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We develop a double-sided moral hazard model of social entrepreneurship and derive the optimal state subsidy. Then, we analyze the data of an EU-funded training and mentoring program aiming at preparing social entrepreneurs for private financing. Using content analysis techniques, we investigate the 203 applications for the program, the reviewers' evaluation, and the selection decision. Social enterprises produce private and public benefits, use market and non-market resources, and involve a wide range of stakeholders with different incentives. We examine why different projects can get active financing (financing plus advisory), or only passive financing (financing without advisory), or no financing at all. We identify five relevant selection criteria such as entrepreneurial net present value, entrepreneurial agency cost, advisory net present value, advisory agency cost, and the external effects of the project. Empirical findings are consistent with the theoretical model. Applicants with higher scores in business plan, social impact, and geographical scope were significantly more likely to be selected, especially if their activities required no domain-specific knowledge from the advisors. However, higher agency costs, reflected in too many business lines and early-stage operations, seem to reduce the chances significantly. We formulate a moral hazard model for social entrepreneurship with four simultaneously optimizing players: an entrepreneur, an investor, an advisor, and the state. With the help of our unique database, we get valuable insights into the financing decisions of a profit-seeking investor. Our findings can contribute to the improvement of the design of state-subsidized social entrepreneurship programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the global development of social enterprises (SEs) over the past three decades, how to improve sustainability remains a challenging issue for most SEs. Although SE ecosystems have been recognized as crucial determinants of SE sustainability performance in the current literature, no empirical study has comprehensively examined the relationships among them. Additionally, prior studies have demonstrated that sustainability performance might vary among SEs of different revenue structures or across different contexts, suggesting that more attention should be devoted to the complexity of the causal mechanisms determining SE sustainability performance. To address these gaps in the current literature, this paper examines the complex, divergent, and asymmetric causal links among SE ecosystems, revenue structures, and the sustainability performance of SEs in China by conducting fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) of 274 typical cases of SEs. The results revealed alternative configurations for high and low levels of sustainability performance among SEs of different revenue structures. First, the fsQCA results indicated that SE sustainability performance was not determined by the impacts of single components of SE ecosystems but rather by the combined effects of multiple elements. Second, for SEs of divergent revenue structures, causal paths leading to high or low levels of sustainability performance showed notable discrepancies in terms of both number and composition. Specifically, commercial SEs receiving income mainly from market-based earned income were more likely to achieve higher levels of social and financial sustainability because of greater adaptability to SE ecosystems and less environmental dependence. Third, the impacts of different components of SE ecosystems on sustainable performance also varied with SE revenue structures. Three categories of components—policy environment, sociocultural setting, and industrial infrastructure—made more important contributions to SE sustainability performance in both the social and financial dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global burden of uncorrected refractive error demands for adoption of different approaches inclined towards scaling effective refractive error coverage. While innovative approaches such as utilization of telemedicine is being adopted by social enterprises in different parts of the world to scale refractive error service delivery, commercial entrepreneurship still dominates the optical industry in Kenya with minimal focus on accessibility and affordability. However, to achieve effective refractive error coverage across the economic pyramid, integration of enterprises inclined towards fulfilling a social mission through innovative approaches such as telemedicine is desirable. This study thus developed a framework for the integration of refractive error services into the eye health ecosystem in Kenya, via social enterprise. This was an exploratory study which entailed a scoping review of current models used by social enterprises and development of a framework for the integration of refractive error services into the eye health ecosystem via social enterprises, through expert opinion. The data was collected through telephonic and online interviews with key opinion leaders. The preliminary framework developed was presented to the key opinion leaders for comments and inputs through the Delphi technique. Thereafter, the final proposed framework for integration of refractive error services into the eye health ecosystem in Kenya via a social enterprise was developed. All of the key opinion leaders 10 (100%) agreed that social enterprises are worthy of attention when it comes to scaling cost effective refractive error service delivery in Kenya. A total of (n = 28; 80%) Key Opinion leaders identified vision centres, (n = 28; 