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Climate change poses significant risks to natural and economic environments, particularly through its interaction with air pollution. As agriculture is vital for national production, and crop insurance supports social security, it is crucial to examine how air pollution affects crop insurance. Here, we quantify the impact of air quality on crop insurance claims from an actuarial perspective and evaluate the implications for the industry. Utilizing claims data from the U.S., we explore the potential of particulate matter (PM2.5) as a predictor of insurance claims, building on literature that highlights its economic damage to crops. Through the application of a generalized additive model (GAM) and extreme gradient boosting, we found that PM2.5 is indeed a factor influencing crop insurance indemnity in both models, with the GAM demonstrating superior predictive performance. Furthermore, we employed Bai and Perron breakpoint analysis to elucidate the relationship between PM2.5 levels and crop insurance claims over time, alongside two-way fixed effects models to investigate its correlation with various crop types. Our findings highlight the need for crop insurance managers to integrate air quality considerations into their risk processes to ensure sustainability of the industry and pricing strategy in the face of evolving environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universal Credit signalled a revolution in the delivery and costs of welfare provisioning. UC aimed to reduce spending on welfare, but in doing so now threatens the stability of a functioning and cohesive society. Over recent years, and most notably during the COVID‐19 pandemic, it has become ever clearer that adequate social security is vital to the functioning of society, as well as to the health and well‐being of the population. Yet this period has also served to highlight the fragility and insufficiency of welfare in the United Kingdom. This article explores how the current welfare crisis, is associated with UC. In this article, we also consider the uncertainty that UC has created in most recipients. We argue that there are other ways to support the most vulnerable in society, and that we are now at that critical juncture in needing to make significant change. Universal Basic Income (UBI) offers one such alternative by offering stable, individual, non‐means tested, and unconditional money transfers, to all citizens. Over the last decade, there have been multiple experiments around the world trialling basic income, each of which has a specific focus, or target population, as different elements of a UBI were scrutinised. In this article, we reflect upon what we consider to be the potential shortcomings of the current welfare system in the United Kingdom as a move away from its origin, arguing that the United Kingdom is now primed for UBI to be considered a fair and legitimate way to provide social security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insurers often commission psychiatric experts to evaluate the eligibility of workers with mental disorders for disability benefits, by estimating their residual work capacity (RWC). We investigated the validity of a standardized, computer-based battery of established diagnostic instruments, for evaluating the personality, cognition, performance, symptom burden, and symptom validity of claimants. One hundred and fifty-three claimants for benefits were assessed by the assembled test battery, which was applied in addition to a conventional clinical work disability evaluation. A principal component analysis of the test and questionnaire battery data revealed six factors (Negative Affectivity, Self-Perceived Work Ability, Behavioral Dysfunction, Working Memory, Cognitive Processing Speed, and Excessive Work Commitment). Claimants with low, medium, and high RWC exclusively varied in the factor Negative Affectivity. Importantly, this factor also showed a strong association to psychiatric ratings of capacity limitations in psychosocial functioning. The findings demonstrate that the used test battery allows a substantiation of RWC estimates and of psychiatric ratings by objective and standardized data. If routinely incorporated in work disability evaluations, the test battery could increase their transparency for all stakeholders (insurers, claimants, medical experts, expert case-coordinators, and legal practitioners) and would open new avenues for research in the field of insurance medicine. The residual work capacity (RWC) estimation by medical experts is internationally good practice, but plagued by a relatively low interrater agreement. The current study shows that psychiatric RWC estimates and capacity limitation ratings can be substantiated by data from objective, standardized psychometric instruments. Systematically using such instruments might help to improve the poor interrater agreement for RWC estimates in work disability evaluations. Such data could also be used for adopting vocational trainings and return-to-work programs to the individual needs of workers with mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the light of the current pandemic, the labour market has suffered many changes: from the typical 9 to 5 job done from the office, to the accommodation to a work from home type of job. Even if we speak about the employer or the employee, the situation brought many difficulties regarding how the social security system can help each one.

