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Cloud-based computing networks have taken over the digital landscape. From small non-profits to large multinational corporations, more and more entities have been offloading computing effort to the cloud in order to take advantage of the increased cost-efficiency and scalability of cloud computing. One of the new types of cloud that have emerged is P2P cloud, which disengages from a traditional datacenter setup by allowing users to instead share their own computing hardware into a cloud to reap the benefits of cloud computing's advantages at an even lower cost. However, this new paradigm comes with a slew of challenges: (i) security, when operating with the devices of strangers and (ii) fairness when not operating in a market-based system. This paper aims to address these two issues by proposing an algorithm based on social credits for a P2P cloud system that uses a social network to establish its security measures. We implement our new Social Credit algorithm along with two other task-migration-based load-balancing algorithms adapted for a P2P social cloud in "Cloudsim Plus", and the relative gains are shown in terms of fairness and other related metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary era, technological advances have rapidly led to a reality where the risk of the emergence of the phenomenon of digital totalitarianism, such as that given by China's coercive biometric surveillance systems, can also emerge in the member states of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The digital information ecosystem has become a central element of the human psyche as a result of the development of the Internet of Things (IoT)1 , exerting a profound influence on human perception and the state of consciousness. This article aims to analyze the interaction of the biometric information ecosystem sphere with social credit while integrating nuanced psychological aspects into this emerging paradigm through the impact such a system can have. Through this approach, the psycho-social implications of coercive digital systems engaged in experiencing reality and the evolution of contemporary society are both brought into discussion.

Social Credit was a constant presence in Canadian politics at the federal level from the mid-1930s until the late 1970s. Yet, the federal Social Credit Party has often been dismissed as the "lunatic fringe." This article will contextualize the federal Social Credit Party as part of the political right in the early Cold War. By analyzing the statements of several Social Credit MPs, as well as text from the Canadian Social Crediter, this article seeks to better understand the nature of conspiratorial thinking within Social Credit and how it was interwoven into broader, more "mainstream," postwar concerns, such as international Communism, the perceived decline of Britishness and Christianity, and the growing welfare state. The federal Social Credit Party pushed against the permeable barriers between "fringe" and "mainstream" by pairing conspiratorial thought with widespread concerns and operating within the center of political respectability in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, the National Health Commission of China announced a nation-wide plan to incorporate blood donation into the country's emerging informational infrastructure: the social credit system (SCS). Through analysis of comments from Weibo, one of China's largest social media sites, alongside news articles and official government announcements from the time, we follow the figure of the basket, which we regard as vernacular critique. By analysing the formation of trust indicators, contestations over their commensurability, and the prospect of converting between moral deeds and financial advantage, we aim to augment understandings of the ways that quantification practices are, and become, moral projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's social credit system (SCS) formalizes reputational regulation, thereby challenging traditional remedial paths. It adds trust assessments and their dissemination to the regulatory repertoire of Chinese state agencies across all realms. This use of adverse publicity, however, entails the loss of the agency's control over the scope and intensity of the punishment as the punitive action is realized by information recipients, rather than the agency itself. Traditional legal controls are not fit for shaming. We map how the SCS innovates public regulation by implementing a strategy for regulatory shaming from the central level. In a second step, we discuss its consequences, specifically, how undue damages are remedied. Legal remedies for social credit shaming measures are regularly denied, as their position in the law is unclear. Other existing remedial channels likewise do not consider the particularities of shame sanctions such as irreversibility. Social credit reputational regulation might best be controlled by formulating an agency practice that retains control over the scope of punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's Social Credit System (SCS) has been portrayed in much Western media coverage as an instrument for full-scale social control that collects and analyses behavioural data on an unprecedented scale. This perception has been countered by scholars who argue that the SCS should be seen more as a tool focused on strengthening law enforcement. This article argues that the development and operations of the SCS should be understood as a long-term process of "securitisation", intended to counter a crisis of trust in Chinese society. By introducing this "trust" discourse, the SCS creates an environment that justifies the need to