80.0%) cross-subsidization, (n = 32; 91.4%) skills development, (n = 35; 100%) partnership and (n = 35; 100%) technology as critical components in scaling effective refractive error coverage in a resource constrained country such as Kenya. There was consensus among all the key opinion leaders (n = 35; 100%) that social enterprises are well placed to implement innovative approaches such as telemedicine to scale effective refractive error coverage in Kenya. The framework developed integrates aspects such as technology, partnership, referral, cross-subsidization, skills development and vision centres. It is anticipated that through engagement of social enterprises, integration of critical aspects such as human resources, awareness/education, cost efficiency, research and service delivery could potentially be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social entrepreneurship has emerged since the 1980s in both the United States and Europe to address the social, ecological, and environmental problems that have destabilised existing economic systems around the world. Since the end of the 1990s, scientific production has been proliferating on this subject, but there is no consensus and a unifying paradigm as to the definition of the concept. This is due to the distinctions in the conception and practice of social entrepreneurship in different contexts, especially in Europe and the United States. Reflecting and practicing social entrepreneurship thus remains subject to the specificities of the geographical context. This work is in line with this perspective, as we seek to understand the characteristics of social entrepreneurship in Tunisia by positioning ourselves in relation to three components: the elements of context, the elements of concept, and the elements of implementation. This work is exploratory, and we adopt a qualitative approach through semi-directive interviews addressed to the actors of the Tunisian ecosystem as well as to social enterprises belonging to several sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social enterprises are organizations that make society more resilient, but at the same time they have their own vulnerabilities and are threatened by a number of factors that can throw them into a crisis. Nevertheless, a crisis in social enterprises and their crisis preparedness are not topics that the literature adequately deals with. The aim of this mixed method research is to identify how social entrepreneurs make sense of crisis preparedness, and how to measure it. The qualitative part of the research shows that there are five key themes that are perceived by social entrepreneurs when it comes to crisis preparedness in the context of social enterprises' specifics: Crisis preparedness as a prevention against mission drift, as a necessity when working with disadvantaged employees, as a path toward greater financial stability, as a "helper" in a changing legislative environment, and as a response to a fragile organizational structure. Combining these findings with the literature review, composite Perceived Threats Index (PTI) and Crisis Preparedness Index (CPI) are constructed. Using correlation and regression analysis and hypothesis testing, we validate them and confirm relationship between geographical scope of social enteprises and crisis preparedness as well as between latter and perceived threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to urgent societal challenges, organisations increasingly prioritise principles of hybrid value creation over capitalist efficiency rationales. Bureaucratic governance arrangements are widely regarded as detrimental to these organisations and their capacity to drive social change and innovation. Yet, bureaucratic governance continues to dominate the organisational landscape, while alternative approaches remain largely absent or underdeveloped. In this article, we address this puzzle and explore the re-enchantment of collegiality as a polycratic intra-organisational governance concept. Our research is based on empirical evidence from two social enterprises, of which one failed and one succeeded, with a collegiality governance approach. We find that certain elements of traditional collegiality can be particularly problematic in practice and propose a neo-collegial framework that we regard as particularly suitable for the governance of hybrid organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous researchers developed a comprehensive typology for categorizing social entrepreneurship; however, their framework does not fully address some emerging forms. This paper offers a critical addition to their model by introducing the "transnational pragmatist", a type of social entrepreneur with a grassroots background who creates a community-centric social enterprise in a foreign context. Through insights gained from interviews with social entrepreneurs, this paper identifies and defines the transnational pragmatist as a distinct category that fills a significant gap in Abebe's framework. Our contribution broadens the typology to better capture smaller for-profit and nonprofit ventures operating transnationally, enhancing the model's relevance for international social entrepreneurs from humble origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the growth of social enterprises, their operational diversity and impact, and their characteristics from the stakeholders' perspective focusing on the diversity and influence of social enterprises in the Republic of Korea. Based on data from periodical reports, newspaper articles, and the existing academic literature, this study provides insights into the diversity and influence of social enterprises in Korea. This