Islam’s social security system differs in nature and operation from the social security systems that are widely used around the world. The Muslim world has had access to a commendable social security system from the beginning of Islam, therefore modern social security systems are nothing new to them. In this article, the Islamic social security system under the rule of ‘Umar ibn al- Khattāb, the second khalifah of Islam, is studied historically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Disciplines Economics & Administrative Scienves Studies is the property of International Journal of Disciplines in Economics & Administrative Sciences Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is founded on both the theoretical schemes of financialization, as a new regime of accumulation, and the shareholder value, the everyday finance, the structured finance, as well as the finance-led growth regime, whose special institutional forms concern the wage–labor nexus, the competition form, the monetary regime, the state–society relations, the insertion into the international regime, and the coherence and dynamic of the growth regime. It also aims to examine if the Greek social security system (the "system") used financial logic in economic policy during the period of 2000q1–2021q3. It is econometrically approached through the short-run Granger causality tests but mainly the autoregressive distributed lag model in order to estimate the long-run relationships of the social contributions and benefits paid, with variables expressing the financialization either of the whole economy or particularly of one of the public sectors. So, these steady-state relationships proved statistically significant, and they are considered to be compatible with several mechanisms of the finance-led growth regime. Thus, the sustainability of the "system" should be insured by the policy makers in the economic progress and the creation of new jobs able to fund it. This article contributes to the literature by offering empirical evidence on the financialization and relevant compilation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Paradigma: Journal of Economics & Management Research / İktisadi ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi is the property of Gumushane University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many authors agree that extending social security to all working people is essential to ensure the wellbeing and respect of human rights in society. Without denying the importance of previous studies, we believe that without understanding workers’ preferences, and their willingness to participate and to pay for social insurance, it will be difficult for policy makers to launch successful reforms and extend social security to all. This article aims to study these preferences in Algeria, by using a survey conducted by the Applied Economics for Development Research Center (CREAD) and a valuation contingent method. We highlight the socio-economic predictors of the willingness to pay for social insurance with results that have practical meaning for policy framework.

The strengthening of European integration processes affects all aspects of the country's life, and the need to improve the efficiency of the pension system, primarily organizational, legal and accounting, is especially acute. In Ukraine, only the first and not fully the third level of the pension system are functioning. Regarding the second level of pension provision, the discussion continues from 2012 to the present day. The purpose of the article is to assess the structure of the social pension system of the first solidarity level since its creation (2004), the order of formation over a long period; proposals for improving its structure taking into account foreign experience. The analysis of the current system of pension provision. A constant increase in the deficit of the Pension Fund was determined, the size of which was affected by the adoption of a number of regulatory documents for application from 01.01.2016, aimed at changing two sources of its formation (the first - reducing the percentage of deductions from 36.76% and 49.7% and not taking into account this class of professional risk - 67 items and acceptance for deductions for all subjects - 22%; the second - the cancellation of contributions from the wages of employees - from 2% to 6.1%.). Factors influencing the formation of the pension fund were analyzed (the number of registered unemployed, taking into account (COVID-19), military actions, external and internal migration, etc.). In order to eliminate the deficit of the Pension Fund, it is proposed to improve its structure (create a single Pension Fund), to provide conditions for the transition to the accumulated fund of the second pension level (in addition to the first level - solidarity), which will contribute to the improvement of the pension provision of pensioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Insurers frequently commission medical experts to estimate the degree of the remaining work capacity (RWC) in claimants for disability benefits. The social functioning scale Mini-ICF-APP allows for a rating of activity and participation limitations in thirteen capacity domains, considered as particularly relevant for work ability. The current study sought to evaluate the role of the Mini-ICF-APP ratings in psychiatric work disability evaluations, by examining how the capacity limitation ratings varied with the claimants’ primary psychiatric diagnoses and how the ratings were related to RWC estimates. Methods Medical experts estimated the RWC of 946 claimants with mental disorders and rated their activity and participation limitations using the Mini-ICF-APP, with higher ratings reflecting more severe limitations. The ratings were compared between claimants with different psychiatric diagnoses by analyses of variance. The mean Mini-ICF-APP rating across all capacity domains as well as all capacity-specific ratings were entered in simple or multiple regression models to predict the RWC in an alternative job. Results The Mini-ICF-APP capacity limitation ratings in all domains but mobility were higher for claimants with personality and behavior disorders as compared to those with mood disorders or with neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders. The largest differences were observed in social capacities (e.g. group integration: F 2, 847 = 78.300, P 16.393, all Ps

This article provides five panel datasets for the projections of the mean replacement ratios of pension income relative to the worker's income. The time dimension is from year 2022 until 2055. The panel groups consider the gender, income and education of the workers. Furthermore, the variables consider different scenarios for the social security system: (1) a baseline with the current policies, (2) an increase of retirement age to 67 years, (3) an increase of the retirement age to 67 years and a 6% increase of the contribution rate, with a rate of 0–3% going to solidarity funds.