employ extraordinary measures against breakers of social trust, measures that include reputational sanctions and joint punishments. Whether this securitisation process will succeed in efficiently curtailing untrustworthy behaviours in the social, political and economic spheres remains uncertain. It might be hampered by Chinese society's limited knowledge of the SCS, as well as by the limited impact of the SCS on people's lives. Alternatively, the introduction of measures that are too intrusive might trigger public disapproval. While ongoing local trials primarily involve schemes to reward "good" behaviour, since 2021 punitive measures targeted at trust-breakers have been standardised at the central government level. This article is based on an analysis of Chinese-language documents and its primary focus is on these centrally-designed SCS sanctions. It adds to the existing literature not only by proposing a new perspective through which the SCS may be perceived but also by discussing the measures targeted at individuals, the shape of which has been moulded by the recent standardisation activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Internet technology sharply improves, the social outlook has been greatly improved. However, in the process of exploring market economy, the problem of credit missing has become prominent. The market economy is a credit economy, so market dishonesty will seriously corrode the market order and hinder the healthy development of the economy. Therefore, this paper, based on the correlation coefficient algorithm, calculated and analyzed the way civil and commercial law improves the construction of the social credit system in depth. The research results show that the construction degree of civil and commercial law definition is 56% in credit system. The construction degree of the characteristics of civil and commercial law is 67%. In addition, the unsound legal system leads to the difficulty of constructing a social credit system is as high as 78%, and the incomplete government mechanism leads to the difficulty of constructing a social credit system is 56%. This means that the complexity of positive information determines the role of public credit service departments in the credit service system.

There are variuos services and facilities provided to knowledge-based companies through Science and Technology Parks and incubators in order to support and contribute to the development and maturity of these companies. The main purpose of this study was to explore, identify and analyze the advantages of knowledge-based companies established in Science and Technology Park from the viewpoints of the managers and officials of the parks and companies. The research method was qualitative with multiple case study. The data was collected through interviews with 17 managers of Science and Technology Park, incubators and managers of knowledge-based companies established in incubator of Fars Science and Technology Park. Data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA2020 through data coding. Based on the results, having various facilities and services (consulting, training, using specialized work spaces, financial facilities, etc.), security and physical protection, credits, interaction and synergy, as well as employment and entrepreneurship were the major advantages that knowledge-based companies benefit due to their physical location in the Science and Technology Park. Comparison of the opinions of two groups of park managers and companies indicated that the factors such as loans, training and interaction and synergy were more important from the opinion of the park managers, but according to the knowledge based companies` managers, social credit, training and loans had a higher priority, respectively. Identifying the factors which are more important for companies can lead to more accurate planning of park managers and more satisfaction of company members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fighting poverty and social inequality are baseline principles of social credit. This type of microcredit has thus increasingly attracted academics and practitioners' attention, particularly after Muhammad Yunus was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize. Researchers acknowledge that social credit is extremely important and that it should be taken seriously. However, studies examining the dynamics of its determinants are still extremely rare. This gap needs to be filled because the objectives of social credit are quite different from those of other types of credit, going beyond profit and embracing social concerns. Adopting a constructivist, process‐oriented stance that combined fuzzy cognitive mapping and the system dynamics (SD) approach, the present research sought to develop and analyze a cognitive structure that elucidates the dynamics of social credit determinants over time. Face‐to‐face group work sessions were held with a panel of professional credit analysts, and the results reveal that the combined use of fuzzy cognitive mapping and SD provides a clearer understanding of the dynamics of these determinants over time. The advantages, limitations, and implications of the proposed methodology are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traffic management system holds immense importance due to its significant impact on human living standards. With the advent of advanced technologies such as natural language processing and autonomous vehicles, this study proposes a novel cooperative traffic management system based on collection auctions at an isolated unsignalized intersection, taking into account the users' preferences for passing the intersection while being subject to their social credits. Once vehicles enter the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication zone, drivers provide the intersection control center with their bidding information, which reflects their urgency for right-of-way. According to the traffic and biding information, the vehicles' passing sequence is optimized by the control center, in order to maximize the drivers' average satisfaction. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system, a series of simulation experiments were conducted under varying traffic volumes. The simulation results were then compared with several other traffic control systems from the literature. It was shown that the proposed algorithm demonstrates superior performance in terms of computational time, traffic delay, and drivers' personal satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the rise of algorithmic systems – that is, systems of data-driven governance (and social-credit-type) systems – in the form of ratings systems of business respecting human rights responsibilities. The specific context is rating or algorithmic systems emerging around national efforts to combat human trafficking through so-called Modern Slavery and Supply Chain Due Diligence legal. Section 2 provides a brief contextualisation of the problems and challenges of managing compliance with emerging law and norms against forced labour and, in its most extreme forms, modern slavery. Section 3 examines the landscape of such algorithmic private legal systems as it has developed to date in the context of forced labour ratings systems. There is a focus on the connection between the power to impose the normative basis of data analytics and the increasingly tightly woven-in connection between principal actors in this endeavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practitioners often face the situation of comparing any set of k distributions, which may follow neither normality nor equality of variances. We propose a semiparametric model to compare those distributions using an exponential tilt method. This extends the classical analysis of variance models when all distributions are unknown by relaxing its assumptions. The proposed model is optimal when one of the distributions is known. Large-sample estimates of the model parameters are derived, and the hypotheses for the equality of the distributions are tested for one-at-a-time and simultaneous comparison cases. Real data examples from NASA meteorology experiments and social credit card limits are analyzed to illustrate our approach. The proposed approach is shown to be preferable in a simulated power comparison with existing parametric and nonparametric methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will investigate the communication problems creating cultural identity and saving private space in the era of QR-codes and vaccination passports, in which every step offline and click online is recorded and stored in databases. The author proposes using the metaphor of the Glass Man to explain the status of the current cultural identification process. The term has come from medical terminology, where it means “imperfect osteogenesis”, a condition when bones are weak and unable to provide the necessary level of support. The body lacks the stamina and resistance required to function properly. The identity of Glass Man means transparency by default on the one hand, but fragility on the other. The Glass Man is a person without the need to hide anything. Nothing to hide, nothing to be ashamed of – it is a new mode of communication, with no taboos or ethical limits applying to topics of conversation. The Glass Man identity also means transparency, not just for the individual but also for the corporation acting in the mediated public space. The Chinese social credit system can serve as a good example of how social control disciplines citizens and increases levels of social control. We can hide something about ourselves from other users, but not from service owners. The Glass Man identity means a new type of human, a new type of balance between control and power. Glass Man means a person who does not need to hide anything. It is a new mode of both communication and power. Big Brother is no longer merely a metaphor or a reality TV show. This is a “brave new world,” and most likely our new reality.

Governments all over the world are rapidly embracing digital technologies for information collection, governance, and social control. Recent studies suggest citizens may accept or even support digital surveillance. By using an online survey dataset on public opinion about facial recognition technology, contact tracing apps, and the social credit system in China, Germany, the US, and the UK, this article shows that these studies have overlooked a small yet significant group of digital technology doubters. Our results show that while up to 10% of Chinese citizens belong to the group of “digital doubters,” this group is the largest in Germany with 30% of citizens. The US and the UK are in the middle with approximately 20%. While citizens who belong to this group of digital doubters worry about privacy and surveillance issues, their attitudes can also be explained by them not being convinced of the benefits of digital technologies, including improved efficiency, security, or convenience. We find that the more citizens lack trust in their government, the more likely they are to belong to the group of digital doubters. Our findings demonstrate that in both democratic and authoritarian states, there are citizens opposing the adoption of certain digital technologies. This underscores the importance of initiating societal debate to determine the appropriate regulations that align with these societal preferences.

