absorption and breathability, comparable dimensional stability, and lower abrasion resistance; lyocell socks have lower thermal resistance; and viscose socks are less prone to surface pilling after wet pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression therapy is an important method for treating venous diseases such as venous edema and venous hypertension. Regular compression therapy's main objective is to diminish leg swelling by controlling blood flow and avoiding the recurrence of reversible blood flow. Compression socks are often recommended as therapeutic garments. In this study, a seamed compression sock was developed using fabric with an interlock knit structure. Three other sock samples were produced by using circular knitting MERZ CC4 model machine for comparison. The results demonstrate that the developed sock meets all the requirements of compression class I. Statistical analysis reveals that fabric parameters, particularly fabric weight, effectively explain compression pressure intensity according to the values of coefficient of determination, coefficient of correlation (r), and means sum of square errors (MSE). In this work, Laplace's Law and a few preexisting mathematical models were used to calculate the compression pressure of both standard compression socks and socks with seams, with results that were essentially similar. The points of data are tightly clustered around line of regression, showing that there is little variation in the compression pressure for socks with seams.

The proper dorsal flexion movement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) is crucial for an accurate gait. Restricted movement can disrupt the windlass mechanism, and Jack's test is a tool to assess such alterations. Although running socks are commonly used, their influence on the windlass mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the resistance to passive dorsal flexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) under three different conditions: barefoot, wearing regular socks, and wearing biomechanical socks, using a digital force gauge. Methods: The research involved a sample size of 30 subjects (14 men and 16 women), and Jack's test was conducted using a digital force gauge and a lever system. Three conditions were measured, barefoot, with a regular sock, and with the biomechanical socks. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed when using biomechanical socks with orthopedic corrections during Jack's test, as measured with the digital force gauge (13.33 N ± 3.54, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The utilization of biomechanical socks with a kinetic wedge, reinforced mesh in the medial longitudinal arch, and padding in the heel area results in a reduction of the force required, measured in newtons, to perform dorsal flexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) during Jack's test compared to being barefoot or wearing regular socks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The academic study of harsh vocals has been gaining traction of late, as the physiology (Eckers et al., 2009), creative attributes (Di Lorenzo & Trantino, 2016) and socio-political ramifications (Heesch, 2019) of usage have been covered in some depth by existing literature. However, formalised pedagogical study around the technique is somewhat lacking, as each vocalist has a unique path to the style and it is highly unlikely to be the result of formal training. In Australia this situation is exacerbated by the relative isolation of the individuals learning due to its small population, large geographic size and relative lack of popularity of heavy metal. This research involved interviewing five active harsh vocalists about their journey to learning and revealed that individuals were unlikely to engage in formal training and were more likely to experiment, seek access to information online and engage with strategies from other vocal styles in order to develop their own sound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal is the property of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Fiber Inspection / Zhongguo Xian-Jian is the property of China Fiber Inspection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigated the effects of peripheral cooling using chemotherapy gloves and socks at three cooling temperatures on subjective perceptions. The hands and feet were cooled with 8, 11, and 14°C by water-perfused gloves or socks. Nine females participated in six experimental conditions: hands or feet cooling at 8, 11, and 14°C. The heat was extracted at 3.8, 5.4, and 7.7 kJ·min1 via the gloves and at 4.1, 6.0, and 9.0 kJ·min-1 via the socks. While the results showed that overall subjective perceptions did not differ among the three temperatures (~ 9.0 kJ·min-1), there were significant differences in local thermal comfort, pain sensation, and pain discomfort among the three cooling temperatures (P < 0.05). When cooling the hands or feet at 8, 11 or 14°C, subjects felt 'cold' or 'cool', on average, at the end of 60-min cooling with no significant differences among the three temperatures, whereas subjects felt more uncomfortable at 8°C than 14°C for cooling either the hands or feet (P < 0.05). Subjects felt more pain at 8°C than 14°C cooling for both hands and feet. These results indicate that the 8°C cooling for 60 min might cause uncomfortable