Purpose: Benefits of national-level stay-at-home order imposed in Italy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission need to be carefully weighed against its impact on citizens' health. In a country with a strong familial culture and where welfare relies on households, confinement drastically decreased support provided by elder relatives, which may have resulted in mental health worsening. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional study (LOST in Italy) was conducted on a representative sample of Italian adults during lockdown (27th of April–3rd of May 2020). We asked 3156 subjects to report on reduced help in housework and childcare from retired parents to assess the impact of confinement on mental health, through validated scales before and during lockdown. Results: Overall, 1484 (47.0%) subjects reported reduced housework help from parents, and 769 (64.0%, of the 1202 subjects with children) diminished babysitting support. Subjects reporting reduced housework help had worsened sleep quality (multivariate odds ratio, OR = 1.74, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.49–2.03) and quantity (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.28–1.76), depressive (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.14–1.53) and anxiety symptoms (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.32–1.78), compared to those reporting unreduced help. Worsening in sleep quality (OR = 2.32, 95% CI 1.76–3.05), and quantity (OR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.36–2.37), depressive (OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.39–2.31) and anxiety symptoms (OR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.48–2.46) was also associated with reduced babysitting help. Mental health outcomes were worse in subjects with poorer housing and teleworking during lockdown. Conclusion: Confinement came along with reduced familial support from parents, negatively impacting household members' mental health. Our findings might inform evidence-based family and welfare policies to promote population health within and beyond pandemic times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study sought to measure the level of active transparency of the Local Social Security Systems (RPPSs) of municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. To this end, the Indicator of Active Transparency of RPPSs (RITA) was constructed, supported by the observations present in the Access to Information Law (LAI), as well as in the RPPS Pro-Management Manual. The number of RPPSs in the sample for this study was 50 entities. The data for measuring the RITA were collected in each RPPS's institutional web portal. The results show that only 30% of the RPPSs analyzed showed a level of active transparency between moderate (11) and desired (4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the Philippines' current condition in COVID-19, the Social Security System (SSS) has launched a mobile app as an intervention for walk-in appointments and another convenient way to exchange information. By integrating the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study scrutinizes and investigates the various factors influencing the SSS mobile app's accessibility. An online questionnaire composed of 60 items required at least 200 respondents. The researchers measured twelve latent variables, including social influence, awareness of service, computer self-efficacy, quality of internet connection, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, subjective norms, the impression of use, demographic, attitude towards using, behavioral intention to use, and actual use of SSS mobile app. The results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicated that awareness of service had a substantial direct influence on computer self-efficacy and perceived usefulness. In addition, computer self-efficacy had a substantial direct influence on the quality of internet connection and perceived ease of used, in which this perceived ease of use had a substantial direct influence on perceived usefulness and attitude toward using the mobile application. This study's findings can be used to provide information on the key factors that have been identified as having a considerable effect on the app's accessibility and further improving the overall service efficiency of the SSS mobile app. Finally, the study's model construct will be valuable for researchers and other sectors investigating user–software interaction of applicable government or private service mobile applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sosyal Güvence Dergisi is the property of Sosyal Guvenlik Uzmanlari Dernegi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides a pooled cross-sectional sample of Chilean households from 4 survey waves (1997, 2007, 2012, 2017). The data has information on the demographics of the household, labor participation and occupation, savings rates, plus wealth of different sources. The data is available in both Excel and Stata formats. It is an important data for the study of savings, wages, pensions and wealth inequality.