Critics see China's social credit system (SCS) as a tool of surveillance and repression. Yet opinion surveys in China find considerable public support for the SCS. We explain this puzzle by focusing on citizens' lack of knowledge regarding the repressive nature of digital surveillance in dictatorships, which can be attributed to (1) invisible and targeted repression associated with digital surveillance and (2) government propaganda and censorship further concealing its repressive potential. A field survey experiment on 750 college students in three Chinese regions shows that revealing the SCS's repressive potential significantly reduces support for the system, but emphasizing its social-order-maintenance function does not increase support. Observational evidence from the field survey and a nationwide survey of 2,028 Chinese netizens show that the support is higher if citizens knew about the SCS through state media. Our findings highlight the role of information and framing in shaping public opinion on digital surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's Social Credit System (SCS) is a massive government-led initiative to promote data-driven compliance with law and social values. In the West, it is widely viewed as an Orwellian effort to crush resistance to the Chinese Communist Party. Such a picture is, if not wholly incorrect, decidedly incomplete. This Article offers a revisionist account of SCS and its implications for liberal democracies. SCS is, in fact, the world's most advanced prototype of a regime of algorithmic regulation. As such it could well represent our future. Or it could be a cautionary tale that sets the West on a different path. SCS is a sophisticated effort not only to embrace the capabilities of data analytics, but to restrain their potential abuses. Its three distinctive components are: (1) data as infrastructure; (2) feedback mechanisms which leverage the data to promote outcomes; and (3) an integral oversight regime of guiding principles and legal restraints. The system is imperfect, sometimes intentionally so. Yet both its merits and flaws are instructive. Incorporating lessons from China's system is crucial for resolving the great legal challenges we face in the emerging era of digital platform power, relentless data aggregation, ubiquitous artificial intelligence, and algorithmic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's social credit system features a central database, the assignment of social credit scores for individuals and businesses, and the meting out of rewards and punishments, including a form of public shaming. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) continues to develop the system in an effort to promote virtue and trustworthiness. While the idea that a government can 'legislate morality' is often scorned, it is not one that we dispute. Our focus is on how the social credit system promotes virtue, how the CCP's thinking compares with that of certain relevant philosophers, and whether the system is in violation of human rights. As we readily acknowledge, there is a sense in which practically all of us face an informal kind of social credit system; as individuals in society, we expect to be subject to a kind of feedback loop in which good behaviour is rewarded and poor behaviour is punished. Yet China's social credit system is a remarkably centralised kind of effort, and it enables the CCP to play an extraordinarily dominant role in both controlling and contributing to the feedback loop that people and businesses in China face. In harmony with a chorus of human rights groups, we argue that China's social credit system is indeed in serious danger of violating certain human rights, particularly certain rights relating to freedom of opinion and expression. Moreover, we contend that this human rights critique of the system is reasonably robust because the kind of human rights involved are liberty rights as opposed to rights to goods and services. As we explain, liberty rights tend not to impose a material burden on others, which helps to give them an especially strong claim for recognition as human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes trust as social capital, social credit, necessary component of solidarity. The concepts of measure and boundaries of trust are revealed. The status of trust as «the art of communicative politics» is designated. It is shown that the «threshold» of trust, its measure and potential are determined by the imperatives of trust, including efficiency, decency, and concern.

The traffic management system holds immense importance due to its significant impact on human living standards. With the advent of advanced technologies such as natural language processing and autonomous vehicles, this study proposes a novel cooperative traffic management system based on collection auctions at an isolated unsignalized intersection, taking into account the users’ preferences for passing the intersection while being subject to their social credits. Once vehicles enter the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication zone, drivers provide the intersection control center with their bidding information, which reflects their urgency for right-of-way. According to the traffic and biding information, the vehicles’ passing sequence is optimized by the control center, in order to maximize the drivers’ average satisfaction. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system, a series of simulation experiments were conducted under varying traffic volumes. The simulation results were then compared with several other traffic control systems from the literature. It was shown that the proposed algorithm demonstrates superior performance in terms of computational time, traffic delay, and drivers’ personal satisfaction.