study suggests that the growth of Korean social enterprises is rooted in extensive government support, including financial subsidies, tax benefits, and technological innovation incentives. We found that the landscape includes officially recognized social enterprises and other entities that, while not formally certified, fulfill similar roles by embodying social values within diverse institutional frameworks. These enterprises have diversified to engage various social issues, from job creation for marginalized groups to environmental sustainability and community development. Effective stakeholder engagement fostered diversity and inclusiveness within these organizations. A limitation of this study is the use of secondary sources. Future research should use more diverse data collection methods and examine a broader range of social enterprises, including non-certified ones. This study contributes to the discourse on social enterprise by highlighting the trajectory of social enterprise development, the critical role of government support, and the importance of stakeholder engagement to promote diversity. It also provides insights into the diversity and role of social enterprises in Korea and their potential to address socio-economic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of entrepreneurial marketing (EM) strategies to the sustainability of profit and non-profit making ventures has drawn critics from practitioners and academic domains. Many have argued that EM dimensions are designed for profit marking ventures and not for profit venture. This informed the need to examine the effect of EM on the survival of social enterprises (SEs) in Nigeria. The study selected SEs staff in Anambra State, Nigeria using a quantitative research approach. Data were collected from 387 SE staff using a structured questionnaire. Hypotheses were tested using International Business Machine Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM-SPSS) and International Business Machine -Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - Analysis of Moment Structures (IBM-SPSS-AMOS) version 27 that runs exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings revealed that all the EM dimensions, except market sensing, have significant and positive effect on the survival of SEs in Nigeria. Therefore, the study concluded that EM has significant effect on the survival of SEs in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study recommended that practitioners should adopt and implement EM dimensions as the basic enablers that would sustain the existence of SEs in both Nigeria and beyond.

This paper analyzes the role of social accelerators in fostering authentic leadership profiles among social entrepreneurs who are managing high-impact social enterprises associated with such accelerators. The research adopts a qualitative and descriptive approach, focusing on narratives from selected social entrepreneurs supported by a Spanish social accelerator. Nine social entrepreneurs were interviewed, embedded in an ecosystem organized and managed by the accelerator. These social entrepreneurs have been highly successful in terms of having a positive impact on their communities, with the ability to obtain outside funding for their operations based on their performance. The case study method provided a profound analysis of the chosen cases. The study builds on existing literature linking social entrepreneurship and Authentic Leadership, adapting the theoretical framework to the context of Spanish social entrepreneurs. Through the analysis of social entrepreneurs' narratives and perceptions, the research highlights the mutual influence between social accelerators and social entrepreneurship, emphasizing the involvement of corporations and their top managers. The findings confirm that the interaction between social entrepreneurs and the accelerator supports the evolution of these entrepreneurs as authentic leaders, ultimately enhancing the impact and success of their ventures. The Authentic Leadership profile of these entrepreneurs develops while leading their social impact projects with the help of a social accelerator. This profile is based on the presence of some key characteristics: triggering events in the form of critical life experiences, a deep reflection on fundamental personal values, self-aware personalities in the process of developing their projects, efficiency and effectiveness compatible with accomplishing a social purpose, and a rich social network built around long-term relationships with valuable stakeholders. These results offer valuable insights for further applications in leadership development within the social enterprise sector.

Purpose: Social enterprises live in the limbo between social and market objectives, posing many operations management challenges. This study extends the discussion of operational priorities, which has focused on purely for-profit organisations, to the context of social enterprises by exploring, from a resource-based perspective, which resources and operational priorities are most important to them and how they are used to respond to conflicting demands. Design/methodology/approach: Multiple case study research was carried out involving five Portuguese social enterprises, representative of the main sectors in which social enterprises operate in Europe. Ten semi-structured interviews with directors and other high-ranking respondents were conducted, and content was analysed to gather evidence on the key resources and operational priorities pursued by social enterprises. Cross-case conclusions were drawn, resulting in theoretical propositions and a conceptual framework. Findings: Findings suggest