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Tactile contact is one of the earliest nonverbal channels through which parents shape the ways their sons and daughters feel in their own bodies and experience the relational world. In this study, we sought to explore the nuances of early tactile communication by examining a community sample of 126 mothers during interactions with their 4-month-old infants. Mothers and their infants were videotaped in the laboratory while engaging in face-to-face play. Each second of the first 2.5 min of videotaped interaction was assigned a 10-digit code for maternal tactile behavior, using the COSYMIT (Coding System for Mother-Infant Touch) to identify specific modes of touch. We then statistically examined the possibility that maternal tactile behavior would differ according to infant gender and maternal depression status. We found that infant gender and maternal depression were each significant predictors of mother-infant tactual patterns. Mothers interacting with a boy touched central body locations and varied their touch more than did those interacting with a girl. Mothers who reported depressive symptoms engaged in substantially less affectionate and more object-mediated touch than their non-depressed counterparts. These findings suggest that tactile behavior may serve as an early prelinguistic channel by which mothers transmit affective and sociocultural "messages" to their infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Social disconnection is highly prevalent in older adults and is associated with frailty. It is unclear which aspects of social disconnection are most associated with frailty, which ones are difference-making, and which combination of social factors are directly linked to frailty. Research Design and Methods We conducted a secondary coincidence analysis (CNA) of 1,071 older adults from the Rush Memory and Aging Project (mean age 79.3 ± 7.1; 75.8% female) to identify combinations of social factors that are difference-making for frailty. We included 7 demographic (e.g. age, sex, socioeconomic status) and structural (e.g. social network), functional (e.g. social support, social activity), and quality (e.g. loneliness) aspects of social connection. An established cut score of 0.2 on a frailty index was used to define frailty as the outcome. Results CNA produced 46 solution models for the presence of frailty in the data set. The top-scoring model was underfit, leaving a final complex solution path for frailty with the highest fit-robustness score that met the fit parameter cutoffs. We found that the combination of loneliness, low social activity, and older age was present 82% of the time when frailty was present. Discussion and Implications The combination of loneliness, social activity, and old age is difference-making for frailty, and supports the inclusion of social factors in frailty prevention and intervention. Further research is needed in diverse data sets to better understand the interrelationships between the 3 aspects of social connection and frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is strong individual-level evidence that late fatherhood is related to a wide range of health disorders and conditions in offspring. Over the last decades, mean paternal ages at childbirth have risen drastically. This has alarmed researchers from a wide range of fields. However, existing studies have an important shortcoming in that they lack a long-term perspective. This article is a step change in providing such a long-term perspective. We unveil that in many countries the current mean paternal ages at childbirth and proportions of fathers of advanced age at childbirth are not unprecedented. Taking the detected U-shaped trend pattern into account, we discuss individual- and population-level implications of the recent increases in paternal ages at childbirth and highlight important knowledge gaps. At the individual level, some of the biological mechanisms that are responsible for the paternal age-related health risk might, at least to some degree, be counterbalanced by various social factors. Further, how these individual-level effects are linked to population health and human cognitive development might be influenced by various factors, including technical advances and regulations in prenatal diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article: • To better understand the areas of risk that may become apparent across the life course of dementia • To recognise the ethical issues posed by trying to eliminate the risk of harm for people living with dementia • To consider how the principles of safeguarding apply to risk management in dementia care. What constitutes a risk for a person living with dementia may be perceived and prioritised differently by nurses from varying clinical backgrounds. Furthermore, risk may be perceived differently according to the context. This article outlines some of the social, psychological and physical risk factors relevant to people living with dementia across the life course of the condition. It is important that nurses understand their role in identifying, assessing and managing risk and are aware of the resources, policies, legislation and processes designed to support decision-making and minimise the risk of harm to people living with dementia, their families and carers. The authors hope that this article will support nurses to become more confident in identifying risk while encouraging them to adopt a proactive and person-centred approach to risk assessment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Complex PTSD (CPTSD) is a relatively new diagnosis. The objective of the present study was to investigate how trauma characteristics, comorbid psychopathology and cognitive and social factors experienced by children and adolescents with a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis following exposure to multiple traumatic events differs between those who meet the criteria for CPTSD and those who do not. Method: The present research used baseline data from the DECRYPT trial (BMJ Open, 2021, 11, e047600). Participants (n = 120) were aged 8–17 years and had exposure to multiple traumas and a PTSD diagnosis. The data collected comprised self‐report and parent/caregiver‐report questionnaires and interviews. Three primary analyses were conducted, comparing number of trauma types, prevalence of sexual trauma and prevalence of intrafamilial abuse between the CPTSD and PTSD‐only groups. A range of comorbid psychopathology and cognitive and social factors were compared between the groups in an exploratory secondary analysis. All analyses were preregistered. Results: The CPTSD group (n = 72, 60%) had a significantly higher frequency of sexual trauma than the PTSD‐only group (n = 48, 40%). The groups did not significantly differ on number of trauma types or prevalence of intrafamilial abuse. From the secondary analysis, the CPTSD group were found to have significantly higher scores on measures of negative post‐traumatic cognitions, depression and panic. These results were replicated in correlation analyses using a continuous measure of CPTSD symptoms. Conclusions: A large proportion of youth exposed to multiple traumatic events met criteria for CPTSD. Sexual trauma appears to be related to CPTSD symptoms. Youth with CPTSD appear to have greater severity of comorbid depression and panic symptoms, as well as more negative post‐traumatic cognitions. Further investigation could focus on the directionality and mechanisms for these associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the etiology of psychosis is essential to the development of preventive interventions. The COVID‐19 pandemic provides a rare natural experiment that can expand our understanding of the role of social factors in the trajectories and etiology of psychosis across adolescence, particularly in Tokyo where the prevalence of actual COVID‐19 infection remained low. We hypothesized that the likelihood of self‐reporting psychotic experiences (PEs) would increase following the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods: The Tokyo Teen Cohort (TTC) is a prospective cohort study of adolescents in the general population of the Tokyo metropolitan area, followed from age 10 to 16 years. We used multi‐level linear regression models to test the associations between the phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic and self‐reported PEs. Results: Among 1935 adolescents included in the analysis, a rapid increase in PEs occurred at the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, following approximately 6 years of steady decline across prior waves. This association was more pronounced for boys compared to girls. This increase became more pronounced as the pandemic moved into later phases, defined based on contemporaneous sociopolitical changes in Tokyo (i.e. changes to school closure, social distancing guidelines, and the state of emergency status). Conclusions: The steady decline in PEs across adolescence was halted and reversed concurrent with the COVID‐19 pandemic onset, despite very low rates of COVID‐19 infection. This implicates COVID‐19 related socioenvironmental factors as contributory etiological factors in the development of PEs in this adolescent cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law no. 180 of 1978, which led to the closure of psychiatric hospitals in Italy, has often been erroneously associated with one man, Franco Basaglia, but the reality is much more complex. Not only were countless people involved in the movement that led to the approval of this law, but we should also take into account the historical, social, and political factors that came into play. The 1970s in Italy were a time of change and political ferment which made this psychiatric revolution possible there and nowhere else in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ohio ranks 43rd in the nation in infant mortality rates (IMR); with IMR among non-Hispanic black infants is three times higher than white infants. Objective: To identify the social factors determining the vulnerability of Ohio counties to IMR and visualize the spatial association between relative social vulnerability and IMR at county and census tract levels. Methods: The social vulnerability index (SVICDC) is a measure of the relative social vulnerability of a geographic unit. Five out of 15 social variables in the SVICDC were utilized to create a customized index for IMR (SVIIMR) in Ohio. The bivariate descriptive maps and spatial lag model were applied to visualize the quantitative relationship between SVIIMR and IMR, accounting for the spatial autocorrelation in the data. Results: Southeastern counties in Ohio displayed highest IMRs and highest overall SVIIMR; specifically, highest vulnerability to poverty, no high school diploma, and mobile housing. In contrast, extreme northwestern counties exhibited high IMRs but lower overall SVIIMR. Spatial regression showed five clusters where vulnerability to low per capita income in one county significantly impacted IMR (p = 0.001) in the neighboring counties within each cluster. At the census tract-level within Lucas county, the Toledo city area (compared to the remaining county) had higher overlap between high IMR and SVIIMR. Conclusion: The application of SVI using geospatial techniques could identify priority areas, where social factors are increasing the vulnerability to infant mortality rates, for potential interventions that could reduce disparities through strategic and equitable policies. Significance: Prior studies have recognized the impact of social determinants on infant mortality and explored the spatial distribution in the state of Ohio. This study introduces a novel integration of the Social Vulnerability Index with geospatial analysis to pinpoint where social vulnerabilities overlap with high infant mortality rates. By mapping these intersections at the county and census tract levels, our research identifies specific areas in Ohio that are priority targets for intervention. This contribution not only advances the understanding of spatial patterns but also strategizes a prioritized response to addressing social determinants to reduce disparities in infant mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture influences responses to psychological measurements in ways unrelated to target constructs, thus biasing test scores and potentially contributing to under- and over-diagnosis of mental health problems in populations for which measures have not yet been normed. We conducted a systematic review of publications addressing response style among Latinx population groups in North and South America. In a final corpus of 24 studies, Latinx/Latin American populations were generally found to exhibit higher levels of extreme response style (n = 17), acquiescent response style (n = 10), and socially desirable responding (n = 5). The few publications (n = 3) that investigated midpoint responding reported no differences. Seven publications (29%) attempted to adjust scores to mitigate response style bias, using both scale design and statistical techniques. Findings suggest that researchers and clinicians should directly assess culturally patterned response style as a construct, rather than inferring style indirectly using other measures. For clinicians, knowledge of response style represents another facet of case conceptualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychosocial correlates and consequences of peer victimization are well documented. However, there is limited knowledge about whether different forms of peer victimization (relational and physical) are predictive of school-based social and motivational factors among adolescents from non-Western cultures. The present study examined the relationship between individual and school-level forms of peer victimization and school adjustment among Japanese adolescents, and the mediating role that these factors may play. The Japanese sample (N = 6109 from 185 schools, Mage = 15.78, SD = 0.29, 51% girls and 49% boys) was drawn from a large international dataset, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018. Results showed that school-level relational victimization was associated with individual-level relational victimization, and school-level physical victimization was associated with individual-level physical victimization, after controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Individual-level relational victimization was also uniquely associated with indices of school adjustment (negative affect, positive affect, and fear of failure) over and above physical victimization. While controlling for relational victimization, individual-level physical victimization was associated with indices of school adjustment (positive affect and meaning in life). In further findings, school-level relational and physical victimization were indirectly, but not directly, related to some of students' school adjustment through individual-level relational and physical victimization. These parallel and differential associations suggest the importance of considering the role of relational and physical victimization in school adjustment among Japanese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sexual imagination hypothesis predicts that gender differences in jealousy emerge from the differences in explicit imagination between men and women. In particular, men strongly respond to partners' sexual infidelity because they can imagine sexual stimuli explicitly. In contrast, women strongly respond to emotional infidelity because they can effortlessly envision emotional infidelity. We hypothesised that higher sexual and romantic imaginations were associated with greater distress over partners' sexual and emotional infidelity, respectively. Participants (226 women and 135 men) answered questions regarding experiences with personal sexual and emotional infidelity and the degree of distress they felt over their partners' sexual and emotional infidelity. They completed the scales for sexual and romantic imaginations. Multiple regression analyses showed that the sexual imagination hypothesis provided a unique explanation for gender differences in jealousy beyond the effects of gender, including relationship experience and experiences with personal sexual and emotional infidelity. Additionally, individuals with relationship experience and experiences with personal sexual and emotional infidelity reported higher sexual and romantic imaginations than those without such experiences. Furthermore, our findings imply that responses to partners' infidelity, considering gender, are more similar than different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population-level variation in rodent tail structures has been variously attributed to facilitating social communication, locomotion, thermoregulation, and predator avoidance. Little is known, however, about the applicability of these ecological and social correlates to explaining the tremendous interspecific diversity of this appendage. To investigate the potential drivers of rodent tail morphology at a macroevolutionary level, we first carefully reviewed the literature and constructed a list of major hypotheses regarding this variation. We then compiled a database of 11 different tail traits related to length, color, texture, and ecological characteristics for 2,101 species of rodents (order Rodentia) and examined their key evolutionary correlates. Using Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models across the entire order and additionally within the five rodent suborders, we found that tail length is correlated with both temperature (Allen's rule) and locomotory mode, that black tips are more common in brightly lit environments, that naked tails are often found in warmer climates, that fluffy-tipped tails are more common in smaller and/or arboreal species, that prehensility is predominant in arboreal species and/or species with longer tails, and that tail autotomy is more common in open environments. Most of our tested predictions, largely drawn from population-level studies, are not recapitulated across the entire order, potentially indicating a role of local ecological context in shaping tail morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In group-living animals, between-group relations are often revealed during intergroup encounters, which may be intolerant (competitive), affiliative (cooperative) or neutral. We investigated factors that predict different encounter types in blue monkeys, Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni , where intolerant encounters predominate but neutral encounters also occur. Using data from nine groups monitored over 24 months in equatorial forest, we first examined whether availability of fruit, a preferred and important food, predicted encounter rates. Fruit availability related positively only to the rate of intolerant encounters, suggesting that energetic costs of aggression and attractiveness of large fruiting trees influence contest rates. We then examined how fruit availability and time of day influenced the odds of intolerant versus neutral encounters, finding no evidence for an effect. We examined additional social factors for a subset of encounters between groups with well-known histories. The odds of intolerant versus neutral encounters declined when group sizes were more disparate and when groups had split from each other longer ago. We found no evidence that the odds of intolerant intergroup encounters were related to the proportion of females with infants or the encounter's location on edge–centre axes for both groups. Finally, we examined how ecological and social factors predicted group behaviour (aggressive, fleeing, neutral) during encounters. Encounter location, group size, group size differential and the time since two interacting groups split from each other all influenced group behaviour. Unexpectedly, aggressive behaviour was less likely at the start and end of the day. There was no evidence for an effect of fruit availability. Overall, while some evidence implicated ecological factors affecting rates of intolerant encounters, social factors seemed more important in predicting intolerant versus neutral encounters and aggressive or fleeing versus neutral group behaviour. More detailed measures of contested resources may improve evaluation of ecological effects on types of intergroup encounters. • Blue monkeys exhibit both intolerant and neutral intergroup encounters. • Monthly rates of intolerant encounters increased with fruit availability. • Odds of intolerant encounters reflected group size differences and shared histories. • Group behaviour reflected location, time of day, group size and group history. • Intergroup relations are affected by both ecological and social factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The risk of Type 2 Diabetes is 10 times higher after a pregnancy with Gestational Diabetes. Physical activity can independently reduce this risk, yet engagement with physical activity remains low after Gestational Diabetes. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the barriers and facilitators to the uptake of physical activity after Gestational Diabetes in the United Kingdom, using a socio‐ecological approach. Methods: The paper was written following the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Patient and Public Involvement contributed to the study's conceptualisation and design. Participants were recruited through an audit of Gestational Diabetes cases at a local Teaching Hospital in 2020. Twelve participants took part in semi‐structured one‐to‐one interviews. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to generate themes in iterative rounds of refinement. The final themes were then organised using the socio‐ecological model. Results: Participants were all over 31 years old, predominantly self‐identified as White British and were all in employment but were evenly spread across UK‐based deprivation deciles. Ten themes were generated and organised according to the four levels of the socio‐ecological model: intrapersonal (beliefs about activity, recovering from birth), social (health care professionals, family and partner, role as a mother), organisational (access and cost, environment, childcare and work) and community (connecting women with recent Gestational Diabetes). Conclusions: Many of the amenable barriers and facilitators to physical activity were beyond the intrapersonal level, based on higher levels of the socio‐ecological model (social, organisational and community). Multi‐level interventions are needed to effectively address all barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Nutrition plays a critical role in adolescence. Adolescents are vulnerable to the impact of different factors that distance them from healthy habits, increasing their risk of chronic diseases in adulthood. Qualitative methodologies allow for a better understanding of these factors. Objective This systematic review aims to consolidate qualitative research evidence from the past 10 years to analyze the facilitators and barriers influencing adolescents' eating behaviors. Data Sources Databases searched for relevant studies were Scopus, Medline/PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. Data Extraction A total of 4176 records were identified. The authors used the GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research) quality-assessment tool. Results Fifty articles with qualitative or mixed methodologies were finally included. The most applied techniques were focus groups and semi-structured interviews. The factors influencing adolescents' diets were classified into 4 dimensions: individual, social, community, and macrosystem factors. The most influential were the following—(1) at the individual level: gender (facilitator or barrier), taste and appearance of food (barrier), and lack of time (barrier); (2) at the social level: parents' and caregivers' influence (facilitator or barrier), peer group influence (barrier), and socioeconomic position (barrier); (3) at the community level: school food environment (facilitator or barrier), neighborhood food environment (barrier), household food environment (facilitator or barrier), food insecurity (barrier), and availability and affordability of ultra-processed foods (barrier); and (4) at the macrosystem level: digital tools (facilitator or barrier). Conclusions This systematic review identified several facilitators and barriers influencing eating behaviors among adolescents. Qualitative research provides a rich source of knowledge to inform interventions aimed at improving adolescents' diets. Qualitative research is very useful for collecting researches that help to implement intervention programs that improve adolescent nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religiosity has been a neglected factor in studies regarding the workplace in comparison to spirituality. Some available studies have indicated positive outcomes of religious commitment and intrinsically religious-oriented employees. There is however a lack of research explaining how religious commitment is related to occupational well-being. This study aimed to examine the mechanism of the relationship between religious practices and stress at work and the role of forgiveness as a moral virtue underlying this link. The participants in the study were 754 employees from Poland. The research used a cross-sectional design. The mechanism controlled for gender, denomination, age, education, and the level of position held, and the indirect relationship between prayer and mass attendance and stress at work through forgiveness was confirmed. Religious practices were positively related to a lack of revenge and avoidance motivation, which, in turn, was negatively correlated with stress at work. The role of religious commitment in occupational well-being was discussed, considering socio-cultural conditioning, and the theoretical and practical implications were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recovery capital describes the sum of resources – personal, social, or community – that can be drawn upon to sustain recovery from addiction. Recovery capital increases with progression through the stages of recovery; early (< 1 year), sustained (1 to 5 years), stable (> 5 years). The proportion of people in recovery within one's social network, as well as the number of supports, have been associated with greater recovery capital, although recovery capital has been found to be lower if one's entire network is in recovery. It remains unclear which social network characteristics are more important at early compared to stable recovery stages. The study assesses recovery strengths and barriers using the Strengths and Barriers Recovery Scale (SABRS) from the Australian Life in Recovery survey (n = 478). SABRS scores were compared between periods of active addiction and recovery, and across the stages of recovery. The impact of social network characteristics on SABRS score across early and stable recovery stages were also explored. Recovery social network diversity (some network members in recovery but not all or none) was associated with more recovery strengths in early but not stable recovery. However, for those in stable recovery, having a greater number of close people in a network was more important. The study provides evidence that the elements (e.g. diversity and number of supports) of a social network that facilitate recovery capital change as individuals progress through recovery stages, and highlights the importance of peer support in early recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a major cause of disability and, if left untreated, can increase the risk of suicide. Evidence on the determinants of depression is incomplete, making it challenging to interpret results across studies. This study aims to identify the social, economic, environmental, political, and technological factors influencing the great recession in Iran. The study was conducted in two parts. The first step involved a literature review to identify the factors, using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for the search. The reference lists of all identified articles were reviewed to find relevant studies, and the extracted information was summarized and reported descriptively. The second steps involved compiling and consulting 14 experts from different fields, using a framework analysis method. Twenty-four articles were used as primary sources of information, and a total of 28 factors were found to exist. After removing duplicates and related factors, 19 of these were subsequently declared as factors, resulting in a total of 36 determinants being identified. Most of these factors belong to the social category. The health policies implemented have a significant impact on disease risk factors and ultimately their occurrence. Political decisions and policy-making processes play a crucial role in all areas, particularly in addressing disease risk factors. Severe depression can disrupt all aspects of the healthcare system, underscoring the importance of access to care. Policies concerning physical education, transportation, nutrition, employment, green spaces, recreational facilities, and tobacco are vital in this context. The influence of health policies on disease risk factors and disease occurrence is profound. Severe depression can have far-reaching effects on the healthcare system, emphasizing the critical need for access to care. The formulation of policies to combat depression must be thoroughly evaluated in terms of economic, political, social, technological, and environmental factors. The findings suggest that addressing social inequalities and emphasizing the role of political action, as highlighted by the social determinants of health, should be top priorities in addressing depression. Efforts to prevent depression should incorporate ecological approaches that consider the impact of the socioeconomic environment on depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The work of the WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has been fundamental to provide a conceptual framework of the social determinants of health. Based on this framework, this study assesses the relationship of income inequality as a determinant of neonatal mortality in the Americas and relates it to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal target 3.2 (reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 deaths per 1,000 live births). The rationale is to evaluate if income inequality may be considered a social factor that influences neonatal mortality in the Americas. Methods: Yearly data from 35 countries in the Americas during 2000–2019 was collected. Data sources include the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation for the neonatal mortality rate (measured as neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births) and the United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research for the Gini index (measured in a scale from 0 to 100). This is an ecological study that employs a linear regression model that relates the neonatal mortality rate (dependent variable) to the Gini index (independent variable), while controlling for other factors that influence neonatal mortality. Coefficient estimates and their robust standard errors were obtained using panel data techniques. Results: A positive relationship between income inequality and neonatal mortality is found in countries in the Americas during the period studied. In particular, the analysis suggests that a unit increase in a country's Gini index during 2000–2019 is associated with a 0.27 (95% CI [− 0.04, 0.57], P =.09) increase in the neonatal mortality rate. Conclusion: The analysis suggests that income inequality may be positively associated with the neonatal mortality rate in the Americas. Nonetheless, given the modest magnitude of the estimates and Gini values and trends during 2000–2019, the findings suggest a potential limited scope for redistributive policies to support reductions in neonatal mortality in the region. Thus, policies and interventions that address higher coverage and quality of services provided by national health systems and reductions in socio-economic inequalities in health are of utmost importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social media are immensely popular among adolescents. Thus, concerns have been raised about the threats adolescents encounter on social media and the possible negative health consequences, such as depressive symptoms and anxiety. This study investigated the prevalence of nine social media threats: (1) cyberbullying, (2) sexual harassment, (3) racism, (4) unauthorized distribution of sensitive material, (5) phishing attempts, (6) misinformation, (7) the sale or distribution of drugs, (8) harmful or dangerous social media challenges, (9) content causing appearance pressures. The study also investigated how individual and social factors, problematic social media use (PSMU), and online communication with strangers are associated with social media threat exposure, as well as the association between social media threats and self-rated health, depressive feelings, and anxiety symptoms. Methods and findings: Nationally representative Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) data from Finland were obtained from 2288 respondents aged 11, 13, and 15 years. Fixed effects regression models were applied. The most common threat, encountered daily and weekly, was misinformation. Regression models showed that individual and social factors, PSMU, and online communication with strangers explained adolescent exposure to social media threats in differing ways. Furthermore, certain factors (e.g., emotional intelligence, family support) were associated with encountering social media threats less frequently, whereas other factors (e.g., PSMU, online communication with strangers) were associated with more frequent encounters. Daily and weekly exposure to social media threats was systematically associated with poor self-rated health, frequent depressive feelings, and anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Our study highlights the need for intervention and health promotion efforts to mitigate adolescent exposure to social media threats and ensuing negative health consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, research on traditional villages mainly focuses on the current development status and evolutionary trends in specific regions, with relatively limited studies from a macroscopic and holistic perspective on the spatiotemporal evolution of traditional villages. Therefore, this study selects traditional villages in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) as the research object. By analyzing the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and driving factors of traditional villages (TVs) in the basin, it aims to further promote high-quality development in the YRB and protect traditional cultural resources. Based on data from 892 village points of the first to sixth batches of TVs in the YRB, ArcGIS 10.8 spatial analysis techniques were employed to analyze the overall spatial pattern of TVs in the YRB. The results indicate: (1) In the basin, TVs are more numerous in the east than the west and more in the south than the north, forming clusters and contiguous distributions, with dense areas primarily in the upstream regions dominated by Qinghai Province and the midstream areas along the Shanxi-Shaanxi coast. (2) The number and scale of TVs in the basin generally exhibit an increasing trend, with imbalanced provincial distribution. More recent years show a more balanced distribution of villages and proportions, with a higher number of villages in the mountainous and plateau regions of the basin. (3) The layout center of TVs within the basin evolves with each batch, showing a migration pattern from north to south, back to north, and finally east to west. (4) The interaction of natural and social factors plays a synergistic role in driving the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of TVs. Among these, natural geographical factors are the primary factors. TVs are more commonly found in regions with low altitude sunny slopes, mild climate, abundant precipitation, proximity to ancient roads and rivers, gentle slopes, and soil predominantly comprising loess, brown earth, and alluvial soils. The cultural environment is a secondary factor, with TVs often located in areas with larger populations, developed economies, and rich cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide is a major public health crisis among youth. Several prominent theories, including the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS), aim to characterize the factors leading from suicide ideation to action. These theories are largely based on findings in adults and require testing and elaboration in adolescents. Methods: Data were examined from high‐risk 13–18‐year‐old adolescents (N = 167) participating in a multi‐wave, longitudinal study; 63% of the sample exhibited current suicidal thoughts or recent behaviors (n = 105). The study included a 6‐month follow‐up period with clinical interviews and self‐report measures at each of the four assessments as well as weekly smartphone‐based assessments of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Regression and structural equation models were used to probe hypotheses related to the core tenets of the IPTS. Results: Feelings of perceived burdensomeness were associated with more severe self‐reported suicidal ideation (b = 0.58, t(158) = 7.64, p <.001). Similarly, burdensomeness was associated with more frequent ideation based on weekly smartphone ratings (b = 0.11, t(1460) = 3.41, p <.001). Contrary to IPTS hypotheses, neither feelings of thwarted belongingness, nor interactions between burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were significantly associated with ideation (ps >.05). Only elevated depression severity was associated with greater odds of suicide events (i.e., suicide attempts, psychiatric hospitalizations, and/or emergency department visits for suicide concerns) during the follow‐up period (OR = 1.83, t(158) = 2.44, p =.01). No effect of acquired capability was found. Conclusions: Perceptions of burdensomeness to others reflect a critical risk factor for suicidal ideation among high‐risk adolescents. Null findings with other IPTS constructs may suggest a need to adopt more developmentally sensitive models or measures of interpersonal and acquired capability risk factors for youth. Refining methods and theoretical models of suicide risk may help improve the identification of high‐risk cases and inform clinical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, the child welfare system in Ontario, Canada, expanded the age of protection to include 16 and 17 year olds for the purpose of mitigating risk of harm for older adolescents. To date, there is little information regarding investigations of older adolescents, particularly in Ontario; this study will address this gap. Data used for this analysis were drawn from the Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect‐2018. The Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect‐2018 sample data were weighted to derive an annual incidence estimate of 155 649 maltreatment‐related investigations conducted in Ontario in 2018. Child, caregiver, household, and investigation characteristics were compared across three age groups: children (0–10), younger adolescents (11–15), and older adolescents (16–17). Characteristics and differences in the likelihood of a service response (referral to nonchild welfare services, transfer to ongoing child welfare services, or placement in out‐of‐home care during the investigation) were examined descriptively and using chi‐square automatic interaction detection. Half of investigations involving older adolescents received a service response, and they were more likely to receive a service response when there were concerns about future risk of harm, where there were concerns about the relationship between the adolescent and their caregivers, where internalizing or externalizing symptoms were noted, where caregivers had few social supports, and where the household experienced economic hardship. These findings suggest that older adolescents are being triaged for circumstances that reflect concerns about their vulnerability, including mental health needs, attachment concerns, and caregiver isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One in four South Carolinians lives in a county along a nearly 200-mile stretch of Interstate 95 (I-95). Stretching from North Carolina to Georgia, this region is among the most rural, economically depressed, and racially/ethnically diverse in the state. Research is needed to identify social factors contributing to adverse health outcomes along the I-95 corridor, guide interventions, and establish a baseline for measuring progress. This study assessed social determinants of health in counties in South Carolina's I-95 corridor relative to the rest of the state. Method: Data for South Carolina's 46 counties were extracted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Minority Health Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), which grouped 34 census variables into six themes: socioeconomic status, household composition and disability, minority status and language, housing type and transportation, health care infrastructure, and medical vulnerability. Each theme was ranked from 0 (least vulnerable) to 1 (most vulnerable). Measures between regions were compared using the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test. Results: Compared with counties outside the I-95 corridor (n = 29), counties in the corridor (n = 17) scored higher on socioeconomic status vulnerability (.67 and.82, respectively) and medical vulnerability (.65 and.79, respectively). No statistically significant differences were found across other themes. Conclusion: Identifying social determinants of health in South Carolina's I-95 corridor is a crucial first step toward alleviating health disparities in this region. Interventions and policies should be developed in collaboration with local stakeholders to address distal social factors that create and reinforce health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the infiltration model was established to study the early warning of pulmonary tuberculosis data in Xiamen public hospitals. Based on the gender characteristics of residents in Xiamen, a percolation model was established to analyze the transmission rates of diseases under different contact types. In addition, the calculation method of the percolation threshold is discussed, and the model is verified by a simulation experiment. The results show that the model can predict the spread of epidemic situations well. The early warning value and relevant preventive measures were obtained by simulating the spread of tuberculosis under different exposure numbers. Bond percolation analysis was used to predict the proportion of the eventually infected population, this threshold of percolation was the basic regeneration number of tuberculosis, and the tuberculosis infection situation was effectively predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse (IPVA) is as a major health concern globally. The prevalence of IPVA perpetration and victimisation has been found to be higher in military compared to civilian populations. Of concern, help-seeking for other psychosocial difficulties among military communities has been shown to be both limited and challenging, and military personnel could face additional or amplified barriers to help-seeking for IPVA than their civilian counterparts. This study aimed to use qualitative methods to explore the experiences of, and barriers to, help-seeking for IPVA victimisation and perpetration among UK military personnel. Methods: Thematic analysis was conducted on 40 one-to-one semi-structured interviews with military personnel (29 male, 11 female). Results: Four superordinate themes were derived, thematically organised according to different levels of the social ecological model: Military cultural factors; Support service factors; Interpersonal factors; and Individual factors. At a military cultural level, participants described difficulties in help-seeking for IPVA resulting from widespread stigma and hypermasculine attitudes in military communities, minimisation of violence, perceived pressure from chain of command, and fear of consequences of reporting. At a support-service level, participants' negative views or experiences and lack of awareness of services were also significant in deterring help-seeking. At an interpersonal level, participants recounted how relationships with military colleagues, their partner and their family could be both instrumental or a hindrance to help-seeking for IPVA. At an individual level, lack of insight into IPVA and different forms of abuse were suggested through minimisation of violence and described to contribute to delay in help-seeking. Shame, compounded by multi-layered stigma present at each social ecological model level, was a key reason for delaying or avoiding help-seeking. Conclusions: The findings indicate the added challenges in help-seeking for IPVA experienced by military personnel and highlight a need for a whole systems approach to improve the provision of support for IPVA in the military serving and ex-serving community to instil meaningful change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand how individuals experience and adjust to changes in body image after spinal cord injury (SCI). A systematic search using four databases identified eleven articles that met the inclusion criteria. The studies were critically appraised to determine quality. Interpretative thematic synthesis was used to explore adults' experiences of adjusting to changes in body image after SCI. Three themes described the influence of sociocultural factors on body image: 'Sociocultural influences', 'Responses of others' and 'Experience of rehabilitation'. Six themes described individuals' experiences of body image. 'Loss and threat of difference', 'Discomfort and disconnection' and 'Resistance' negatively influenced body image. 'Reconnecting with the body and re-negotiating identity', 'Support network' and 'Challenging beliefs about disability' promoted positive body image. Adjustment was a dynamic process, influenced by interactions between individual, relational and sociocultural factors. The physical impacts of SCI, individual's perceptions, relationships and sociocultural discourses influenced body image. Rehabilitation professionals could support adjustment to changes in body image by considering individual, relational and systemic influences. Furthermore, it is important to include an individual's support network within their care as social factors influenced body image experiences. Peer support could promote hope and challenge negative sociocultural beliefs about disability. Following spinal cord injury (SCI) individuals described a dynamic process of adjustment to changes in their body image, which can include positive and negative body image experiences. Rehabilitation environments and interactions with clinicians can influence individuals' body image experiences. Multidisciplinary interventions which consider sociocultural, relational and individual influences on body image may promote positive body image experiences and the renegotiation of identity after SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Adolescent sleep problems are a worldwide public health issue. The present study examines factors associated with worry‐related sleep problems among school‐going adolescents. The country of interest is Timor‐Leste, a low‐income country, where studies pertaining to adolescent sleep problems are lacking. Design and Measures: Data were analysed from the Global School‐Based Student Health Survey Timor‐Leste (n = 3455). An ordered probit model was used to assess the effects of demographic, lifestyle, social, and psychological factors on different levels of worry‐related sleep problems (i.e., no, mild and severe sleep problems). Results: School‐going adolescents were more likely to face mild or severe worry‐related sleep problems if they were older, passive smokers, alcohol drinkers and moderately active. School‐going adolescents who sometimes or always went hungry were more likely to experience worry‐related sleep problems than those who did not. Involvement in physical fights, being bullied, and loneliness were positively associated with the probability of having modest or severe worry‐related sleep problems. Conclusion: Age, exposure to second‐hand smoke, alcohol consumption, physical activity, going hungry, physical fights, being bullied and loneliness are the important determining factors of adolescent worry‐related sleep problems. Policymakers should pay special attention to these factors when formulating intervention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is often positioned as a particularly vulnerable period for reading motivation and engagement, both for academic reading and reading for pleasure. However, closer scrutiny of the literature reveals a much more nuanced pattern of changing interest, attitude, and motivation for reading during adolescence. Despite this, there is a distinct lack of research that explores the barriers adolescents' face to reading for pleasure from the perspectives of adolescents themselves. Working with a Young People's Advisory Panel, peer‐ and adult‐led interviews were carried out with 46 adolescents (13–15 years old) from six high schools. Six themes were identified from the thematic analysis, reflecting adolescents' perceptions of the barriers to their reading for pleasure: (1) access; (2) mismatch between provision and needs; (3) social factors; (4) reading experiences in school; (5) reading affect; and (6) time and competing activities. This article makes a novel and significant contribution to the limited literature on reading for pleasure during adolescence and provides important qualitative insights for researchers and educational practitioners interested in supporting adolescents' reading motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents data on family caregiving for elders with dementia in Oaxaca, Mexico. Drawing on a year of ethnographic research, this article explores how caregivers engage in health-seeking behaviors and how they choose between biomedical and traditional medical alternatives. While caregivers are primarily concerned to maintain elders' health, decisions about which medical providers to (not) consult invoke broader social factors that go beyond their relationships with elders, and concern socioeconomic realms of power, as well as broader ideals concerning local tradition and its maintenance in the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores whether and how research into biological influences on gender identity can and should inform Christian ethical reflection on gender diversity and gender nonconformity. First, the current state of genetic and neuroscientific research on gender identity is surveyed. While the scientific findings are as yet preliminary, tentative, and sometimes contradictory, researchers argue that they already give grounds for thinking that many biological factors have some influence on gender identity through complex interactions with many social and environmental factors. Next, the article offers some general remarks about how natural scientific findings should—and should not—inform Christian theological and ethical reflection. Finally, three specific proposals are developed for how scientific research can and should inform Christian ethical reflection on gender identity. The article offers both a contribution to this Christian ethical reflection and a case study of how the natural sciences may be used in Christian ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal health outcomes in the United States raises concern due to elevated rates of pregnancy‐related deaths compared to other developed and underdeveloped countries. This scoping review explores relationships between social determinants of health (SDOH), postpartum visit attendance, and pregnancy‐related deaths. Methods: Utilizing the Arksey and O'Malley framework and PRISMA‐Scr guidelines, a systematic review was conducted to identify pertinent literature. Results: Eight studies were analyzed, providing insights into SDOH, postpartum visits, and pregnancy‐related deaths. The findings highlight healthcare access/quality, economic stability, education, and social/community context as influential in postpartum care utilization. Health insurance emerges a key factor for postpartum attendance. In addition, disparities in geographic access to maternity care services were linked to pregnancy‐related deaths. Social contextual factors, such as marital status and social support, exhibited varying associations with postpartum visit attendance. Conclusion: While the analyzed studies provided valuable insight, there remains a gap in the literature examining all three key elements: SDOH, postpartum visit attendance, and pregnancy‐related deaths. In conclusion, this scoping review highlights the vital role of addressing social determinants in improving maternal health outcomes. Further research is necessary to better inform interventions to reduce pregnancy‐related deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While negative associations between behavioral inhibition/shyness and social competence are well established for children from Western cultures, the directions of these associations have been inconsistent for Chinese children, partly due to the ongoing social-cultural changes in China. Drawing from three samples of young Chinese children (born between 2009 and 2019), we aim at examining how inhibition/shyness predicts cooperative behaviors and prosocial behaviors throughout early childhood. In Study 1 (N = 700, children aged between 36 and 72 months), mother-reported inhibition/shyness was negatively associated with mother-reported cooperative and prosocial behaviors during the preschool years. In Study 2 (N = 251, at 6, 15, 25, and 37 months of children's ages), mother-reported inhibition/shyness in infancy was negatively associated with mother-reported cooperative behaviors but was not related to observed cooperative behaviors at the early preschool age. Infancy inhibition/shyness was negatively associated with mother-reported and observed prosocial behaviors. In Study 3 (N = 95, at 14, 25, 38, and 60 months of children's ages), the inhibition/shyness trait, assessed by both observation and maternal report, did not predict any indicators of cooperative behaviors. Early childhood inhibition/shyness, however, still predicted fewer observed and mother-reported prosocial behaviors. On balance, our research supports a negative association between early inhibition/shyness and later prosocial behaviors. The mixed findings concerning cooperative behaviors are interpreted in light of sociopolitical changes in China during the past two decades. Public Significance Statement: This research found that inhibited/shy young Chinese children consistently showed fewer prosocial behaviors relative to their uninhibited/nonshy peers. Inhibition/shyness did not predict cooperative behaviors in the oldest cohort of children but predicted fewer cooperative behaviors in the most recent cohort. These findings signify changes in cultural meanings of inhibition/shyness over historical time and indicate the necessity of using strategies to alleviate early inhibition/shyness for optimal social development of Chinese children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet has revolutionized communication, enabling interactions between individuals from diverse cultures. This is especially true for social media which encourages participation in millions of online communities on a wide range of topics, such as Reddit. Research has largely neglected the intricate relationship between new media and intercultural issues. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the use experience of bicultural and multicultural individuals on Reddit and investigating the impact of identity‐level (identity categorization, compartmentalization, and integration) and contextual‐level (identification with the online network, online intergroup contact frequency and quality) factors on intercultural sensitivity. A sample of 241 bicultural (n = 90) and multicultural (n = 151) Reddit users (females = 100, 41.49%) participated in the study. Hierarchical regression results showed that both identity‐level and contextual‐level factors significantly contributed to intercultural sensitivity. Specifically, on the identity‐level, integration was positively related to intercultural sensitivity, while compartmentalization was negatively associated with it. Additionally, on the contextual‐level, identification with the online network and high‐quality online intergroup contact were associated with greater intercultural sensitivity. This research highlights the importance of understanding how intercultural dynamics unfold within social media platforms and provides insights for fostering intercultural sensitivity in online communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Squamous cell carcinoma oral cavity cancers (SCCOCCs) have a higher reported incidence in South Asian countries. We sought to compare presenting stage and outcome by ethnicity in patients with SCCOCC treated with radical radiotherapy in a single centre in the UK. All patients with SCCOCC treated with radical radiotherapy at an oncology department in Leicester (UK) between 2011 and 2017 were identified. Baseline demographic, clinical data and 2-year treatment outcomes were reported. Of the 109 patients included, 40 were South Asian and 59 were non-South Asian. South Asians had significantly poorer 2-year disease-free survival compared with non-South Asians (54.6% versus 73%, P = 0.01). Our analysis suggests that South Asians with SCCOCC have poorer outcomes despite a younger age and similar disease characteristics. Environmental, social factors and differing biology of disease may be responsible and further research is required to inform targeted interventions. • Leicester is a 'super-diverse' city with a South Asian majority population. • The mortality rate for oral cavity cancer in Leicester is above average for England. • South Asians in Leicester are more likely to live in a deprived area. • South Asians with oral cavity cancers have poorer outcomes. • Environmental, social factors and biology of disease may account for this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shift workers support critical 24-hr operations; their health can be impaired by disrupted circadian rhythms and dysfunctional sleep. Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD) is a prevalent condition with significant psychological consequences. Nurse leaders have not yet implemented effective policies to prevent SWSD and optimize shift workers' mental health. The purpose of this integrative review was to examine research about SWSD within the context of neurobiological, sociological, and psychological perspectives that can inform policy changes. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Policy Analytic Framework was used to determine the priority recommendations. A search of three databases provided 19 research articles about SWSD and mental health, which illustrated how SWSD is common around the world in many occupations. Backward-rotating schedules and quick returns were risk factors for SWSD. In addition, SWSD was associated with circadian languidity, sleep reactivity, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. Collectively, the studies lacked objective measures of sleep and circadian rhythms, which has hindered the ability to devise interventions that will target the neurobiological causes of SWSD. The research also lacked attention to important sociological factors, such as workers' pay and benefits. Using these findings, nurse leaders can contribute to public policy reforms that increase funding for more rigorous SWSD research. Lawmakers should be advised by nurse leaders to enforce new regulations that provide incentives for employers to create healthier workplaces, such as prohibiting the overuse of schedules that make employees vulnerable to SWSD and providing funds for interventions to prevent SWSD and support mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a nationwide sample of cisgender Black women in the US, we assessed the associations between social and structural factors and interest in using HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Among 315 respondents, 62.2% were interested in PrEP if it were provided for free. Positive social norms surrounding PrEP, including injunctive norms (perceived social acceptability of PrEP use) and descriptive norms (perceived commonality of PrEP use), were positively associated with interest in using PrEP. Concerns about HIV infection, recently visiting a health care provider, and comfort discussing PrEP with a provider were also positively associated with interest in using PrEP. Anticipating PrEP disapproval from others was negatively associated with interest in PrEP. Although PrEP can promote autonomy and personal discretion, Black women's PrEP-related decisions occur in a complex social environment. Black women may benefit from interventions to promote positive norms and attitudes surrounding PrEP at the community level and empower them in discussions with their providers about PrEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is well established that emergency department (ED) crowding leads to worse health outcomes. Although various patient surveys provide information about reasons to visit EDs, less is known in terms of beliefs about EDs among the general population. This study examines public beliefs regarding accessibility and quality of EDs and their associations with social characteristics (gender, age, education, immigration background) as well as knowledge about emergency care services and health literacy. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on a random sample of 2,404 adults living in Hamburg, Germany, in winter 2021/2022. We developed eight statements regarding accessibility and quality of EDs leading to two scales (Cronbach's α accessibility = 0.76 and quality of care = 0.75). Descriptive statistics of the eight items are shown and linear regression were conducted to determine associations of the two scales with social characteristics as well as knowledge about emergency care services and health literacy (HLS-EU-Q6). Results: Nearly 44% of the respondents agreed that "you can always go to an ED, if you do not get a short-term appointment with a general practitioner or specialist." And 38% agreed with the statement, "If you do not have the time during normal practice hours due to your work, you can always go to an ED." In terms of quality, 38% believed that doctors in EDs are more competent than doctors in general practice, and 25% believed that doctors in EDs are more competent than doctors in specialized practices. In the fully adjusted model, public beliefs about emergency care accessibility and quality of EDs were significantly associated with all social characteristics and knowledge of emergency care options with the strongest associations between knowledge and accessibility (β = -0.17; P < 0.001) and between education and quality (β = -0.23; P < 0.001). Conclusion: We found endorsement of public beliefs about accessibility and quality of EDs that can lead to inappropriate utilization. Our results also suggest that knowledge of different emergency services plays an important role. Therefore, after system-related reorganizations of emergency care, information campaigns about such services tailored to socially deprived populations may help alleviate the issue of crowding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is a period characterized by a high vulnerability to emotional disorders, which are modulated by biological, psychological, and social factors. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Combining physical or emotional social defeat stress (PS and ES) and pair or isolation rearing conditions, we investigated the effects of stress type and social support on emotional behavior and central immune molecules in adolescent mice, including anxiety, social fear, and social interaction strategies, as well as changes in microglia-specific molecules (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) and a cluster of differentiation molecule 11b (CD11b)) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus (HIP), amygdala (AMY), and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Mice exposed to both physical stress and isolated rearing condition exhibited the highest levels of anxiety, social fear, and microglial CD11b expression in the NAc. In terms of social support, pair-housing with siblings ameliorated social fear and NAc molecular changes in ES mice, but not in PS mice. The reason for the differential benefit from social support was attributed to the fact that ES mice exhibited more active and less passive social strategies in social environment compared to PS mice. Further, the levels of stress-induced social fear were positively associated with the expression of microglial CD11b in the NAc. These findings offer extensive evidence regarding the intricate effects of multiple social factors on social anxiety and immune alteration in the NAc of adolescent mice. Additionally, they suggest potential behavioral and immune intervention strategies for anxiety-related disorders in adolescents. • Stress type and social support displayed distinct effects on anxiety and NAc microglial CD11b of adolescent mice. • Stress-induced social fear was positively associated with the expression of microglial CD11b in the NAc. • Pair-housing with siblings ameliorated social fear and NAc molecular changes in emotionally but not physically stressed mice. • Different benefit from social support was attributed to more active and less passive social strategies in ES than PS mice. • NAc microglial activities and social strategies are involved in effects of social factors on anxiety in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely assumed that female birds use nonphotic supplemental cues, including social factors, to fine-tune timing of egg-laying to local conditions, but our knowledge of the nature of these social cues and how they operate remains limited. We analyzed the relationship between a female's social environment (nearest neighbor distances, residency, female -and- network familiarity, synchrony) and variation in timing of egg-laying in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) using individual, residual laying date (controlling for annual variation) and temperature-independent residual laying date (accounting for the effect of ambient temperature on laying date). Female social environment varied systematically with overall spatial distribution of nest-boxes (linear vs clumped boxes) but this was not associated with spatial variation in laying date or temperature-independent residual laying date. We found no evidence for any relationships between individual variation in social environment and individual, residual laying date and only weak evidence for any association with individual, temperature-independent residual laying date. The latter was associated with (1) nearest neighbor distances in the linear habitat, with females nesting closer to neighbors laying earlier than predicted by temperature, but not in the two clumped habitats, and (2) neighbor familiarity: females with an intermediate number of returning females (3/8) laid closest to the predicted date. Finally, despite the fact that synchrony was not associated with other social environment metrics, females with lower laying synchrony among neighbors laid earlier than predicted by temperature. This suggests that some components of the female-female social environment could act as supplemental cues for timing of egg-laying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Among adolescents, disinhibited eating and anxiety commonly co‐occur. Precision intervention approaches targeting unique mechanistic vulnerabilities that contribute to disinhibited eating and anxiety may therefore be helpful. However, the effectiveness of such interventions hinges on knowledge of between‐ and within‐person associations related to disinhibited eating, anxiety, and related processes. Method: A sample of 39 adolescent females (12–17 years) with elevated anxiety and above‐average weight (BMI %ile ≥ 75th) completed measures of theoretically driven social and cognitive‐behavioral variables, disinhibited eating, and anxiety via ecological momentary assessment over 7 days. Data were analyzed using mixed‐effects models. Results: Between‐person differences in social stressors were linked to emotional eating, eating in the absence of hunger, and anxiety, whereas between‐person differences in negative thoughts were associated with all disinhibited eating variables and anxiety. Between‐person differences in avoidance were not related to any outcome. Additionally, between‐person differences in social stressors and negative thoughts—as well as within‐person deviations (from person‐average levels) of social stressors, negative thoughts, and avoidance—were associated with anxiety. In turn, between‐person differences in anxiety predicted eating in the absence of hunger and emotional eating, and within‐person deviations in anxiety were associated with emotional eating at any given time point. Discussion: Findings support elements of both the interpersonal and cognitive‐behavioral models of disinhibited eating. Differential trigger effects on anxiety, both at the between‐ and within‐person levels, and significant associations between anxiety and all eating‐related outcomes, highlight the potential utility of interventions targeting individual differences in sensitivity to anxiety triggers. Public Significance: Findings provide support for the interpersonal and cognitive‐behavioral models of disinhibited eating, highlighting anxiety as a salient vulnerability and potential mechanistic factor underlying disinhibited eating. Social, cognitive, and behavioral variables were differentially related to anxiety across participants, suggesting potential for future intervention tailoring and intervention selection based on adolescents' sensitivity to anxiety as a trigger for disinhibited eating behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between social factors and the formation of exported mug designs is blurred. This study addresses how they influence material design. Based on a quantitative typological analysis, this paper interprets the cultural relationships underlying the evolution of mug designs exported during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The study reveals: (1) the typology and handle styles of mugs can be categorized into six types, with a predominance of Cylindrical bodies and Ear-shaped handles. Notably, artistic emphasis is concentrated on Bulbous cup bodies and Tail outward curved handles; (2) the design of mugs in the eighteenth century exhibited diversity, morphological similarities, and feature continuity, evolving from representational (Ming Dynasty) to abstract and then to minimalistic styles (Qing Dynasty), particularly evident in the three-dimensional modeling of handles for ergonomic comfort (transitioning from a singular Outward curved form to Ear-shaped form, and then to Entwined branch form); (3) the body shape of mugs transformed from Arc-barrel bodies to Bulbous bodies (focusing on heat retention), and eventually to Cylindrical bodies (prioritizing heat retention, practicality, and cost-efficiency).; (4) the volume of mugs steadily increased from the early eighteenth century, generally classified into large volume (≥ 500 ml), medium volume (200-499 ml), and small volume (< 200 ml); (5) considering the extreme range of volume (11090 ml) and height (25 cm), it indicates that these two variables do not necessarily have a direct positive correlation; (6) the low center of gravity in handle design (average width of 3.4 cm against an average height of 9.9 cm for the body) reflects considerations for the distribution of liquid weight and operational convenience. The volume of sample-10 (11127 ml) notably exceeds the typical range for tea-drinking utensils, revealing the mechanism of wealth and status symbolism. Market demand orientation emerged as the primary driver for the evolution of export mug designs during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with adjustments in the merchant system playing a secondary role. The transformation in mug design reflects the interplay of multiple factors, with the trend toward minimalist design being a response to market demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxytocin (OXT) modulates social behaviors. However, the administration of exogenous OXT in humans produces inconsistent behavioral changes, affecting future consideration of OXT as a treatment for autism and other disorders with social symptoms. Inter‐individual variability in social functioning traits might play a key role in how OXT changes brain activity and, therefore, behavior. Here, we investigated if inter‐individual variability might dictate how single‐dose intranasal OXT administration (IN‐OXT) changes spontaneous neural activity during the eyes‐open resting state. We used a double‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over design on 30 typically developing young adult men to investigate the dynamics of EEG microstates corresponding to activity in defined neural networks. We confirmed previous reports that, at the group level, IN‐OXT increases the representation of the attention and salience microstates. Furthermore, we identified a decreased representation of microstates associated with the default mode network. Using multivariate partial least square statistical analysis, we found that social functioning traits associated with IN‐OXT‐induced changes in microstate dynamics in specific spectral bands. Correlation analysis further revealed that the higher the social functioning, the more IN‐OXT increased the appearance of the visual network‐associated microstate, and suppressed the appearance of a default mode network‐related microstate. The lower the social functioning, the more IN‐OXT increases the appearance of the salience microstate. The effects we report on the salience microstate support the hypothesis that OXT regulates behavior by enhancing social salience. Moreover, our findings indicate that social functioning traits modulate responses to IN‐OXT and could partially explain the inconsistent reports on IN‐OXT effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in quantitative tools for examining urban morphology enable the development of morphometrics that can characterize the size, shape, and placement of buildings; the relationships between them; and their association with broader patterns of development. Although these methods have the potential to provide substantial insight into the ways in which neighborhood morphology shapes the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of neighborhoods and communities, this question is largely unexplored. Using building footprints in five of the ten largest U.S. metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, and Los Angeles) and the open-source R package, foot, we examine how neighborhood morphology differs across U.S. metropolitan areas and across the urban-exurban landscape. Principal components analysis, unsupervised classification (K-means), and Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis are used to develop a morphological typology of neighborhoods and to examine its association with the spatial, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics of census tracts. Our findings illustrate substantial variation in the morphology of neighborhoods, both across the five metropolitan areas as well as between central cities, suburbs, and the urban fringe within each metropolitan area. We identify five different types of neighborhoods indicative of different stages of development and distributed unevenly across the urban landscape: these include low-density neighborhoods on the urban fringe; mixed use and high-density residential areas in central cities; and uniform residential neighborhoods in suburban cities. Results from regression analysis illustrate that the prevalence of each of these forms is closely associated with variation in socioeconomic and demographic characteristics such as population density, the prevalence of multifamily housing, and income, race/ethnicity, homeownership, and commuting by car. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings and suggesting avenues for future research on neighborhood morphology, including ways that it might provide insight into issues such as zoning and land use, housing policy, and residential segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to identify, examine, and analyze the factors affecting spirituality in the architecture of religious-cultural places from the perspective of experts and finally explain them in a model. The results generally indicate that physical, sensory, socio-individual, and functional components play a significant role in the creation/enhancement of a sense of spirituality in the architecture of religious places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed engagement with health services is a key contributor to poorer health outcomes experienced by men. Patterns of health service usage which reduce the opportunity for disease prevention and health promotion appear to be especially prominent amongst young men. To identify the multiple and intersecting determinants of young men's help-seeking practices and health services usage, this review uses the social ecological model (SEM) to guide a critical synthesis of the literature on barriers and facilitators experienced by young men in accessing health services. A systematic review was conducted across five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL and Scopus). Included studies presented primary data regarding young men's (12–24 years) barriers and/or facilitators to seeking and accessing health care. Thirty-one studies (24 qualitative and 7 quantitative) underwent data extraction, quality appraisal and thematic analysis under the guiding framework of the SEM. Seven key themes were constructed, encapsulating the perceived barriers and facilitators to help-seeking and accessing health care experienced by young men, including masculine attitudes, health literacy, social pressure, service accessibility, economic factors, service characteristics and cultural attitudes. These findings highlight the complex interplay between the individual, interpersonal, organizational and societal factors impacting young men's healthcare engagement. They also illuminate avenues for multifaceted, context-specific interventions to enhance healthcare accessibility for this group, including addressing health literacy gaps, providing culturally sensitive care and reducing cost barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of personal recovery after psychotic illness focuses more on patients' social and existential needs compared to traditional outcome measures including clinical and functional recovery. This research aims to contribute to a broad framework on (personal) recovery and associated factors. Data from 203 persons with symptomatic remission of their first-episode psychosis from the ongoing HAMLETT study were analyzed. To determine the relative importance of several biological, clinical, psychological, and social factors in explaining personal recovery as measured by the Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS), partial Spearman correlations (controlling for clinical recovery (PANSS) and functional recovery (WHODAS 2.0)) and a bootstrapped multiple regression were performed. Indirect effects on personal recovery within these factors, clinical recovery, and functional recovery were explored using a regularized partial correlation network. Of the factors that explained personal recovery beyond the effects of clinical and functional recovery, social support was the strongest predictor, followed by self-esteem, internalized stigma, and insecure attachment, collectively explaining 48.2 % of the variance. Anhedonia/apathy showed a trend towards a negative correlation. Age at onset, sex, early trauma/neglect, cognition, and being married/cohabiting did not significantly correlate with personal recovery. The network (n = 143) was consistent with these findings and indicated possible mediation pathways for early trauma/neglect, insecure attachment, cognition, and being married/cohabiting. Personal recovery is an important addition to traditional measures of outcome after psychosis. Various quality of life indicators, such as self-esteem and social support, explain variance in personal recovery over clinical and functional recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the motivations and barriers behind the decision of economically disadvantaged Moldovans to refrain from migrating for better economic prospects. Drawing on 30 qualitative interviews with voluntary stayers, it uncovers a range of individual‐level characteristics that impede migration aspirations. These findings highlight the heightened sensitivity of lower‐wage stayers to their perceived social status abroad, their limited adaptability to new cultures and environments and their lower willpower to endure the challenges of long‐term gains. Moreover, this paper sheds light on their contentment with modest material gains and their aversion to migration risks. At the structural level, it emphasizes how social inequalities act as barriers for specific social groups, particularly the economically disadvantaged. These empirical insights challenge prevailing assumptions about the dominance of economic costs and network abroad in migration decision‐making, offering a fresh perspective on the social factors and costs shaping stayers' choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In social mammals, post-conflict resolution can involve the reunion of former opponents (reconciliation), spontaneous/solicited post-conflict affiliation of a third party with either opponent (triadic contacts), and affiliation between other individuals (hereafter bystanders; quadratic contacts). Quadratic contacts—possibly informing complex cognitive abilities—have been neglected in post-conflict studies. We investigated quadratic affiliation in semi-free ranging pigs Sus scrofa , at the ethical farm Parva-Domus (Cavagnolo, Italy). Kinship was known. We collected behavioral data on adult pigs (n = 104) via video recordings (43 h) followed by video analyses. Affiliative and anxiety behaviors between bystanders were collected under post-conflict (PC; following a conflict between non-bystanders) and matched-control (MC; no conflict) conditions. Quadratic affiliation was present in pigs, as bystanders affiliated more in PC than MC, and such affiliation was followed by a decrease in the anxiety behaviors of both the interacting bystanders. Thus, quadratic contacts may be partly aimed at reducing one's own anxiety (intrinsic regulation). Quadratic affiliation was highest between closely related bystanders, which suggests that such affiliation may be most effective when close kin is involved. Quadratic affiliation was lowest after reconciliation and spontaneous triadic contacts. This suggests that direct peacemaking between opponents and spontaneous triadic contacts with close kin may most likely replace quadratic affiliation. Hence, pigs can be influenced by the negative events that affect other pigs—but not themselves—and their response may be modulated by social factors. Such non-random quadratic affiliation may point toward the presence of elements of social appraisal abilities in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]