pain sensation, especially for cold-vulnerable individuals. We recommend 1) a cooling bout of less than 60 min, 2) a cooling temperature higher than 8oC when cooling the hands or feet, and 3) a higher temperature for the feet when the hands are simultaneously cooled. However, the present results on subjective perceptions should be interpreted with peripheral vasoconstriction of fingers and toes while cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Unsupervised sports activities could cause traumas, about 70% of them are those of the low extremities. To avoid traumas, the athlete should be aware of dangerous forces acting within low extremity joints. Research in gait analysis indicated that plantar pressure alteration rate correlates with the gait pace. Thus, the changes in plantar pressure should correlate with the accelerations of extremities, and with the forces, acting in the joints. Smart socks provide a budget solution for the measurement of plantar pressure. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the correlation between the plantar pressure, measured using smart socks, and forces, acting in the joints of the lower extremities. METHODS: The research is case study based. The volunteer performed a set of squats. The arbitrary plantar pressure-related data were obtained using originally developed smart socks with embedded knitted pressure sensors. Simultaneously, the lower extremity motion data were recorded using two inertial measurement units, attached to the tight and the ankle, from which the forces acted in the knee joint were estimated. The simplest possible model of knee joint mechanics was used to estimate force. RESULTS: The estimates of the plantar pressure and knee joint forces demonstrate a strong correlation (r = 0.75, P < 0.001). The established linear regression equation enables the calculation of the knee joint force with an uncertainty of 22% using the plantar pressure estimate. The accuracy of the classification of the joint force as excessive, i.e., being more than 90% of the maximal force, was 82%. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate the feasibility of the smart socks for the estimation of the forces in the knee joints. Smart socks therefore could be used to develop excessive joint force alert devices, that could replace less convenient inertial sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses / Sen'i Seihin Shohi Kagaku is the property of Japan Research Association for Textile End-Uses / Sen'i Seihin Shohi Kagaku and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this research is to reveal the effect of laser treatment at different resolutions (10, 20 and 30 dpi) and pixel times (80, 100 and 120 μs) on reactive dye uptake of cotton fabrics and the fastness values obtained. Yellowness index, Fourier Transform–infrared analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis and bursting strength tests were applied to samples. The samples treated with laser were dyed in lighter shades than the untreated ones, with all three of the reactive dyes used in the experiments. In general, colour yield values decreased when the resolution and pixel time increased. However, no significant change was observed in washing, rubbing, light and perspiration fastness values. The possibilities of obtaining various patterns on cotton socks dyed with reactive dyes by laser treatment at different resolutions and pixel times were also investigated. According to the results, it was determined that if laser treatment was not applied to some parts of reactive dyed cotton socks, and 10 dpi 100 μs and 20 dpi 100 μs laser was applied to other parts of those socks, then it was possible to obtain patterns with different shades of the same colour on the socks. On the other hand, laser application after dyeing does not have a negative effect on fastness values. After determining the optimum conditions for the laser process, non‐see‐through tights were produced with cotton yarn on the front and polyester/elastane yarn on the back, and patterns were obtained by applying laser treatment before or after dyeing via sample scale industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression therapy is an important method for treating venous diseases such as venous edema and venous hypertension. Regular compression therapy's main objective is to diminish leg swelling by controlling blood flow and avoiding the recurrence of reversible blood flow. Compression socks are often recommended as therapeutic garments. In this study, a seamed compression sock was developed using fabric with an interlock knit structure. Three other sock samples were produced by using circular knitting MERZ CC4 model machine for comparison. The results demonstrate that the developed sock meets all the requirements of compression class I. Statistical analysis reveals that fabric parameters, particularly fabric weight, effectively explain compression pressure intensity according to the values of coefficient of determination, coefficient of correlation (r), and means sum of square errors (MSE). In this work, Laplace's Law and a few preexisting mathematical models were used to calculate the compression pressure of both standard compression socks and socks with seams, with results that were essentially similar. The points of data are tightly clustered around line of regression, showing that there is little variation in the compression pressure for socks with seams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art & Interpretation / Sanat ve Yorum is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Men's socks were produced on a Lonati circular knitting machine in 18 different combinations in multi-plated plain jersey from basic modal and basic micro modal yarn with the addition of cotton or PA multifilament yarn and elastane yarn in the sock cuff. The modal and micromodal yarns were ring-spun, rotor-spun and air-spun; they consist of 38 mm long staple fibres with a fineness of 1.3 and 1.0 dtex respectively. Thermal resistance was determined by use of the thermal foot. The thermal resistance values for all socks samples range from 0.0091 to 0.01586 m2 °C W−1. The highest thermal resistance per groups of basic modal fibres was obtained in the samples made of air-jet spun yarn of 0.0132 m2 °C W−1 and the lowest in samples of rotor yarn of 0.0109 m2 °C W−1. The highest thermal resistance in all groups of basic micromodal samples made of ring yarn (0.0132 m2 °C W−1) and the lowest in the samples made of air-spun yarn (0.0099 m2 °C W−1). At low levels of thermal resistance, as the thickness of the sample of basic modal and micro modal fibres of ring and rotor yarns increases, the thermal resistance of socks increases with a correlation coefficient of 0.711. The tested sock samples have low thermal resistance, i.e. they can conduct heat better than the sock leg, thus achieving cooling and comfort, which is important for wearing socks in warm weather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression socks are highly recommended textile garments for the exertion of compression pressure (kPa) at the ankle. They work on the principle of the highest pressure at the ankle gradually decreasing from the ankle to the calf. The aim of the current research is to analyze all of the compression sock samples (Class I, Class II, and Class III) simultaneously at various number of times of washing them. All of the sock samples were washed in a standard washing machine with standard methods (ISO 6330). For the measurement of the compression pressure, a Salzmann MST MKIV pressure measuring device was used according to the RAL-GZ 387/1 method. Results included the effect of multiple wearing and washing cycles (up to 20) on compression pressure, the effect of temperature (up to 100°C) on compression pressure (kPa); multiple wearing and washing cycles on the percentage of shrinkage and the effect of marking methodology on compression pressure (Kpa) were observed and are discussed in this article. The results suggest that washing is the most important factor to consider while compression socks are used for compression therapy because they directly influence the efficacy of streamline blood flow across the legs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve accuracy when customizing knitted products, the size parameters of various parts of the user's body, such as arm length and waist circumference, are obtained via manual measurement or three-dimensional scanning. However, for customized products such as medical socks, which have high-precision design requirements, the existing customization design methods can only ensure the accuracy of key data, such as foot length and foot height, but cannot meet the requirements for all-round customization based on users' foot data. To improve design accuracy, this study proposes a method to generate automatically a continuous set of fine size parameters that are required for knitting from a three-dimensional model of socks based on the idea of simulated knitting. Specifically, a region segmentation method based on the shape diameter function and model skeleton is developed. The sock model is divided into regions such as heel, foot, and toe, which correspond to the knitting process. In addition, a method to simulate the knitting process of a sock machine is developed, which enables loop-by-loop knitting using a sock machine via layer-by-layer iterative sampling on the surface of the model. The sampling axis is generated based on the model skeleton as the direction of sock knitting for the simulation. In the process of simulating knitting, the knitting method is switched between the divided area. Then, the knitting path of the yarn and the parameters required for the simulated sock machine that meet the sock-making process conditions are obtained. Finally, actual socks are knitted using the machine with the obtained knitting parameters, and the proportion of each area of the socks is compared with that of the model. The error is less than 6%. The proposed method can improve the production accuracy of customized socks, which is of great significance for improving the three-dimensional molding technology of socks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Trail running socks with the same fibers and design but with different separations of their three-dimensional waves could have different thermoregulatory effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the temperatures reflected on the sole of the foot after a mountain race with the use of two models of socks with different wave separations. Material and Methods: In a sample of 34 subjects (twenty-seven men and seven women), the plantar temperature was analyzed with the thermal imaging camera Flir E60bx® (Flir systems, Wilsonville, OR, USA) before and after running 14 km in mountainous terrain at a hot temperature of 27 °C. Each group of 17 runners ran with a different model of separation between the waves of the tissue (2 mm versus 1 mm). After conducting the post-exercise thermographic analysis, a Likert-type survey was conducted to evaluate the physiological characteristics of both types of socks. Results: There was a significant increase in temperature in all areas of interest (p < 0.001) after a 14 km running distance with the two models of socks. The hallux zone increased in temperature the most after the race, with temperatures of 8.19 ± 3.1 °C and 7.46 ± 2.1 °C for the AWC 2.2 and AWC 3, respectively. However, no significant differences in temperature increases were found in any of the areas analyzed between the two groups. Runners perceived significant differences in thermal sensation between AWC 2.2 socks with 4.41 ± 0.62 points and AWC 3 with 3.76 ± 1.03 points (p = 0.034). Conclusion: Both models had a similar thermoregulatory effect on the soles of the feet, so they can be used interchangeably in short-distance mountain races. The perceived sensation of increased thermal comfort does not correspond to the temperature data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chemical Industry / Hemijska Industrija is the property of Association of Chemical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare lower-leg muscle fatigue, edema, and discomfort induced by the prolonged standing of security guards wearing regular socks and those wearing 15–20 or 20–30 mmHg compression stockings as intervention. Background: Compression stockings are sometimes used by individuals standing all day at work. However, quantitative evidence showing their potential benefits for lower-leg health issues in healthy individuals during real working conditions is lacking. Method: Forty male security employees participated in the study. All were randomly assigned to the control or one of the two intervention groups (I15–20 or I20–30). Lower-leg muscle twitch force, volume, and discomfort ratings were measured before and after their regular 12-hr standing work shift. Results: Significant evidence of lower-leg long-lasting muscle fatigue, edema, and discomfort was observed after standing work for guards wearing regular socks. However, no significant changes were found for guards wearing either compression stockings. Conclusion: In healthy individuals, compression stockings seem to attenuate efficiently the tested outcomes in the lower leg resulting from prolonged standing. Application: Occupational activities requiring prolonged standing may benefit from 15–20 or 20–30 mmHg compression stockings. As similar benefits were observed for both levels of compression, the lower level may be sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research is focused on checking the most important physiological properties of short men's socks depending on the raw material composition. Men's socks are mostly made of bamboo, cotton or a cotton/polyester blend, the composition includes filament polyamide yarn as well as wrapped rubber thread. The stitch design is rib construction with a different number of loops on the face and back. The following basic measurements of the sock knit were made: thickness, horizontal and vertical density, loop length, surface mass and porosity. The physiological properties of the socks were checked through the following parameters: relative humidity, water retention capacity, water vapor permeability and air permeability. The raw material composition and the weave of the socks were found to affect the physiological properties, making this knitted textile article more or less moisture permeable. The obtained results defined the choice of the basic yarn for the production of socks, according to the conditions of use, as well as the choice of the most important parameters of knitted fabrics in order to ensure optimal physiological comfort when using socks.

Men's socks were produced on a Lonati circular knitting machine in 18 different combinations in multi-plated plain jersey from basic modal and basic micro modal yarn with the addition of cotton or PA multifilament yarn and elastane yarn in the sock cuff. The modal and micromodal yarns were ring-spun, rotor-spun and air-spun; they consist of 38 mm long staple fibres with a fineness of 1.3 and 1.0 dtex respectively. Thermal resistance was determined by use of the thermal foot. The thermal resistance values for all socks samples range from 0.0091 to 0.01586 m2 °C W−1. The highest thermal resistance per groups of basic modal fibres was obtained in the samples made of air-jet spun yarn of 0.0132 m2 °C W−1 and the lowest in samples of rotor yarn of 0.0109 m2 °C W−1. The highest thermal resistance in all groups of basic micromodal samples made of ring yarn (0.0132 m2 °C W−1) and the lowest in the samples made of air-spun yarn (0.0099 m2 °C W−1). At low levels of thermal resistance, as the thickness of the sample of basic modal and micro modal fibres of ring and rotor yarns increases, the thermal resistance of socks increases with a correlation coefficient of 0.711. The tested sock samples have low thermal resistance, i.e. they can conduct heat better than the sock leg, thus achieving cooling and comfort, which is important for wearing socks in warm weather.

Background: Older patients often arrive in acute care wards with inappropriate footwear. Hospitals may provide non-slip socks to improve the patients' safety. However, few studies have been conducted on the benefits of non-slip socks. A recent literature review found only two randomized controlled studies that evaluated non-slip socks, but the socks were not the primary focus of the studies. The aim of this study is therefore to specifically evaluate the benefits of non-slip socks on gait in hospitalized older people. Methods: This open, randomized, controlled trial will include patients aged 75 years and over, hospitalized in an acute medical unit. Patients will be randomized to either remain barefoot or wear non-slip socks throughout their stay. The primary outcome is gait speed, assessed on Day 1 and Day 8. Discussion: This randomized controlled trial should provide clinicians with a scientific rational for the recommendation, or not, of the use of non-slip socks for older patients in acute care hospitals. Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ on May 12, 2021 under the reference: NCT04882696https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04882696 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression pressure exertion is strongly related to mechanical properties of compression socks deployed with various type of materials and machine adjustments. These socks work on the principle of highest pressure at the ankle and gradually decrease towards the calf portion. Compression socks are used for the prophylaxis and treatment of venous disorders. Venous disorders range from minor asymptomatic incompetence of venous valves to chronic venous ulceration. Current research work contains analysis of the force at practical extension compared to experimental pressure (Ps), the relationship between experimental pressure (Ps), force at practical extension, and tensile indices which include hysteresis (H), tensile resilience (TR), and tensile linearity (TL). Results showed that the force value at practical extension (FL) impart the significant influence on experimental pressure (Ps). It is also portrayed that the tensile indices (W, W′, H, TR, and TL) combined with force at practical and experimental pressure also shown to have contributed significantly to the explanation of experimental pressure (Ps) results. Compression sock tensile characteristics are highly significant and directly related to their productivity, effectiveness, and working life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socks, being a necessary item of clothing, must be comfortable and maintain their quality throughout their life. Since the applicability of modal fibers and microfibers, as well as yarns produced using unconventional processes, in sock knitting has been insufficiently researched, this paper evaluated three groups of medium sized socks knitted in a plain single jersey pattern produced with the highest percentage of ring, rotor and air-jet spun modal or micro modal yarns of the same linear density in full plating with different textured polyamide 6.6 yarns compared to conventional cotton socks. The sock quality was evaluated through an investigation of the physical properties, wear resistance and dimensional stability, as well as the water vapor absorption, air permeability and thermal resistance using the thermal foot model before and after five repeated washing and drying cycles, according to the proposed methodology. The results showed that the fiber fineness, the structure of the differently spun yarns and the sock plain knits, the polyamide content and the implementation of the pretreatment of the socks had an influence on the obtained results. The socks made from modal and micro modal yarns differed in their properties. Compared to cotton socks, they have better comfort properties, a generally better pilling resistance and, after pretreatment, a comparable abrasion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The shoe upper hides the foot motion on the insole, so it has been challenging to measure the non-slip function of socks in a dynamic motor task. The study aimed to propose a method to estimate the non-slip function of socks in an acute maneuver. Participants performed a shuttle run task while wearing three types of socks with different frictional properties. The forces produced by foot movement on the upper during the task were measured by pressure sensors installed at the upper. A force platform was also used to measure the ground reaction force at the outsole and ground. Peak force and impulse values computed by using forces measured by the pressure sensors were significantly different between the sock conditions, while there were no such differences in those values computed by using ground reaction forces measured by a force platform. The results suggested that the non-slip function of socks could be quantified by measuring forces at the foot-upper interface. The method could be an affordable option to measure the non-slip function of socks with minimal effects from skin artifacts and shoe upper integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable devices have been shown to play an important role in disease prevention and health management, through the multimodal acquisition of peripheral biosignals. However, many of these wearables are exposed, limiting their long-term acceptability by some user groups. To overcome this, a wearable smart sock integrating a PPG sensor and an EDA sensor with textile electrodes was developed. Using the smart sock, EDA and PPG measurements at the foot/ankle were performed in test populations of 19 and 15 subjects, respectively. Both measurements were validated by simultaneously recording the same signals with a standard device at the hand. For the EDA measurements, Pearson correlations of up to 0.95 were obtained for the SCL component, and a mean consensus of 69 % for peaks detected in the two locations was obtained. As for the PPG measurements, after fine-tuning the automatic detection of systolic peaks, the index finger and ankle, accuracies of 99.46 % and 87.85 % were obtained, respectively. Moreover, an HR estimation error of 17.40 ± 14.80 Beats-Per-Minute (BPM) was obtained. Overall, the results support the feasibility of this wearable form factor for unobtrusive EDA and PPG monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rehabilitation Sciences: Nursing, Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy / Reabilitacijos Mokslai: Slauga, Kineziterapija, Ergoterapija is the property of Lithuanian Sports University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Socks with the same three-dimensional plantar design but with different compositions in the separation of their weaves could have different thermoregulatory effects. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the temperatures on the sole of the foot after a 10-km run using two models of socks with different weave separations. In a sample of 20 individuals (14 men and 6 women), plantar temperatures were analyzed using a Flir E60bx® (Flir Systems) thermographic camera before and after a run of 10 km wearing two models of socks that had different separations between the fabric weaves (5 mm versus 3 mm). After the post-exercise thermographic analysis, the participants responded to a Likert-type survey to evaluate the physiological characteristics of the two models of socks. There was a significant increase of temperature (+4 °C, p < 0.001) after the 10-km run with both models of sock. However, the temperature under the 1st metatarsal head was higher with the AWC 2.1 model than with the AWC 1 (33.6 ± 2.0 °C vs. 33.2 ± 2.1 °C, p = 0.014). No significant differences were found in the scores on the physiological characteristics comfort survey (p > 0.05 in all cases). The two models presented similar thermoregulatory effects on the soles of the feet, although the model with the narrowest weave separation generated greater temperatures (+0.4 °C) under the first metatarsal head. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to other textiles, socks are made at the lowest cost and have the highest consumption rate, making them one of the least-lasting fabric goods in the clothing industry. Socks are available in a wide range of fibers blends, that is, cotton, wool, nylon, acrylic, polyester, olefin, spandex, etc. As an element of footwear, socks act in tandem with the foot and shoe, influencing the temperature and moisture levels of the feet. The comfort of clothing next to the skin in terms of temperature and moisture is gaining more and more attention. Pilling is a serious issue with wool items, and less pilling is required since it negatively impacts the esthetic, comfort, and longevity of the fabric. This research has investigated socks pilling tendency and thermo-physiological comfort properties, that is, air permeability and thermal resistance made by wool/polypropylene blend yarn. Three different combinations of wool/polypropylene yarns on the main and platting side of the socks were used at two different tightness levels. Polyurethane finish has been applied to check the socks' behavior after the finish application. Statistical analysis showed that finished samples knitted with wool/polypropylene as a main yarn offer the best results against the pilling test while sample code ANL, an unfinished sample, offers the best results regarding air permeability, thermal resistance, and overall moisture management capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knitted sports socks remain in continuous scuff with wearers' feet and shoes during activities. Such continuous physical contact governs severe pills on socks surface, which is unpleasant for both the wearer and the working life of socks. Hence it becomes necessary to take measures for controlling fabric deterioration, that is, anti-pilling treatments. Though pilling performance is enhanced; however, thermal comfort characteristics are compromised through the treatments. Simultaneous acquirement of both pilling and thermal characteristics is an area of interest. Fiber denier and yarn doubling techniques are among the influential factors in the solution to the problem. Specimens have been developed using four different fiber deniers, two yarn doubling conditions, and two specialty wet treatments under a full factorial experimental design. Results showed a significant variation in pilling behaviors and thermal characteristics before and after treatments in the statistical analysis, predicting the possible stages, that is, a combination of experimental factors for desired characteristics attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an algebraic model and its experimental verification was carried out to investigate the effect of moisture content on the heat loss that takes place due to conduction of sock fabrics. The results show that increasing moisture content in the studied socks caused a significant increase in their conductive heat loss. Plain knitted socks with different fiber composition were wetted to a saturated level, and then their moisture content was reduced stepwise. When achieving the required moisture content, the socks samples were characterized by the Alambeta testing instrument for heat transfer. Three different existing modified mathematical models for the thermal conductivity of wet fabrics were used for predicting thermal resistance of socks under wet conditions. The results from both ways are in very good agreement for all the socks at a 95% confidence level. In the above-mentioned models, the prediction of thermal resistance presents newly a combined effect of the real filling coefficient and thermal conductivity of the so-called "wet" polymers instead of dry polymers. With these modifications, the used models predicted the thermal resistance at different moisture levels. Predicted thermal resistance is converted into heat transfer (due to conduction) with a significantly high coefficient of correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Physicians tend to omit examinations of the foot and ankle in routine practice because it consumes a lot of time when working within tight time constraints. Although barefoot examination is critical to assess disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we think occasional examination of foot over socks or stockings is better than not examining foot at all. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of foot examinations over socks or stockings in patients with RA. Methods: Sixty patients with RA were enrolled in this study. A rheumatologist and a senior resident performed foot examinations on each patient over socks, over stockings, and on bare foot to assess swelling and tenderness. Concordance rates between the barefoot examination and the examinations over socks or stockings by each examiner were investigated. Results: The rheumatologist had a concordance rate of 94.4% over socks and 98.8% over stockings. The senior resident had a concordance rate of 95.6% over socks and 98.5% over stockings. Conclusions: Foot examinations over socks and stockings had high concordance rates with the barefoot examination, and it may be an option for decreasing foot and ankle examination time in RA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]