In Japan, the population aged 65 years and above accounts for 29% of the total population. Furthermore, the number of cancer patients among the elderly is increasing. Geriatric oncology is a discipline that deals with appropriate care for elderly cancer patients based on their characteristics. The International Society of Geriatric Oncology considers education, treatment, research, and partnership building areas of significance and priority for policy goals. In Japan, the Third Term of the Basic Plan to Promote Cancer Control is an initiative to improve the infrastructure and health services involved in cancer care. Content related to "cancer in the elderly" was added to establish guidelines for treating cancer in the elderly. Thus far, "Clinical Practice Guidelines of Cancer Drug Therapies for the Elderly" have been published. With the increasing age of the population, social security expenditures will increase substantially after the fiscal year 2022. Reforms to social security systems, such as pensions, medical care, and nursing care, are underway. It is important to enhance cooperation between oncology and geriatrics and to support cooperative systems among families and medical professionals to promote geriatric oncology. Since the working-age population and the total population have begun to decline, Japan is facing many challenges. As a leader of a super-aging society, Japan has the potential to share its experience on a global scale and address potential long-term outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endüstri 4.0 ile ilgili literatür incelendiğinde, konunun öncelikle teknolojik açıdan daha sonra ise insan kaynağı açısından ele alındığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise çalışma hayatında ortaya çıkaracağı değişimler özellikle sosyal güvenlik sistemi açısından ele alınacaktır. Bu amaçla öncelikle endüstri 4.0 kavramından bahsedilecektir. Daha sonra ise bu sürecin çalışma hayatında neden olduğu değişimler değerlendirilecektir. Burada emeğin nitelik ve niceliksel değişimi, gig ekonomisinin gelişimi ve nüfusun yaşlanması konuları ele alınacaktır. Son bölümde ise yaşanan gelişmelerin sosyal güvenlik sitemine etkileri tartışılacak ve çözüm yolları önerilecektir.

Austrian society is an ageing society. Old age does not always mean dependence. However, the risk of disability and dependence increases with age. In addition, older people often experience multi-disease. High-quality long-term care services can help frail and dependent elderly on maintaining greater autonomy and participation in society, regardless of their condition. The aim of the article is to analyze legal, institutional and practical solutions in the field of long-term care system functioning in Austria. It should be emphasized that Austria is striving to develop services based on a social model and an independent life paradigm. Analysis of legal solutions indicates that the long-term care system in Austria is very complex. Institutional solutions are divided between the federal level and nine federal states. On the one hand, this results in decentralization and more effective help for the elderly, but on the other hand, it causes the diffusion and heterogeneity of standards.

Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The economic factor and its strong influence is determined mainly by the funds received from social security contributions in the social security system, by the number of persons employed, by the pension costs and the amount of the maximum social security income, as well as by the average monthly salary. Funds allocated to pensions are a major economic factor that has a major impact on the social security system. The more money is spent on pensions, the greater the negative financial effect on the social security system. The unfavorable demographic trends and the aging of the population in Bulgaria have led to higher pension expenditures. The purpose of the report is to show the great importance of the economic factor as an essential element of the social security system. The funds allocated for pensions in the social security system are essential. As the population ages, pension costs increase, so does the burden on the social security system. The current social security system is based on three pillars - mandatory pension insurance, mandatory supplementary and supplementary voluntary pension insurance. Compulsory pension insurance is in fact a continuation of the previously operating pension system, based on the pay-as-you-go system, with modifications to somehow link people's contributions to the pensions received. The insured pay social security contributions, which are distributed and paid in the form of a pension to the disabled. Compulsory supplementary pension insurance is the second pillar of the system and is based on the so-called funds or capital principle. The contributions of the insured persons are transferred to pension funds, which invest the resources in investment instruments. As it has already become clear, the three-pillar model in Bulgaria is a mix of the cost-covering and capital models. The problems in these models quite naturally have an impact on the chosen three-pillar model in Bulgaria. The main idea behind the cost-covering model is that working young people contribute to the pension system and these contributions are used to pay the pensions of the currently disabled. The model can be considered as a kind of social transfer of resources between generations. Young people work and pay a "social tax", and the disabled receive an income (pension) that provides them with consumption. The results show that more and more funds are needed for the social security system, which are obtained through grants from the national budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Inequalities & Economic Growth / Nierownosci Spoleczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Insurers frequently commission medical experts to estimate the degree of the remaining work capacity (RWC) in claimants for disability benefits. The social functioning scale Mini-ICF-APP allows for a rating of activity and participation limitations in thirteen capacity domains, considered as particularly relevant for work ability. The current study sought to evaluate the role of the Mini-ICF-APP ratings in psychiatric work disability evaluations, by examining how the capacity limitation ratings varied with the claimants' primary psychiatric diagnoses and how the ratings were related to RWC estimates. Methods: Medical experts estimated the RWC of 946 claimants with mental disorders and rated their activity and participation limitations using the Mini-ICF-APP, with higher ratings reflecting more severe limitations. The ratings were compared between claimants with different psychiatric diagnoses by analyses of variance. The mean Mini-ICF-APP rating across all capacity domains as well as all capacity-specific ratings were entered in simple or multiple regression models to predict the RWC in an alternative job. Results: The Mini-ICF-APP capacity limitation ratings in all domains but mobility were higher for claimants with personality and behavior disorders as compared to those with mood disorders or with neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders. The largest differences were observed in social capacities (e.g. group integration: F 2, 847 = 78.300, P < 0.001). In claimants with depression, all ratings increased with the severity of the diagnosis (all Fs 2, 203 > 16.393, all Ps < 0.001). In the overall sample, the mean Mini-ICF-APP rating showed a strong negative correlation with the estimated RWC (r = −.720, P < 0.001). Adding the capacity-specific ratings to the prediction model improved this prediction only marginally. Discussion: The Mini-ICF-APP allows for documenting claimants' activity and participation limitations, which is likely to increase the transparency of medical experts' RWC estimates and enables them to check the plausibility of such estimates. However, our study showed that despite the strong association between RWC and Mini-ICF-APP ratings, half of the RWC variance was unrelated to the capacity limitations documented in the Mini-ICF-APP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides data projections of replacement ratios of the pension income relative to the last labor earnings for the Chilean cohorts of retirees between 2015 and 2055. Time series are presented for the percentiles 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 and 99 of each cohort to fully characterize the heterogeneity of the living standards during retirement over the entire period. The datasets are available in Excel and Stata. The dataset is useful for academics, policy makers and financial analysts to plot the impact of policies such as increasing the contribution rate or delaying the retirement age on the pension income of future retirees for each generation between 2015 and 2055. The dataset also shows the heterogeneous impact of those policies including statistics for the mean plus the percentiles 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 and 99 of the population of retirement cohorts.

Copyright of Ius Novum is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznanskiej. Organizacja & Zarzadzanie is the property of Poznan University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a human right and an integral part of people-centered agenda for development. Safe work also underpins sustainable enterprises which benefit from improved productivity, quality, and workforce motivation. A healthy workforce and safe and productive enterprises are part of successful and sustainable development strategies. The government is obliged to protect workers through the making of public policy. The Implementation of public policy in order to protect workers is the public enactment of the rules in the field of occupational safety and health. Laws and regulations that are public are made to reduce the freedom of the individual worker and workers, so worker "forced" to meet the health and safety rights of the workers responsibly. Indonesia and Malaysia have relations with foreign workers, so many Indonesian works in Malaysia until today. It is important to know and analyze the labor law within the two countries. The aim of this paper is to examine the comparison of labor law between Indonesia and Malaysia in supervision safety and health at work.