that social enterprises rely on intangible resources and combine different operational priorities, which may vary throughout their lifecycle. Community engagement has emerged as a specific operational priority, in addition to those already reported in the manufacturing and services literature. To balance conflicting demands, most social enterprises studied combine innovation with community engagement or customer focus. Originality/value: The study contributes to the development of knowledge about the operations strategy in the specific context of social enterprises, an organisational model that has not been systematically addressed in the operations management literature, and brings the discussion of operational priorities into the social enterprise field, thus strengthening the link between these two fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explored the transition of a disability inclusive employment programme in a private landscaping company into a standalone social enterprise ENABLE, offering horticultural training and sustainable jobs for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). The research question that guided this study is: How did ENABLE evolve from a sheltered employment programme into a social enterprise that provides sustainable employment for persons with IDD? And what is the prevailing influence on the employees and the society at large? Through qualitative descriptive analysis, we explored ENABLE's development, operations, and community influence. Multiple data collection methods were utilized including semi-structured interviews with key employers, observation of employees with IDD during their working hours, and analysis of related documents. By critically analysing this journey, this study contributes to the literature on entrepreneurial inclusive employment for individuals with IDD, addressing challenges faced by organisations that support disability employment in the UAE and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates ethnographically how early-stage impact investors evaluate the credibility of the impact promises made by social entrepreneurs. Uncovering how investors carry out this task beyond observable characteristics and self-reported prosocial intentions, I propose that their evaluation of impact promises centers on four interrelated aspects of the entrepreneurs' behavior: impact metrics, impact track record, impact management, and impact prospects. I articulate these aspects into a framework explaining how credible beliefs about entrepreneurs' impact promises emerge among investors and embolden their investment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates how consumers perceive the packaging of Philippine coffee social enterprise products and how this impression affects their willingness to purchase based on sensory expectations, brand attitude, product quality perception, and price perception. Design/methodology/approach: Following a positivist research philosophy, this study used empirical methods, surveying 263 coffee consumers. The coffee packaging prototypes varied across material and graphic designs. The data was analyzed statistically using the Friedman test and Spearman correlation. Findings: It was found that packaging elements elicit an equal share of emotional responses. Graphics have a greater impact than materials. Females are more affected by visuals, while materials influence males more. Further, packaging design correlates positively and significantly with consumer impressions and willingness to buy. Research limitations/implications: The sampling methodology limits generalizability. Future studies can use integrated models to analyze the effects of additional packaging variables like color and shape. Practical implications: Coffee enterprises should focus on graphic rather than material elements. Paper packs with patterned graphics are most attractive to consumers. Targeted gender-sensitive packaging designs are needed. Standardized packaging can help build the Philippine coffee social enterprise industry and support small-scale farmer livelihoods. Environmentally sustainable materials should be prioritized. Social implications: The findings contribute to the success and growth of small-scale farmers and social enterprises in the Philippines. These businesses can attract more consumers, increase their market share, and ultimately generate more significant social impact by implementing packaging design strategies that effectively communicate product quality, sustainability, and social value. Originality/value: The study uniquely integrates diverse methods to provide holistic insights into jointly analyzing the effects of packaging materials and graphics. It proposes an expanded conceptual role of packaging in shaping product perceptions using the affective response framework and Kansei approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the simultaneous presence of multiple ambitions is inherent in hybrid venturing, pursuing social and/or environmental missions while securing commercial viability can generate ambivalence among stakeholders. In this study, we draw on the notion of "holism" to show how venture founders both embrace tensioned ambitions and sustain hybridity during critical venture development phases. Based on 6 years of data on The People's Supermarket in the United Kingdom, we identify three distinct practices— fantasizing, bartering, and conjuring —used by founders to harness tensions productively, without compromising their venture's multiple ambitions. These practices demonstrate the founders' ability to maintain a venture's hybrid nature throughout the ideation, organizational, and scale-up phases, thereby shedding light on the application of "holism" within the realm of hybrid venturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the hybridity of social enterprises (SEs) by examining the barriers to growth they face at the individual, organizational and institutional levels. Through this investigation, the study aims to contribute to our understanding of hybrid SEs and advance knowledge in the field. Design/methodology/approach: This exploratory study uses Gioia's grounded theory method to analyze qualitative data from 16 interviews conducted with established SEs, dissolved SEs and consulting centers in Vietnam. Findings: SEs do have barriers to growth that distinguish them from traditional enterprises. Hybrids face barriers to growth at individual, organizational and institutional levels. This study offers a theoretical framework and provides the process model of SE barriers to growth. The SE growth process demonstrates the complex and dynamic interplay of specific components within two groups: organizational capacities and the SE ecosystem elements. This highlights the roles of various actors and institutions within the ecosystem in enhancing organizational capabilities and removing barriers to SE growth, extending knowledge of the SE, barriers to growth and the ecosystem literature. Research limitations/implications: This paper has two main limitations. First, it is an empirical research conducted in a specific context, so the results may not be universally applicable. Second, it has a qualitative approach, which has limitations in comparing differences among different groups, such as hybrids versus traditional enterprises. However, these limitations also open numerous possibilities for further research directions. For instance, future research could apply this theoretical framework to conduct surveys in diverse contexts and use quantitative analysis to further examine the model of hybrid constraints. Originality/value: The findings of this paper contribute to a more holistic understanding of barriers to growth facing SEs, which is an under-researched topic in the Vietnamese context. This paper offers a theoretical framework of barriers and the process of growth, providing potential recommendations for practitioners seeking to support SEs in addressing their unique challenges, and suggests avenues for further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing on capability theory, this study aims to examine the interplay of learning orientation, market orientation and stakeholder engagement in fostering social enterprise innovativeness. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of 1,044 Australian social enterprise executives and managers tested hypotheses in a mediated moderation model using structural equation modelling. Findings: Nested model comparisons revealed key insights: market orientation partially mediates the relationship between learning commitment, open-mindedness and innovativeness. High stakeholder engagement hinders learning commitment's effect on innovativeness while enhancing open-mindedness' impact. Shared vision negatively affects innovativeness. Control variables highlight gender-based perceptions, with female executives viewing market orientation and innovativeness less favourably than male counterparts. This study underscores the importance of heightened market orientations in hostile business environments. Research limitations/implications: Findings prompt further investigation into stakeholder engagement's negative impact on learning commitment and shared vision's effect on innovativeness. It is crucial to recognise gender perspectives in strategy and align internal practices with external conditions. Originality/value: This study clarifies the interplay between learning orientation, market orientation and stakeholder engagement in fostering innovativeness amid contradictory findings. It advances social enterprise research by introducing a capability-based approach to cultivate innovativeness, challenging dominant customer-focused strategies to enhance organisational performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To address the high level of autistic unemployment it has been recommended that autistic individuals be supported to own and lead social enterprises. This paper aims to discuss what is required to create an enabling environment for autistic social entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach: By referring to the autism, entrepreneurship and complexity theory literature, it is argued in this conceptual article that to create the required enabling environment for autistic social entrepreneurship, business advisors need to adopt a business development approach that aligns with autistic ways of thinking. It is also agrued that a place-based autistic social enterprise support ecosystem based on a landscape of practice approach is required to bring together diverse support individuals and organisations who have different approaches to practice. Examples including personal reflections are used to support these claims. Findings: Challenges and barriers to creating the required enabling environment are identified. Two theories of change, one focused on creating integrated service delivery and one focused on enabling the landscape of practice to transition to a more effective state, are proposed for addressing the identified challenges and barriers. Originality/value: To the best of the author's knowledge, for the first time this article identifies what is required to address the challenges and barriers in creating an enabling environment for autistic social entrepreneurship. Without addressing these challenges and barriers there is a risk that nascent autistic social entrepreneurs will be set up for failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relationship between chief executive officer (CEO) narcissism and hybrid organising. We hypothesise that typical CEO narcissism promotes hybrid organising, but over-narcissism inhibits it. We develop a moderated mediation model to identify the relationship between CEO narcissism, two top management team (TMT) traits (behavioural integration and heterogeneity), and hybrid organising. This study selects social enterprises as typical hybrid organisations to test the hypotheses. A questionnaire survey of 258 top managers from 81 social enterprises across China supports the view that the effect of CEO narcissism on hybrid organising shows an inverted U-shaped relationship. TMT behavioural integration mediates this effect. TMT heterogeneity enhances the effect, moving the inflexion point of the inverted U-shaped curve up and to the left. Our study pioneers a new avenue for exploring the impact of CEO personality traits on hybrid organising in social enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increased importance of SEs in the global marketplace, limited research in social entrepreneurship addresses internationalization, and fewer from a behavioural perspective. We fill this gap by investigating the SE manager's behavioural attributes and their influence on the decision of social entrepreneurs to become international social entrepreneurs (ISEs) through an exploratory design using content analysis and interviews. All social entrepreneurs were driven to address social change by a strong social conscience; however, this research finds that ISEs shared an urgent and personal call to action. This sense of urgency developed from transformative experiences that altered their views of the world and their place within it. Domestic social entrepreneurs were motivated primarily by their social conscience, shared background, and the timing of the social enterprise opportunity, factors previously identified in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The story of Br’er Rabbit, utilizing wits and the briar patch to escape a harrowing ordeal, was passed down from enslaved Africans to African Americans. From this tale, we learn that the briar patch provides refuge, representing the pillars of humanity – grace, space, time, and opportunity – that support the freedom quest. Likewise, Soulcial Work Praxis (SWP), a wholistic framework for advancing justice, equity, wellness, empowerment, and liberation (JEWEL), seeks to bridge the micro-macro divide and integrate “heads” (reflections), “hearts” (feelings), “hands” (actions), and “soul” (humanity) to transform individuals, relationships, communities, institutions, and environments. As a product of SWP, the Briar Patch Collaboratory (BPC) is a human science, development, and service so(ul)cial enterprise that supports the vision, development, and work of visionary philosophical artivists (VPAs) through training, research, initiatives, and socially innovative enterprise to generate innovative triple bottom-line (social-economic-environmental) solutions to complex bio-psycho-socio-cultural challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community sector performs an important function in providing emergency food relief, yet food insecurity is often a chronic issue due to poverty and social exclusion. Progressive food provision models present opportunities to improve voluntary food relief services that are dominant in many countries. Informed by research with clients indicating a preference for blended service models that go beyond food provision, two government agencies partnered with a social enterprise and academics to pilot a social supermarket model. This research article (a) briefly summarizes international evidence on social supermarkets' characteristics and offerings, (b) describes a process used to collaboratively develop a social supermarket incorporating universal access and social supports, and (c) presents a rubric defining elements of a social supermarket. Applicable to other community sector settings, the rubric emphasizes dignified access and service, plus opportunities for social support and connection, which are important elements in pathways out of food insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a significant challenge for social enterprises (SEs) to scale up their social impact, especially for those in transforming societies such as China, where the ecosystem of SEs remains at a nascent stage of development. Although previous studies have devoted attention to scaling strategies and scaling performance, none of them has examined the relationship between scaling strategies and scaling performance through empirical quantitative analysis. To address this gap, this study utilizes a hypothesis-testing quantitative method, for the first time, to investigate the divergent impact of different scaling strategies on scaling performance and the moderating role of organizational resources. Our results demonstrate that three types of scaling strategies are positively associated with scaling performance, and the magnitude of the linkages descends from knowledge dissemination through organizational growth to contractual partnerships. Additionally, our results reveal that the adequacy of financial and human resources perform as positive moderators, significantly magnifying the contribution of the scaling strategy of organizational growth to scaling performance. The findings provide important implications for SE managers and practitioners, helping them make informed decisions regarding how to choose and implement suitable scaling strategies in Chinese or other similar contexts, while considering the SEs' organizational resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social enterprises, promoted by policymakers as effective and efficient public services producers and deliverers, are increasingly gaining academic focus. This paper explores the state of studies on social enterprise within Public Administration (PA) field, highlighting through a bibliometric analysis a community of 274 scholars contributing to 138 articles, grouped in six research clusters. We discuss three scenarios for SE-PA relationships: separation, cooperation, and integration into public administration & management (PAM) field alongside suggesting a future research agenda for SE in the PAM domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social innovation is an umbrella concept that allows space for a diverse range of perspectives to co-exist. In this paper, we explore how practitioners negotiate this complexity. Conducting 19 interviews with stakeholders involved in social enterprise and social care in Scotland, we show that almost anything can be conceived of as a social innovation as defined by the European Union. The EU definition can be a useful tool for organizations to demonstrate to funders how and why they are socially innovative. However, in failing to interrogate the power dimension of social innovation, the EU definition neglects any transformative potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing that the current literature provides a fragmented depiction of impact investor decisions, this article empirically examines if impact investors are focused on financial returns or instead on the social impact generated by social enterprises. To address this research objective a sample of impact investors are surveyed in South Africa, where there is an increasing demand for impact investors to fund initiatives that address the country's many underlying structural deficits and wicked problems. Findings, based on correlational and regression analyses, indicate that variation in the impact investment decision is explained by the financial return motive. This finding resonates with the argument that investors are primarily focused on financial competitiveness and return on their investment. Developing a strong body of evidence that validates the effectiveness of policy in supporting impact investing is pivotal, particularly when given the lack of sustainability of many social enterprises in African and emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social enterprises, social entrepreneurship and sustainable business models are increasingly common in sectors where Fair Trade does not have a strong presence (e.g. mobile phones and software). This research asks: To what extent do social and sustainability enterprises and entrepreneurship (SSEEs) in these 'distant' sectors engage the principles of Fair Trade? It draws on an in-depth, multi-method case study of SSEEs in the legal cannabis sector in Portland, Oregon, US. It analyzes data from magazine advertisements, public and industry events, and visits to 85 cannabis retailers. The results suggest that SSEEs in distant sectors may not be engaging some of the principles that are at the heart of Fair Trade. These include transparency, accountability, collaborative price-setting, pre-payment, honouring contracts, inclusive governance and worker organizing. SSEEs appear more engaged with the environment and buy-cotting (privileging) small producers, sustainable businesses and marginalized groups. How can Fair Trade encourage and empower SSEEs in distant sectors to engage more principles of Fair Trade? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social innovation and social enterprise are two major factors in addressing the challenges of population ageing since both are aimed at solving social problems. One of these challenges involves providing quality care services for the elderly. However, few studies have analysed how social enterprises can promote or manage social innovations in this sector. This research therefore studies said relationship, paying particular attention to the for-profit and non-profit nature of social enterprises. Specifically, to test the hypotheses, we use data from a survey of nursing homes in southern Spain, where care services are expanding with the support of welfare state social policies. The results show that non-profit social enterprises tend to develop more social innovations in care services, and that the social mission and participative governance positively influence the implementation of social innovations in this activity sector. Consequently, implications for social policies are suggested to better meet the needs of the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars of organizations see social enterprise as a promising approach to advancing social justice but neglect to scrutinize the normative foundations and limitations of this optimism. This article draws on Rawlsian political philosophy to investigate whether and how social enterprises can support social justice. We propose that this perspective assigns organizations a duty to foster institutional capacity, a concept we define and elaborate. We investigate how this duty might apply specifically to social enterprises, given their characteristic features. We theorize six different mechanisms through which social enterprises might successfully discharge this duty. These results affirm the value of conversation between organizational studies and political philosophy and shed new light on debates regarding social enterprise, institutional theory, and several other topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]