This article will investigate the communication problems creating cultural identity and saving private space in the era of QR-codes and vaccination passports, in which every step offline and click online is recorded and stored in databases. The author proposes using the metaphor of the Glass Man to explain the status of the current cultural identification process. The term has come from medical terminology, where it means "imperfect osteogenesis", a condition when bones are weak and unable to provide the necessary level of support. The body lacks the stamina and resistance required to function properly. The identity of Glass Man means transparency by default on the one hand, but fragility on the other. The Glass Man is a person without the need to hide anything. Nothing to hide, nothing to be ashamed of -- it is a new mode of communication, with no taboos or ethical limits applying to topics of conversation. The Glass Man identity also means transparency, not just for the individual but also for the corporation acting in the mediated public space. The Chinese social credit system can serve as a good example of how social control disciplines citizens and increases levels of social control. We can hide something about ourselves from other users, but not from service owners. The Glass Man identity means a new type of human, a new type of balance between control and power. Glass Man means a person who does not need to hide anything. It is a new mode of both communication and power. Big Brother is no longer merely a metaphor or a reality TV show. This is a "brave new world," and most likely our new reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A robust social credit system fosters social trust. • China's Social Credit System (CSCS) promotes entrepreneurial activities. • The CSCS's impact soars in regions with weak laws, low marketization, and poor economic conditions. • Bank credit, talent attraction, and rent-seeking affect entrepreneurship. This study examines the impact of China's Social Credit System (CSCS) pilot policy on entrepreneurship on a panel of 2,256 city-year observations across 282 cities from 2012 to 2019. We find that the social credit system promotes entrepreneurship, with the effect being more pronounced in regions characterized by weaker legal environments, lower levels of marketization, and poorer economic conditions. The underlying mechanisms facilitating this impact encompass improved access to bank credit, increased talent attraction, and diminished regional corruption. Our study enriches the existing literature on the relationship between social credit and entrepreneurship and provides policy insights for promoting regional entrepreneurial endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social credit refers to establishing mutual trust among diverse social entities through adherence to contractual principles. Despite the acknowledged significance of risk-taking in fostering corporate performance, scant attention has been devoted to exploring the influence of social credit on corporate risk-taking. Based on China's social credit reform policies, we use a staggered difference-in-difference (DID) estimation approach to conduct our study and find that good social credit significantly enhances corporate risk-taking. This phenomenon can be attributed to ameliorating agency costs and alleviating financing constraints. Furthermore, our findings are more significant for firms with weaker corporate governance, higher external financing constraints, and regions with insufficient formal institutions. In conclusion, this study not only expands the research on the influencing factors of risk-taking, but also provides useful references for government departments on how to further improve the construction of social credit system. [Display omitted] • We evaluate the effect of social credit on corporate risk-taking. • We use a comprehensive dataset from Chinese firms with a Difference-in-Differences estimations. • Social credit significantly increases corporate risk-taking. • The underlying mechanism is alleviating agency costs and financing constraints. • The effect is more significant in firms with weaker corporate governance and higher external financing dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable supplier selection (SSS) has become an essential task for decision-makers in competitive environments. We construct a new decision-making framework for SSS. First, classical SSS usually includes fixed factors in environmental, social and economic dimensions. Differently, we adopt new social factors from credit perspective with corporate social credit system being promoted vigorously by the Chinese government. Next, we employ probabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) to collect experts' judgments about interactive influence between factors. Third, we combine PLTSs with Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method to identify critical success factors (CSFs) for improving decision-making efficiency. And we also give definition to relative importance degree, standard relative importance degree, deviation of importance degree and influence degree to reflect the interactive influence between factors. To eliminate subjective influence, we combine entropy weighting approach and DEMATEL to compute weights. Fourthly, we redefine dominance degree and apply it into TODIM method for SSS. Finally, the proposed decision-making framework's effectiveness is verified by using the case study of a new energy vehicle (NEV) company. Based on this, sensitivity analysis and comparison of methods are conducted. The results verify that the decision-making framework is valid and effective for SSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the ideas currently available in world science and practice among foreign researchers on the Social Credit System (SCS). The article analyzes the basic principles of SCS, which allowed us to draw the following conclusions: the social credit system for China is very close to ours mentally and historically, it fits well with the management paradigm based on the principles of Confucianism and Taoism, its main task is to promote the formation of citizens’ behavior based on openness, following rituals.The main conclusions are made, such as the fact that this system allows you to put into practice the principle of the golden mean, that the application of SCS will contribute to the formation of citizens’ behavior on the basis of openness, following rituals and the desire for peace of mind. The formation of the population’s habit of living in the context of SCS, as the authors believe, will help to increase the sincerity of life. An analysis of the materials of foreign researchers was carried out in the article, which gave reason to conclude that the social credit system, launched in China, so far scares the rest of the world. In this regard, the article discusses the five main fears associated with SCS, as well as the five advantages of introducing this system, draws conclusions, and develops recommendations.

Cooperative transmission is an efficient way to improve the security of multiuser networks. However, how to stimulate users to help others is a practical problem. In this paper, we address this problem by introducing a social credit system, in which users consume credit when transmitting private information and earn credit when assisting others. Only when the users have enough credit can get the opportunity to transmit private information, so they are motivated to help each other. In order to quantify the credit system, the credit consumed is related to the security performance, and the credit earned is related to the power used to help. We theoretically analyze the secrecy outage probability and the credit queue, and provide simulation results to verify the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the politicisation of smart urbanism and data-driven governance by making visible some of the potential inequalities emerging from these transitions through a provisional risk-class analysis. To pursue this analysis, it focuses on the case of smart urbanism and its associated process of data-driven governance in China. It looks specifically at the manner in which Chinese smart urbanism, in terms of its security measures, including widespread use of facial recognition and the roll-out of social credit scoring, is affecting inequalities. This article proposes risk-class analysis as a toolbox that can pose new questions in the search for what types of potential risks and inequalities emerge from the smart urbanism and data-driven governance being rolled out in the Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banned in China between 1998 and 2005, the reemergence of network marketing allows rural young women to distribute a wide range of consumer products across uneven rural–urban landscapes. The rhizomic distribution channels of network marketing long confounded Chinese legal and regulatory governance based on workplaces embedded in particular locations, a problem compounded by the rise of e‐commerce in the last decade. As network marketers and their potential clients maneuvered spatial inequalities, gender hierarchies, and financial exclusion, they confronted the subversion of long‐term mutuality and sociality to short‐term transactional exchanges, a process partially inverted by the move from physical to virtual retail and its digital rating systems. As the Chinese state sought to establish, monitor, and guarantee trust in economic activities by delimiting predatory schemes, its initial targeting of network marketing companies has given way to regulating the sellers themselves. In contrast to contexts where network marketing forges enterprising subjectivities of neoliberalism, however, Chinese salespersons prioritized meeting aspirations of an imagined pastoral state and idealized social relations over business transactions. By championing that earning trust forms the ultimate measure of success, the discourse of network salespersons and their potential customers rings with the ways that e‐commerce platforms and digital bureaucracy attempt to measure, evaluate, and regulate the trustworthiness of Chinese citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social credit enhances countries' economic and social development. Few studies, however, have addressed this issue or, more specifically, have focused on social credit risk assessment. This evaluation process is often influenced by various factors, and, in many contexts, it is poorly understood or analyzed in ways that fail to take reality into account. This study is based on the principles of multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA), as well as on an integrated use of cognitive mapping and the interactive multiple criteria decision making approach (i.e., TODIM). The objective was to develop an idiosyncratic decision support mechanism for identifying underlying criteria and calculating their corresponding weights (i.e., trade-offs) in risk assessments of social credit applications. This socio-technical approach was grounded in face-to-face work sessions with a panel of experts in credit risk analysis. The results reveal that the proposed methodological combination provides value to the process of evaluating social credit applications because of the privileged contact established with specialized know-how. The study's advantages, limitations, and practical implications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the technologies of power and subjectification in China's social credit system through a theoretically informed analysis of policy and legal documents as well as the narratives of social credit practitioners, including local officials and representatives of business partners. The ongoing project is a heterogeneous ensemble of discourses, regulations, policies, and any number of programs aiming to govern social and economic activities through problematizing, assessing, and utilizing the "trustworthiness" of individuals, enterprises, organizations, and government agencies. Drawing on governmentality studies, the article explicates the operation of governmental and disciplinary-pastoral modalities of power in the project, which are interrelated in their logics and overlap in the tactics employed. Whereas the strategy of governmental/biopolitical power is centered on achieving effective economic governance and improving regulatory compliance through technological fixes, disciplinary-pastoral power aspires to shape individual behavior and the collective mores of a locality according to a mixture of market-oriented and socialist-traditional values. Social credit is envisioned to produce and channel homo economicus and homo moralis. However, the relationships between liberal and socialist subjectivities and between rationalization and moralization are by no means coherent. The assemblage of social credit government is characterized by contradictions and contestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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