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Copyright of Revista Jurídica Piélagus is the property of Universidad Surcolombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social security activities in the Republic of Bulgaria are carried out by the National Revenue Agency (NRA), the National Social Security Institute (NSSI), the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) and the private pension funds for supplementary compulsory social security (SCSS). In addition to the traditional social security based on compulsory social security contributions, the Bulgarian social security system also comprises the social services. It covers targeted programmes funded by the national budget for social assistance and cares, for creation of jobs for people who are at working-age but are in disadvantaged position on the labour market, family allowances for children, etc. These social programmes are administered by the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy through various government authorities: Social Assistance Agency and Employment Agency. The state public security scheme (SPSS) is the biggest and the most significant portion of the social security network and the social security system of the Republic of Bulgaria. The collection of social security contributions in the SPSS funds and for health insurance is performed by the National Revenue Agency, which is responsible for the revenue part of the SPSS budget and transfers the collected revenue to the NHIF budget and the amounts collected under the individual accounts of insured persons – to universal pension funds (UPF) and professional pension funds (PPF). The National Social Security Institute is the public institution that administers all social security risks, except for the health insurance. It administers the allowance and payment of compensations for occurred social security events and is in charge of the cost part of the SPSS budget. The National Health Insurance Fund is the public institution that provides health insurance services to the citizens of the Republic of Bulgaria. It is in charge of the revenue and cost part of the compulsory health insurance budget. The amounts from compulsory social security and health insurance contributions collected in social security, pension and health funds are kept in the banking system of the Republic of Bulgaria. Their accounting reporting in the commercial banks is organised by the legislator (Ordinance No 3 of the Bulgarian National Bank on the terms and conditions for performance of payment operations and for use of payment instruments, 2018). A special banking standard for preparation of payment documents for budget settlements applies to the money transfers. The System of Electronic Budget Payments (SEBRA) is used for the supervision and management of payments initiated by and to the budget enterprises (NRA, NSSI, NHIF). SEBRA may be also used for payments from the national budget, from the out-of-budget accounts and funds, from other entities‟ accounts (within the meaning of article 50 of the Structure of the National Budget Act, 2011), and for reimbursement of revenue overpaid by the administrators of public receivables. SEBRA is not a basic payment system but is rather an auxiliary (subsidiary) system – an element of the basic payment system of the Republic of Bulgaria. It is used by the budget enterprises to transfer social security and health insurance contributions and for payment of compensations upon occurrence of social security and health insurance events due to insured risks (health and social security). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social medicine is the medical field that specializes in relationships between health, disease, and society. The goal of social medical care should be to enable functioning and participation in all areas of life as much as possible. Social medicine can be understood as a bridge between individual health care and public health and to other medical specialties. Expertise in social medicine is also helpful for dermatology and in daily clinical practice. This article presents the specialization "social medicine" in Germany., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

System zabezpieczenia społecznego w każdym kraju, jeśli istnieje, odgrywa kluczową rolę we wspieraniu obywateli, jednocześnie stanowi duże obciążenie finansowe dla wydatków budżetowych państwa. W Polsce składa się on z systemu ubezpieczeń społecznych i opieki społecznej, systemu ubezpieczeń zdrowotnych, zasiłków dla bezrobotnych i świadczeń rodzinnych, z których wyliczono emeryturę, rentę inwalidzką, ubezpieczenie chorobowe i macierzyńskie, ubezpieczenie od wypadków przy pracy i choroby zawodowe i ubezpieczenie zdrowotne. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zmian, jakie zaszły w polskim systemie emerytalnym w latach 1999–2017 oraz wpływu tych zmian na wysokość wydatków publicznych. W badaniu dokonano weryfikacji hipotezy badawczej: często występujące zmiany w systemie emerytalnym mają negatywny wpływ na stan polskich finansów publicznych. Badaniem objęto lata 1999–2017. Podstawowymi materiałami badawczymi wykorzystanymi do przeprowadzenia analizy badań były sprawozdania z realizacji budżetu państwa, dane przygotowane przez Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych oraz dane statystyczne uzyskane z Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego.